Rapid Wetting Research Articles

Data-driven macro-scale simulation for rapid electrolyte wetting in lithium-ion batteries

The electrolyte wetting process in lithium-ion battery manufacturing is a critical part of processes that affects battery performance and productivity. However, it is difficult to accurately measure and optimise this process with existing technologies. In this study, a three-dimensional macroscopic filling and wetting simulation model based on actual battery material parameters is constructed, which can simulate the wetting process of electrolyte in porous electrodes and separators. The model is employed to analyse effects of filling pressure pattern, boundary conditions and other process parameters on the wetting rate. The results demonstrate that the use of multilateral cyclic pressure filling can optimise the electrolyte wetting, which is in accordance with industry practice. Consequently, the study proceeds to investigate potential process optimisation strategies, including electrolyte selection and ambient temperature. These findings not only address limitations of traditional models, which employ simplified parameters, but also present a novel approach to enhance manufacturing efficiency and reduce cost of lithium batteries. This is of paramount importance for the sustainable development of lithium-ion battery industry.

A novel quaternary ammonium triethanolamine modified polyester polyether for rapid wetting and penetration pretreatment for digital inkjet dyeing of polyester fabric

Green environmental protection and digitisation are vital for the future development of the textile printing and dyeing industry. Dispersed dye digital inkjet dyeing, as a new technology, enables on-demand low-liquor dyeing and controllable segment dyeing of polyester fabric. This facilitates the transformation, upgrading and sustainable development of the printing and dyeing industry. Due to its inherent hydrophobicity, polyester fabric poses challenges in terms of quick wetting and penetration of ink droplets. To enhance its moisture absorption and rapid wettability, a novel pre-treatment agent, i.e. cationic polyester polyether (CPP), was synthesised via the triethanolamine quaternisation modification of polyester polyether. The wetting and penetration behaviours of ink droplets on the CPP-pre-treated fabric were studied, and the colour performance of CPP-pre-treated dyed fabric was investigated. Results showed that the optimal conditions for CPP synthesis were a DMT to PEG molar ratio of 3:1, a molecular weight of PEG 2000 and a PEG to NAB molar ratio of 1:0.2. At a CPP concentration of 0.3 %o.w.f., the CPP-pre-treated fabric exhibited excellent moisture absorption and rapid wetting with water spreading time of 4 s, wicking height of 9.5 cm/5 min and ink droplet spreading time of 960 ms. Compared with the original inkjet-dyed fabric, the front K/S value of CPP-pre-treated dyed fabric decreased to 17.1 and the back K/S value increased to 16.0. The colour penetration was 93.3 %, which was 13 % higher than that of the original fabric. Thus, CPP pre-treatment of polyester fabric can facilitate complete dyeing of the fabric even within the interior of yarns.

Interface properties and applications in laundry of the BS12-SAS mixed systems

In the BS12/SAS mixed systems, the solution exhibits acidity. BS12 can act as a cationic surfactant to form anionic-cationic complexes with SAS. In this study, the surface properties and application characteristics of the BS12/SAS mixed systems were investigated. The static surface tension, dynamic surface tension, and contact angle of BS12, SAS, and their different mixed molar ratios were measured at 25 °C to evaluate interaction parameters, activity coefficient, molar fraction, and thermodynamic variables of surfactants in the mixed micelles. The results demonstrated that the BS12/SAS mixed systems deviated from the ideal state due to the strong molecular attraction between the two components, resulting in a synergistic effect. The mixed systems exhibited higher surface activity and lower critical micelle concentration. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the spontaneous micellization of binary mixtures of BS12 and SAS occurred through both enthalpy-driven and entropy-driven processes. The adsorption kinetics data revealed that the mixed systems followed a diffusion-adsorption process. Contact angle measurements demonstrated that BS12/SAS possesses superior ability to reduce surface tension, which facilitated rapid droplet diffusion and efficient wetting of the matrix within a short time period. Furthermore, the aggregation behavior of individual surfactants and the two composite systems in aqueous solutions was analyzed using DLS and TEM to investigate their effects on the wetting, emulsification stability, foaming stability, and decontamination capability of liquid paraffin.

Increasing joint strength by achieving carbon fibers’ continuity with ultrasonic assistance during soldering Cf/Al using ZnAl

Ultrasonic assistance was utilized during the soldering of carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum composites (Cf/Al) using ZnAl solder to enhance joint strength. The results indicated that carbon fibers migrated into the joint seam after Al substrate was eroded and the solder was expelled, effectively maintaining the continuity of the carbon fibers. A joint fully reinforced by carbon fibers was achieved with an ultrasonic application time of 60 s. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rapid wetting of the carbon fibers facilitated by ultrasound, characterized by an amorphous/nanocrystalline interface. The maximum joint strength reached 23.5 MPa, which is equivalent to 77.5 % of the Cf/Al.

Disintegration characteristics and mechanism of red clay improved by steel slag powder

Red clay is prone to softening and disintegration when exposed to water, often triggering severe geological disasters. To enhance its resistance to disintegration, this paper employs a homemade wet-dry cycling disintegration apparatus, combined with XRD, SEM, MIP, and fractal theory, to analyze the effects of different activators on the disintegration characteristics and microscopic mechanisms of SSP-improved soil. Under wet-dry cycling, the disintegration process of SSP-improved soil can be divided into five stages: rapid water absorption, saturation wetting, rapid disintegration, softening and dissolution, and stable non-disintegration. As the activator and SSP content increase, the resistance to disintegration of SSP-improved soil gradually enhances. After the addition of activators, the porosity, pore area, pore length and width, and probability entropy of SSP-improved soil decrease (i.e., 7 % NS < 7 % CSW < 7 % NH < undisturbed soil), while the average shape factor, regional probability distribution index, and fractal dimension increase. This is because activators promote ion exchange, cementation, crystallization, and carbonation reactions in SSP-improved soil, generating a substantial amount of hydration products such as C-S(A)-H, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, which fill and encapsulate inter-particle pores, thereby reducing water flow channels within the pores. In contrast, the pore structure between particles in undisturbed soil is simple and well-connected, providing favorable conditions for the migration and dissolution of fine particles and the loss of cementing materials, which accelerates the destruction and disintegration of the soil structure.

Rational Design of Multiple Heterostructures with Synergistic Effect for Efficient and Stable Hydrogen Evolution Toward Industrial Alkaline Water Splitting

AbstractElectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via alkaline water splitting holds great promise for industrial clean hydrogen production but is frustrated by limited catalytic activity and inferior stability under high current density. Elaborate manipulating of heterostructure on robust catalytic electrodes is essential but challenging for accelerating HER kinetics with high durability. Herein, a robust nickel mesh electrode, offering high mechanical stability, is directly engineered with catalytic layers of multiple heterostructures (r‐Mn–Ni/CoP) via facile one‐pot electrodeposition followed by surface reconstruction strategy. The abundant heterostructures composed of crystalline CoP, NiP, amorphous region, and additional Mn doping considerably manipulate the electronic structure with optimized charge transfer; while the in situ surface‐reconstructed hydrophilic nanoflakes enable the rapid wetting of active sites to the electrolyte. Consequently, the r‐Mn–Ni/CoP requires only 134 mV overpotential at the current density of 100 mA cm−2, superior to monophasic and undoped samples, and the majority of reported HER catalysts. Remarkably, an electrolyzer with r‐Mn–Ni/CoP on a nickel mesh cathode demonstrates extraordinary activity with a voltage of 1.734 V at 300 mA cm−2 and stable operation of 800 h. The finding provides a feasible strategy for the fabrication of nonprecious‐metal‐based HER electrocatalysts with high activity and stability toward industrial water electrolysis.

Constructing honeycomb-structured LaCoO3 as an efficient polysulfide converter on the separator to achieve practical lithium-sulfur batteries

Owing to its remarkable energy density and specific capacity, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has emerged as one of the most promising energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the shuttle effect and the sluggish conversion of polysulfides significantly impede the practical application of Li-S batteries. Hence, a LaCoO3 functional material with a unique honeycomb structure was designed as an efficient polysulfide converter. The honeycomb-structured LaCoO3 not only exhibits strong bonding energy towards polysulfides but also possesses abundant adsorption sites on its surface. The LaCoO3 material also shows excellent catalytic properties to quickly convert the adsorbed and aggregated polysulfides, effectively suppressing the shuttle effect. Moreover, the honeycomb structure of LaCoO3 can facilitate the rapid wetting and infiltration of the electrolyte. Consequently, the Li-S cell with LaCoO3 functionalized separator provides an areal specific capacity of 3.10 mAh cm−2 after 150 cycles under high sulfur loading of 6.52 mg cm−2. Moreover, under practical conditions where the electrolyte content is as low as 7 μL mg−1 and the sulfur loading is 7.96 mg cm−2, the Li-S battery equipped with LaCoO3-separator can still provide an areal specific capacity of 5.93 mAh cm−2 after 50 cycles.

Altitude-dependent responses of dryland mountain ecosystems to drought under a warming climate in the Qilian Mountains, NW China

Climate warming has intensified drought severity in many areas of the globe. Dryland mountain ecosystems are sensitive to climate variability. However, the response of mountainous vegetation to drought has high uncertainties due to the rugged terrain and varied local climate and is still not well understood. In this study, the Qilian Mountains (QLMs) in northwestern China, which have a typical dryland mountain ecosystem and experienced intense climate change, are selected as a case study area. We utilized a downscaled normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) product and climate data to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics in vegetation greenness and the climatic drivers for the period 1982 ∼ 2018. We studied the response of different vegetation types to drought at different altitude gradients Results suggest that most areas in the QLMs displayed an upward trend in greenness and the greening rate was greater in the southeast, while vegetation degradation occurred in the western part. The grass and shrub communities showed a decreased sensitivity to drought at the medium altitudes and increased sensitivity at the lower and upper limits of their distribution altitudes. The broadleaf forests showed intensifying drought sensitivity at all elevations. Coniferous forests and alpine meadows respectively displayed decreasing and increasing trends of sensitivity to drought along elevations. A combination of the fastest warming and mildest wetting trends over the lowest (<3200 m) and highest (>4200 m) elevations are likely exacerbating the vulnerability of vegetation to drought. By contrast, the medium elevations (3200 ∼ 4200 m) have experienced rapid wetting and relatively slower warming, and the vegetation is expected to be less affected by drought if the current climate change trends continue. These findings help to better understand how these dryland mountainous vegetation communities respond to drought under a changing climate and provide some insights into the protection of these vulnerable ecosystems for the local managers.

Investigation on the wetting behavior of asphalt emulsion on aggregate for asphalt emulsion mixture

The wetting behavior of asphalt emulsion on aggregate greatly influences the physical bonding interface between asphalt emulsion and aggregate. However, the wetting behavior of asphalt emulsions has not been widely considered. In this work, the wetting behavior of asphalt emulsion on aggregate was investigated in terms of dynamic contact angle. Firstly, the quantitative indicators for evaluating the wetting behavior are proposed. Then, the factors influencing the wetting behavior are analyzed, such as emulsifier dosage, asphalt dosage, wetting agent dosage, aggregate type and surface roughness. Finally, the primary factor affecting the wetting behavior is analyzed using the grey correlation method. The result shows that the wetting process of asphalt emulsion on the aggregate surface could be divided into two stages: the initial linear rapid wetting stage driven by inertial force, the second slow wetting stage driven by viscous forces, which the development of dynamic contact angle can be well illustrated by the power function. The equilibrium contact angle (θe) and wetting velocity (v) are recommended as quantitative indicators of wetting behavior. Grey correlation analysis shows that the emulsifier dosage and wetting agent dosage can significantly affect the wetting behavior. Increasing the emulsifier dosage can increase the equilibrium contact angle and decrease the wetting velocity. Adding the wetting agent can reduce the equilibrium contact angle and increase the wetting velocity. Therefore, to guarantee the good wetting behavior, the emulsifier dosage should not be too high, provided that good emulsification effect is achieved and the wetting agent can be added in asphalt emulsion.

Sonocapillary and wetting mechanism during ultrasonic brazing porous Si3N4 ceramics in air

In this work, porous Si3N4 ceramics are directly brazed in air using ZnAl filler with the assistance of ultrasonic vibration. The results show that good wetting of ceramic is realized within 10 s at low temperature of 450 °C. Under ultrasonic, high pressure of 7.5 MPa occurs near the entrance of ceramic micro-hole, which helps to overcome the energy barrier (1.09–2.18 MPa) to initiate sonocapillary. The capillary action of the filler is rapid, and then the infiltrated filler tightly bonds with the ceramic. The microstructure analysis reveals that Al element of the filler and O element that pre-dissolved in the filler are the main wetting elements, and the bonding interface is amorphous. It is the high temperature (1500 K) and pressure (4.87 × 108 MPa) caused by the collapse of the cavitation bubbles that cause the rapid wetting of the ceramics, which is proved by simulation. Ultrasonic power higher than Mode II produces joint stronger than the ceramic substrate, showing the potential of ultrasonic brazing.

Pine Maximum Latewood Density in Semi‐Arid Northern China Records Hydroclimate Rather Than Temperature

AbstractLong records of tree‐ring maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements in conifers have been successfully employed to reconstruct summer temperature changes globally. Yet, the potential of MXD as a proxy in semi‐arid, low‐latitude regions for reconstructing either temperature or hydroclimate variability remains largely unexplored. Here, we developed a MXD data set of Chinese pine from semi‐arid northern China, and investigated its sensitivity to different climate variables. We found that the annual self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index from previous August to current July displays the strongest influence on the MXD variation. The entire MXD chronology (covering 1736–2020) is highly consistent with nearby tree‐ring‐based annual precipitation and drought reconstructions at decadal timescales, confirming a temporally stable hydroclimate signal in our MXD record. In particular, the rapid wetting trend during the 2010–2020 period is well captured by the MXD data. This novel study has wide implications for future use of tree‐ring density data to reconstruct past climate changes globally.

Fabrication of Sublingual Alprazolam Wafers using Mucoadhesive Vigna mungo L. Seeds and Characterized with Texture Analyzer QTS-25

Our primary goal of this work was to create and test a mucoadhesive lyophilized rapid dissolving sublingual wafer of Alprazolam using a natural mucoadhesive agent extracted from black gram (Vigna mungo L.) seeds. We examined the pH, swelling volume, moisture absorption capability, mucoadhesive strength, and viscosity of the natural mucoadhesive agent. We compared it with synthetic mucoadhesive agents such as Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Carbopol 934 (CP 934). The prepared wafers of both categories were characterized and compared for mechanical and texture properties, wetting time, disintegration time, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), in vitro drug release, and ex vivo permeation study. We found that the pH of V. mungo mucilage (VMM) was 6.95±0.75, which lies between the normal sublingual mucosal range (pH 6-7), suggesting non-irritability to the mucosa. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) peak showed no significant interaction between Alprazolam and mucoadhesive materials. The micrographs of SEM predicted good porosity of the wafer which leads to rapid wetting, disintegration, and dissolution. It is inferred from the study that the fast-dissolving wafer prepared from the VMM gave a better result than the HPC wafer in respect of various parameters. Hence, this study discovered an alternative method to deliver Alprazolam. Keywords: Lyophilization, Permeability, Solid dosage form(s), Mucoadhesive, Texture

Rapid wetting of shear-thinning fluids

By studying the spreading behavior of aqueous glycerol and polymer solutions on smooth surfaces, we found that shear-thinning solutions behave similarly to water in the initial spreading phase, while glycerol solutions show significantly slower spreading. For the glycerol solutions, an increase in glycerol concentration effectively increases the contact-line friction, resulting in increased resistance to wetting. For the polymeric solutions, however, an increase in polymer concentration does not modify contact-line friction. As a consequence, the energy dissipation at the contact line can not be controlled by varying the amount of additives for shear-thinning fluids.

Orbital and sub-orbital pacing of mudstones in the Dongying Depression, eastern China: Implications for middle Eocene East Asian climate evolution

The middle Eocene was a key phase in East Asian and global climate evolution; however, the understanding of the astronomical driving mechanisms of key climate changes during this phase in eastern China is lacking. A 390-m-thick, continuous lacustrine mudstone succession in the Dongying Depression (eastern China) provides an ideal middle Eocene sedimentary record. This study established an astronomical time scale (ca. 38.97−43.55 Ma) for the Dongying mudstones by double tuning of gamma-ray logs and calcite series. Based on the tuned pollen, geochemical element and nitrogen isotope data, paleo-humidity and paleo-salinity evolution profiles were constructed, showing that Dongying mudstones experienced a phased decrease in salinity and an increase in humidity. The rapid wetting accompanied by abnormal high salinity during ca. 40.0−40.6 Ma indicates that Dongying mudstones responded to the middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) event. Multi-parameter analysis showed that the rhythmic changes of Dongying mudstones at different scales were driven by multi-scaled astronomical cycles. This study focused on the intensity changes of recorded obliquity and semi-precession signals. The signals of semi-precession weakened in the dry pre-MECO period, while those of obliquity weakened in the wetter MECO period. Considering the limitation of latitude on the influence of the two cycles on the surface sunshine, we speculate that the signals of obliquity and semi-precession may reflect the intensities of high-latitude dry airflow and low-latitude wet airflow, respectively, liking to the current East Asian monsoon (EAM) system. This study expends understanding of the role of astronomical forcing on the onset and strengthening of the EAM.

Time of aggregate destruction as a parameter of soil water stability within an agricultural hummocky moraine landscape in northern Poland

Slaking is a rapid wetting of soil aggregates that affects their stability in the face of the effects of water. The aggregate’s stability has an indirect influence on soil functioning through its minimising of soil erosion. Testing slaking is very simple, does not need additional complicated equipment and could be done for any point. Testing was performed for natural air-dry aggregates (7–10 mm) sampled from the arable layers of four different types of soils within a young hummocky moraine landscape: Eutric Regosol (Protocalcic), Haplic Luvisol (Protocalcic), Albic Luvisol, Mollic Gleysol. The soil tests were performed on a soil-erosive catena located in Chełmno Lake District (Northern Poland) from the tops of hummocks and from the shoulder to bottom part of depressions. The test results demonstrated a significant decrease in aggregate stability from Mollic Gleysol to Eutric Regosols (Protocalcic) – that is, from colluvial soils at depressions to completely eroded hummock-top soils. However, 75% of all aggregates in Eutric Regosols were unstable when time of aggregate destruction was less than 300 sec. Oppositely to Eutric Regosols laying on hummock tops, 70% of aggregates of Mollic Gleysols in depressions were water stable. The mean time for aggregate destruction for each soil from hummock-top to depression was 209 sec. for Eutric Regosol, 375 sec. for Haplic Luvisol, 616 sec. for Albic Luvisol and 772 sec. for Mollic Gleysol. The main soil properties that affected the time of aggregate destruction are clay content (very strong negative correlation; r=–0.72); soil organic carbon content (strong positive correlation; r=0.69), and content of secondary carbonates (strong negative correlation; r=–0.69).

Biofouling control of membrane distillation for seawater desalination: Effect of air-backwash and chemical cleaning on biofouling formation

This study explored the applicability of chemical cleaning and air-backwash to alleviate biofouling on seawater membrane distillation (SWMD). Membrane performance and wettability properties maintained at optimum duration and frequency of the treatments, as indicated by low permeate conductivity throughout the tests. The cleaning of the membrane using 2% NaOH by immersing the membrane for 30 min after 240 min operation removed the biofouling layer, indicated by low permeate conductivity of 370 µScm−1 after cleaning. However, more frequent membrane cleaning led to membrane damage, more severe wetting, and membrane hydrophobicity reduction. Ten-second air-backwash after 240 min of operation was also effective in controlling the biofouling, particularly when conducted at air pressure of 1 bar. More frequent air-backwash resulted in more aggravated inorganic fouling and accelerated biofouling formation due to the recurring introduction of air, leading to rapid membrane wetting.

Rapid soil rewetting promotes limited N2O emissions and suppresses NH3 volatilization under urea addition

The alternation of dry and wet is an important environmental factor affecting the emission of nitrous oxide from soil. However, the consistent or opposite effects on NH3 and N2O emissions caused by adding exogenous urea in this process have not been fully considered. Here, we controlled the initial (slow drying) and final (adding water) water-filled pore space (WFPS) at 70%, 60%, or 50% through microculture experiment to simulate a process of slow drying-fertilization and rapid wetting of the soil from rice harvest to dryland crop fertilization. Through measuring soil chemical properties and the abundance and composition of related microbial communities during drying process, we studied the pathways of influence of drying and rewetting on the emission of N2O and NH3 after urea application. During the progressive drying process (WFPS decreasing from 70% to 60% and 50%), soil N2O and NH3 emissions decreased by 49.77%–72.13% and 17.89%–42.19%, respectively. After rapid rewetting (WFPS increasing from 60% to 70%, 50%–60% and 70%), N2O emissions showed a slight increase, while NH3 volatilization continued to decrease. Soil NH4+-N and DOC contents both decreased during progressive drying, while the soil NO3−-N content was enhanced. The drying process changed the community structure of ureC and amoA-b and reduced their abundance but had no effect on amoA-a, nirK or nirS. Correlation analysis indicated that the reductions in NH4+-N content and the abundances of ureC and amoA-b were the main factors suppressing N2O and NH3 emissions. We believe that drying process limits the related microbial activity and substrate supply during ammonia oxidation process in terms of N2O emissions, while in terms of NH3 volatilization, it reduces the related microbial activity of urea hydrolysis process and increases the ammonium adsorption to the soil.

Effect of cations on surfactant induced membrane wetting during membrane distillation

Membrane wetting is regarded as challenges to the saline surfactant wastewater membrane distillation process, and the reason for wetting discrepancies under the assist of salt remains ambiguous. Herein, a comparative investigation was performed to reveal the mechanism of salt on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) induced membrane wetting via the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process. The results showed that different cations exhibited contrasting influences on membrane wetting. Compared to Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+, Ca2+ and K+ triggered significant flux increase. However, Ca2+ alleviated membrane wetting once feed temperature decreased. Feed solution characteristics indicated that Ca2+ and K+ significantly enhanced the Krafft point and hydrophobicity of micelles. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed the microcosmic interaction of Ca2+ and SDS, and verified that Ca2+ compressed the headgroup volume of SDS. By combining the critical packing parameter (CPP) of surfactants, dehydration of cations and micelle filtration experiments, it was concluded that the cations with weak hydration function in compressing the hydration layer of headgroups and facilitating the formation of more compact micelles that carry more SDS monomers, thus creating the transient adsorption of SDS in membrane pores and rapid membrane wetting. This study provides a new understanding of surfactant induced membrane wetting.

Is contact-line mobility a material parameter?

Dynamic wetting phenomena are typically described by a constitutive law relating the dynamic contact angle θ to contact-line velocity UCL. The so-called Davis–Hocking model is noteworthy for its simplicity and relates θ to UCL through a contact-line mobility parameter M, which has historically been used as a fitting parameter for the particular solid–liquid–gas system. The recent experimental discovery of Xia & Steen (2018) has led to the first direct measurement of M for inertial-capillary motions. This opens up exciting possibilities for anticipating rapid wetting and dewetting behaviors, as M is believed to be a material parameter that can be measured in one context and successfully applied in another. Here, we investigate the extent to which M is a material parameter through a combined experimental and numerical study of binary sessile drop coalescence. Experiments are performed using water droplets on multiple surfaces with varying wetting properties (static contact angle and hysteresis) and compared with numerical simulations that employ the Davis–Hocking condition with the mobility M a fixed parameter, as measured by the cyclically dynamic contact angle goniometer, i.e. no fitting parameter. Side-view coalescence dynamics and time traces of the projected swept areas are used as metrics to compare experiments with numerical simulation. Our results show that the Davis–Hocking model with measured mobility parameter captures the essential coalescence dynamics and outperforms the widely used Kistler dynamic contact angle model in many cases. These observations provide insights in that the mobility is indeed a material parameter.

Reinforced tensile strength and wettability of nanofibrous electrospun cellulose acetate by coating with waterborne polyurethane and graphene oxide

Nanotechnology has made biocompatible nanofibers grow in the healthcare industry. Herein, a cellulose acetate (CA) electrospun membrane was characterized by nanofibers of 438 (nm) in diameter between virus and bacteria, pore areas of 36.3%, and a pore size of 395 ± 263 (nm). This structure led to excellent air-water transfer through pore connectivity, contributing to sufficient wettability, air permeability, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The air permeability of pristine CA membranes became predictable through multiple linear regression, based on the correlation to thickness, bulk density (Pearson’s coefficients: 0.754, −0.538). Nonetheless, the tensile strength of the pristine CA needed to be reinforced by spray coating with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and graphene oxide (GO). The WPU/GO 6:1 (v/v) ratio was optimal due to the increase in ultimate tensile stress to 132.96% due to a synergy of GO’s covalent bonds with WPU’s hard segments and elongation at break to 113.40% from WPU polyols. The WPU/GO 6:1 coated CA membrane possessed still comparable air permeability (36.53 l/m2/s), and WVTR (5736 g/m2/day). Its rapid wetting transition from the Cassie-Baxter’s to Wenzel’s state was attributed to GO’s hydrophilic functional groups. These achievements in reinforcement of tensile strength and wettability would pave the way for filtration, and wound dressing.