Rapid Water Quality Monitoring Research Articles

MOF-5 Fortified Fiber Optic Plasmonic Absorption-based Pb(II) Ion Sensor for Rapid Water Quality Monitoring

MOF-5 Fortified Fiber Optic Plasmonic Absorption-based Pb(II) Ion Sensor for Rapid Water Quality Monitoring

Quality monitoring of inland water bodies using Google Earth Engine

Abstract Regular quality monitoring of inland water bodies is vital for identifying the areas with deteriorating water quality. Satellite remote sensing has been used for obtaining long-term trends that require the processing of many images. The computational load of processing a large number of satellite imageries can be eased by utilizing the cloud computing capabilities of Google Earth Engine (GEE). The present study explores the possibility of using the GEE platform for mapping the Trophic State Index (TSI) of an inland water body. The bottom of atmosphere (BOA) reflectance retrieved by the SIAC algorithm (used in the GEE platform) is assessed for its accuracy. The algorithm could retrieve only BOA reflectance at bands B3 and B4 of Sentinel 2L1C (S2) with reasonable accuracy. The study has identified the Normalized Difference of B3 and B4 bands of S2 (i.e., ND34) as the tool for mapping TSI of a water body using GEE. TSI from six imageries of three lakes was estimated with a mean error <17%. The capability of GEE as a rapid water quality monitoring tool is demonstrated by displaying the temporal and spatial variations of water quality across Vembanad Lake for the period 2016–2021.

Is Water Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) value relevant for aquaculture applications in shrimp farming?

Intensive monitoring is essential for shrimp health and productivity, but current water management in shrimp farming is time-consuming due to the need to monitor various parameters. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is a potential water quality summary parameter for shrimp farming, as it's sensitive to water chemistry changes. This study assessed ORP as a summary parameter. Real-time ORP data was collected from a pond in Cipatujah, Tasikmalaya, from September to October 2022. The physical, chemical, and biological water quality data and treatment dosage data were collected to analyze the changes in ORP value over time. The standard deviation for ORP was below 1% for hourly averaging, below 12% for daily averaging, and below 23% for weekly averaging. However, no direct correlation was found between ORP and other water quality parameters. While ORP changed before and after some treatments, it couldn't reliably determine preferred water management conditions due to scattered information. Thus, the current approach of analyzing several parameters remains preferred, as ORP didn't show significant patterns. This suggests that more research is needed to explore alternative approaches for intense yet rapid water quality monitoring in shrimp farming.

Correlation and Regression Model for Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in the Jaen District of Kano State, Nigeria

Thirty (30) samples of groundwater from various locations in the district of Jaen were obtained and analysed for drinking and other domestic purposes. Twelve (12) physical and chemical (physicochemical) groundwater quality parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrate (NO3), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn) were selected and analyzed in this study. The conventional remote sensing techniques used for monitoring and estimation of water parameters are typically based on the spectral response or dispersion reflected from the water. An attempt was made in this paper to assess and estimate groundwater elements on the basis of regression analysis. Using a correlation matrix to classify strongly correlated water quality parameters, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) values are calculated. EC and TDS; Ca and Mg; pH and TH are highly correlated. The results show significant correlation between NO3 and Zn (r=0.860), TH and Zn (r=0.829), pH and Zn (r=0.808), TH and NO3 (r=0.732), pH and NO3 (r=0.686), Cr and Cu (r=0.635), NO3 and K (r=0.513), TH and K (r=0.500), indicate the increase in the pollution load due to industrial and anthropogenic activities. All physicochemical water variables in this study are significant at 1% and 5% level of significance. Groundwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses in the study area with reference to the requirements for the quality of drinking water set out in the Nigerian. Industrial Standard NIS and World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). The findings proved the effectiveness of linear regression equations for rapid water quality monitoring and estimation.

Assessing the potential to use CDOM as an indicator of water quality for the sediment-laden Yellow river, China

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in rivers is mainly affected by natural conditions and human activities and can reflect the watershed pollution status to a certain extent. The Yellow River is one of the largest contributors to the global riverine sediment flux from the land to ocean, and there is a paucity of information on how the optical properties of CDOM have the potential to serve as an indicator of water quality for the sediment-laden Yellow River. In this study, a three-dimensional fluorescence parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis method was applied to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in CDOM fluorescence components and spectral characteristics from the source region to the estuary in the mainstream of Yellow River. The relationships of CDOM with water quality indicators and trophic state were also analyzed. Six PARAFAC components (C1–C6) were identified and grouped into two categories: humic-like components (C1–C4), which accounted for 85.8 %, and protein-like components (C5 and C6), which accounted for only 14.2 %. The CDOM components, spectral parameters, and their clear correlations with the main ions (Na+ and Cl−) all indicated that the humic-like components may be primarily derived from nonpoint source erosion, and the protein-like components were mainly derived from point source discharges in the watershed. The combination of the CDOM absorption coefficient at 254 nm (a(254)), spectral slope ratio (SR), specific UV absorbance SUVA254, and fluorescence index (FI) had a good predictive ability for the key water quality indicators (total nitrogen (TN), dissolved total nitrogen (DTN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), and chlorophyll a (Chl a)) and trophic state index (TSI). Therefore, some fluorophores and UV spectral parameters of CDOM in the Yellow River can be used for rapid water quality monitoring and pollution source indication, especially pollutants related to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the basin.

Single-Molecule Sensing of DNA Intercalating Drugs in Water.

The occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in surface water is raising environmental concern. To accompany the evolution of measures for natural resources protection, sensing methods enabling sensitive and rapid water quality monitoring are needed. We recently managed the parallelization of the Tethered Particle Motion (TPM), a single molecule technique, sensitive to the conformational changes of DNA. Here, we investigate the capacity of high throughput TPM (htTPM) to detect drugs that intercalate into DNA. As a proof-of-concept we analyze the htTPM signal for two DNA intercalating dyes, namely, YOYO-1 and SYTOX orange. The efficient detection of intercalating drugs is then demonstrated with doxorubicin. We further evaluate the possibility to detect carbamazepine, an antiepileptic massively prescribed and persistent in water, which had been described to interact with DNA through intercalation. Our results corroborated by other techniques show that, in fact, carbamazepine is not a DNA intercalator. The comparison of the results obtained with different aqueous buffers and solutions allows us to identify optimal conditions for the monitoring of intercalation compounds by htTPM.

A Low-Cost Inkjet-Printed Paper-Based Potentiostat

The work presented details the manufacturing of a low-cost hybrid inkjet-printed paper-based potentiostat, with the aim of creating a low-cost sensing system for rapid water quality monitoring. Potentiostats exhibit high sensitivities and can be used for a variety of applications. The results highlight the functionality of a paper-based potentiostat compared to a potentiostat manufactured on a printed circuit board (PCB), an LMP91000EVM development board and a laboratory-based Metrohm Autolab potentiostat. Cyclic voltammetry was performed using an 80 µL sample of 5 mM ferri-ferrocyanide dropped onto a commercial screen-printed electrode from DropSens. The miniaturized paper-based potentiostat is small enough to be stored in a wallet and therefore easy to transport. Furthermore, a cost analysis shows that the potentiostat is 10 times lower in cost than the commercially available handheld potentiostat, taking the costs of man hours into account. This technology enables electrochemistry experiments to be performed on-site using the portable, disposable and low-cost solution and can be applied to a variety of fields including healthcare, wearables and environmental monitoring.

Pulse-Driven Capacitive Lead Ion Detection with Reduced Graphene Oxide Field-Effect Transistor Integrated with an Analyzing Device for Rapid Water Quality Monitoring.

Rapid and real-time detection of heavy metals in water with a portable microsystem is a growing demand in the field of environmental monitoring, food safety, and future cyber-physical infrastructure. Here, we report a novel ultrasensitive pulse-driven capacitance-based lead ion sensor using self-assembled graphene oxide (GO) monolayer deposition strategy to recognize the heavy metal ions in water. The overall field-effect transistor (FET) structure consists of a thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) channel with a thin layer of Al2O3 passivation as a top gate combined with sputtered gold nanoparticles that link with the glutathione (GSH) probe to attract Pb2+ ions in water. Using a preprogrammed microcontroller, chemo-capacitance based detection of lead ions has been demonstrated with this FET sensor. With a rapid response (∼1-2 s) and negligible signal drift, a limit of detection (LOD) < 1 ppb and excellent selectivity (with a sensitivity to lead ions 1 order of magnitude higher than that of interfering ions) can be achieved for Pb2+ measurements. The overall assay time (∼10 s) for background water stabilization followed by lead ion testing and calculation is much shorter than common FET resistance/current measurements (∼minutes) and other conventional methods, such as optical and inductively coupled plasma methods (∼hours). An approximate linear operational range (5-20 ppb) around 15 ppb (the maximum contaminant limit by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for lead in drinking water) makes it especially suitable for drinking water quality monitoring. The validity of the pulse method is confirmed by quantifying Pb2+ in various real water samples such as tap, lake, and river water with an accuracy ∼75%. This capacitance measurement strategy is promising and can be readily extended to various FET-based sensor devices for other targets.

A chemometric analysis on the fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale sequencing batch reactor for municipal wastewater treatment

Rapid monitoring of water quality is crucial to the operation of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) in combination with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has been used as a powerful tool for the characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in WWTPs. However, a recent work has revealed the drawback of PARAFAC analysis, i.e., overestimating the component number. A novel method, parallel factor framework-clustering analysis (PFFCA), has been developed in our earlier work to resolve this drawback of PARAFAC. In the present work, both PARAFAC and PFFCAwere used to analyze the EEMs of water samples from a full-scale WWTP from a practical application point of view. The component number and goodness-offit from these two methods were compared and the relationship between the relative score change of component and the actual concentration was investigated to evaluate the estimation error introduced by both methods. PFFCA score and actual concentration exhibited a higher correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.870) compared with PARAFAC (R 2<0.771), indicating that PFFCA provided a more accurate relative change estimation than PARAFAC. The results suggest that use of PARAFAC may cause confusion in selecting the component number, while EEM-PFFCA is a more reliable alternative approach for monitoring water quality in WWTPs.

Rapid Water Quality Monitoring for Microbial Contamination

There is a critical need for a rapid, portable and reliable testing methodology for microbial contamination in water due to the major limitations in current methodologies in terms of cost, time, and ease of use. The number of people residing in areas prone to water-borne diseases is ever increasing, and rapid detection technologies have become a necessity for such communities. Several researchers have designed and developed different test methods to detect indicator organisms (E. coli and total coliform) as rapidly as possible within a couple of hours. In this paper, we review recently developed water quality test methods for rapid water quality monitoring capable of detecting E. coli and total coliform.

Monitoring of Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Water Parameters in Nalasopara Region

The main objective of the present study was to assess physicochemical parameters in different water samples in various parts of Nalasopara region. Different water samples collected from sampling sites in Nalasopara region were use to determine the various physicochemical properties on a seasonal basis from July 2012 to May 2013. In sea water turbidity, fluoride, conductance and calcium is highest in winter, chloride and magnesium is increasing in summer whereas sodium, sulfate, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature are highest in monsoon season. High values of these parameters may have health implications and therefore are of great importance to public health. Highly positive correlation is observed between TH and Mg2+ (R2=0.998), Mg2+ and Cl- (R2=0.992) and TH and Cl- (R2=0.990). Our results revealed that the systematic calculations of correlation coefficient between water parameters and regression analysis provide a useful mean for rapid monitoring of water quality.

Wireless Sensor Network-Based Water Quality Monitoring System

Water is vital for both nature and human beings. The construction of dams and embankments, the irrigation practices, and the anthropogenic activities influence water quality. In order to control water quality, it is essential to understand the sources of pollutants. Water quality monitoring requires the collection of large numbers of samples and long delays until the results are available. Therefore, rapid monitoring of water quality is very important. In this respect, numerous systems exist for this kind of automatic monitoring. In this study, we propose a wireless sensor network (WSN)-based monitoring system controlled by a web-based online interface which allows the remote monitoring via Internet. This brings advantages over traditional monitoring systems in terms of cost effectiveness, portability and applicability. Field tests in the water reservoir of Kirklareli (Kirklareli dam), Turkey, are in progress.

Correlation Study and Regression Analysis of Drinking Water Quality in Kashan City, Iran

Chemical and statistical regression analysis on drinking water samples at five fields (21 sampling wells) with hot and dry climate in Kashan city, central Iran was carried out. Samples were collected during October 2006 to May 2007 (25 - 30 °C). Comparing the results with drinking water quality standards issued by World Health Organization (WHO), it is found that some of the water samples are not potable. Hydrochemical facies using a Piper diagram indicate that in most parts of the city, the chemical character of water is dominated by NaCl. All samples showed sulfate and sodium ion higher and K + and F - content lower than the permissible limit. A strongly positive correlation is observed between TDS and EC (R = 0.995) and Ca 2+ and TH (R = 0.948). The results showed that regression relations have the same correlation coefficients: (I) pH -TH, EC -TH (R = 0.520), (II) NO 3 - -pH, TH-pH (R = 0.520), (III) Ca 2+ -SO 4 2- , TH-SO 4 2- , Cl - -SO 4 2- (R = 0.630). The results revealed that systematic calculations of correlation coefficients between water parameters and regression analysis provide a useful means for rapid monitoring of water quality.

Novel detection of Escherichia coli β-d-glucuronidase activity using a microbially-modified glassy carbon electrode and its potential for faecal pollution monitoring

The electrochemical detection of Escherichia coli beta-D-glucuronidase activity as a means of monitoring water pollution by faecal material was investigated using separate Moraxella- and Pseudomonas putida-modified glassy carbon electrodes. The former was more sensitive and selective. The Moraxella-modified biosensor was 100 times more rapid and sensitive than the spectrophotometric detection of beta-D-glucuronidase activity. The experimental limit of detection of the biosensor was two c.f.u. per 100 ml polluted water sample within 20 min. The biosensor gave a linear response to commercial beta-D-glucuronidase concentration between 0.2 ng and 2 microg ml(-1). The biosensor detected activity of beta-D-glucuronidase from viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells and can therefore serve as a presence or absence device for rapid water quality monitoring.