Rapid Fabrication Method Research Articles

Revealing the improved thermoelectric performances of (BiSb)2Te3 alloy through rapid solidification of cold-water assisted water atomization approach

In the industrialization of high-efficiency (BiSb)2Te3-based bulk thermoelectric materials, the cost-effectiveness, and rapid fabrication methods are of considerable interest; herein, mass production of nearly 2 Kg/min of desired Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 powders with greater powder uniformity was successfully manufactured using water atomization than that of any other routes. In particular, the solidification of thermoelectric metal powders using different water source temperatures has not yet been studied. Hence, for the first time, we have reported the influence of the solidification rate on the microstructural and thermoelectric performances of cold and hot water-assisted p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 alloys using the water atomization method. The rapid solidification using low temperature (278 K) cold water assisted- Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 atomized powders produces smaller particle sizes with a greater degree of lattice defects decreasing the lattice thermal conductivity (κL) significantly compared to the hot water source (359 K). Thus, a notable decrement in the lattice thermal conductivity (κL) of 0.47 W/m.K. and the corresponding total thermal conductivity (κ) at 0.93 W/m.K. at 400 K was obtained for the cold water-Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 owing to the fine distributions of grains and extensively larger fractions of twin boundary density in the misorientation angle from 80 to 92°. As a result, the cold water-Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 shows a substantially maximum figure of merit, ZTmax. of 1.37 at 400 K compared to hot water-Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (≈1.21). Hence, the cold water-assisted atomization approach would be beneficial for the large production of thermoelectric materials with improved thermoelectric performances, and it is very promising to be scalable in the commercialization of large-scale devices.

A Novel Method for Rapid and High-Performance SERS Substrate Fabrication by Combination of Cold Plasma and Laser Treatment.

In this paper, we report a simple yet efficient method for rapid and high-performance SERS substrate fabrication by a combination of cold plasma and laser treatment. Our analysis reveals that cold plasma pre-treatment significantly reduced surface roughness, transforming 200 nm spikes into an almost perfectly uniform surface, while enhancing the substrate's surface energy by lowering the water contact angle from 59° to 0°, all achieved within just 30 s of 0.9-mW plasma treatment, while 15-min green-laser treatment facilitated more uniform deposition of AuNPs across the entire treated area, effectively creating the SERS substrates. The combined treatments result in enhancement of the Raman intensity (11 times) and consistency over the whole area of the SERS substrates, and their reusability (up to 10 times). The fabricated SERS substrates exhibit a significant enhancement factor of approximately 3 × 10⁸ with R6G, allowing detection down to a concentration of 10-12 M. We demonstrate the application of these SERS substrates by detecting amoxicillin-an antibiotic used worldwide to treat a diversity of bacterial infections-in a dynamic expanded linear range of seven orders (from 10-3 to 10-9 M) with high reliability (R2 = 0.98), and a detection limit of 9 × 10-10 M. Our approach to high-performance SERS substrate fabrication holds potential for further expansion to other metallic NPs like Ag, or magnetic NPs (Fe3O4).

A novel rapid fabrication method and in-situ densification mechanism for ceramic matrix composite

The extensive application of ceramic matrix composites has always been limited due to the long-period and expensive process. Hence, this research introduces a rapid manufacturing method named as ViSfP-TiCOP (High Viscosity Solvent-free Precursor Combined Elemental Titanium Controlled Pyrolysis). The solvent-free precursor possesses high viscosity (30 °C, 106 mPa S) and wide molecular weight distribution (Mz/Mw = 3.3), accomplishing stable loading of inorganic fillers. Simultaneously, the elementary titanium and ZrB2, as the active and inert filler, are dopped into the precursor to control the pyrolysis. The ViSfP-TiCOP technique offers a rapid method to manufacture CMCs under pressureless and low pyrolysis temperature conditions (1200 °C). Comparing to the addition of ZrB2, the precursor with titanium provides an exceptional ceramic yield of 87 wt%, leading a notable enhancement in the rate of densification. This high densification efficiency is attributed to an in-situ titanium gas-phase reaction, besides with the high degree of cross-linking and low volatile of precursor. After undergoing three cycles of impregnation-pyrolysis, the porosity of C/SiBCN–Ti was discovered to be below 10 vol%, whereas that of C/SiBCN-25 wt%ZrB2 still remained as high as 20.91 vol%. The ViSfP-TiCOP technology can provide guidance for low-cost and rapid preparation of CMCs.

Rapid and Facile Synthesis of Homoporous Colorimetric Films Using Leaf Vein-Mediated Emulsion Evaporation Method for Visual Monitoring of Food Freshness.

A new method for rapid and facile fabrication of homoporous films with high volatile amine sensitivity was developed. First, red cabbage anthocyanin was encapsulated in ethyl cellulose to form water-in-organic (W/O) emulsion. Afterward, the W/O emulsion was rapidly dried using the supporting matrix Magnolia Grandiflora Linn leaf vein at 60% relative humidity and 50 °C to form a colorimetric film with regular hexagonal pores with an average side length of about 23 μm. The films exhibited good sensitivity to ammonia (NH3), dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, with limit of detection of 0.26, 0.24, and 0.38 μM, respectively, and high stability when stored in high humid environments. An obvious color change of the films from pink to green was clearly observed during the freshness monitoring of pork, chicken, salmon, and shrimp. Thus, this work offered a novel and reliable method for the development of porous films for food freshness monitoring.

Photo/thermal dual-responsive azobenzene-based photosensitive resin for 4D printing

4D printing, combining the advantages of 3D printing and stimuli-responsive materials, provides a precise and rapid fabrication method for complex-shaped smart objects. In this study, the photoisomerization characteristic of azobenzene is used to develop 4D printable resins composed of azobenzene-based acrylates (AZO) and other acrylate compounds, which can be UV-cured and 3D printed into objects with photo and thermal dual responsiveness. UV-curing kinetics reveal that AZO competes with the photoinitiator for photons during photopolymerization, reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequently affecting the mechanical properties of UV-cured resin. The optimum content of AZO in 4D printing resins is 0.5 wt%, producing 3D printed objects with excellent mechanical properties, including a maximum stress of 25.2 MPa and a strain of 100 %. This ensures the successful formation of complex-shaped objects in the 3D printing process. Moreover, the objects printed with this photosensitive resin demonstrate exceptional shape memory capabilities, achieving a 100 % shape recovery ratio over three cycles of thermal stimulation. The printed openwork spheroid with a concave shape can successfully revert to its original form after 48 s of irradiation with 365 nm UV light. The degree of shape recovery can be precisely controlled by adjusting the UV irradiation time and position. Therefore, these photo/thermal dual-responsive 4D objects show great application prospects in medical devices and smart materials.

A Rapid Fabrication Method of Large-Area MLAs with Variable Curvature for Retroreflectors Based on Thermal Reflow.

Retroreflectors are an important optical component, but current retroreflector structures and manufacturing processes are relatively complex. This paper proposes a rapid, low-cost, large-area method for fabricating retroreflectors based on microlens arrays. Tunable microlens arrays with adjustable curvature, fill factor, and sizes were prepared using photolithography and thermal reflow techniques. Subsequently, a two-step nanoimprinting process was used to create a flexible reverse mold and transfer the structure onto the desired substrate. The microlens arrays, with a diameter of 30 μm, a period of 33 μm, a curvature radius ranging from 15.5 to 18.8 μm, and a fill factor ranging from 75.1% to 88.8%, were fabricated this way. In addition, the method also fabricated microlens arrays with diameters ranging from 10 to 80 μm. Retroreflectors were made by sputtering a layer of silver on the MLAs as a reflecting layer, and tests showed that the microlens-based retroreflector exhibited superior retroreflective performance with a wide-angle response of ±75°. Microlens-based retroreflectors have the advantages of simple operation and controllable profiles. The fabrication method in this paper is suitable for large-scale production, providing a new approach to retroreflector design.

Patterned Micro Flexible Supercapacitors based on the Rapid Transfer-Printing Method.

Developing a simple and rapidly preparative method for patterned flexible supercapacitors is essential and indispensable for the swift advancement of portable devices integrated with micro devices. In this study, we employed a cost-effective and rapid fabrication method based on transfer-printing technology to produce patterned micro flexible supercapacitors with various substrates. The resulting flexible micro supercapacitors not only allow for customized patterns with strong flexibility and resistance to bending, while maintaining a certain level of performance, but also facilitate the creation of diverse circuits to tailor voltage and current to specific requirements. Patterned micro flexible supercapacitors with a thickness of 0.02 mm, based on accordion-like Ti3C2Tx MXene materials coated on a substrate, demonstrate a specific capacitance of 142.7 mF cm-2 at 0.5 mA cm-2. The devices exhibit satisfactory capacitance retention (91% after 5000 cycles) and superb mechanical flexibility (71% capacitance retention at 180° bending after 2000 cycles). At a power density of 2.9 mW cm-2, the energy density of the sandwich structure device reaches 126.8 μWh cm-2. This study is expected to contribute new ideas for the design and preparation of patterned flexible supercapacitors.

Rapid Fabrication of Large-Grain Opal Films and Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Sensors by a Filter Paper-Enhanced Evaporation Chip.

Developing a rapid fabrication method for crack-free opal films is a significant challenge with broad applications. We developed a microfluidic platform known as the "filter paper-enhanced evaporation microfluidic chip" (FPEE-chip) for the fabrication of photonic crystal and inverse opal hydrogel (IOPH) films. The chip featured a thin channel formed by bonding double-sided adhesive poly(ethylene terephthalate) with a polymethyl methacrylate cover and a glass substrate. This channel was then filled with nanosphere colloids. The water was guided to evaporate rapidly at the surface of the filter paper, allowing the nanospheres to self-assemble and accumulate within the channel under capillary forces. Experimental results confirmed that the self-assembly method based on the FPEE-chip was a rapid platform for producing high-quality opal, with centimeter-sized opal films achievable in less than an hour. Furthermore, the filter paper altered the stress release mechanism of the opal films during drying, resulting in fewer cracks. This platform was proven capable of producing large-grain, crack-free opal films of up to 30 mm2 in size. We also fabricated crack-free IOPH pH sensors that exhibited color and size responsiveness to pH changes. The coefficient of variation of the gray color distribution for crack-free IOPH ranged from 0.03 to 0.07, which was lower than that of cracked IOPH (ranging from 0.07 to 0.14). Additionally, the grayscale peak value in 1 mm2 of the crack-free IOPH was more than twice that of the cracked IOPH at the same pH. The FPEE-chip demonstrated potential as a candidate for developing vision sensors.

Development and Characterization of Heparin-Containing Hydrogel/3D-Printed Scaffold Composites for Craniofacial Reconstruction.

Regeneration of cartilage and bone tissues remains challenging in tissue engineering due to their complex structures, and the need for both mechanical support and delivery of biological repair stimuli. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a composite scaffold platform for anatomic chondral and osteochondral repair using heparin-based hydrogels to deliver small molecules within 3D-printed porous scaffolds that provide structure, stiffness, and controlled biologic delivery. We designed a mold-injection system to combine hydrolytically degradable hydrogels and 3D-printed scaffolds that could be employed rapidly (<30min) in operating room settings (~23°C). Micro-CT analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of our injection system through homogeneously distributed hydrogel within the pores of the scaffolds. Hydrogels and composite scaffolds exhibited efficient loading (~94%) of a small positively charged heparin-binding molecule (crystal violet) with sustained release over 14days and showed high viability of encapsulated porcine chondrocytes over 7days. Compression testing demonstrated nonlinear viscoelastic behavior where tangent stiffness decreased with scaffold porosity (porous scaffold tangent stiffness: 70%: 4.9MPa, 80%: 1.5MPa, and 90%: 0.20MPa) but relaxation was not affected. Lower-porosity scaffolds (70%) showed stiffness similar to lower ranges of trabecular bone (4-8MPa) while higher-porosity scaffolds (80% and 90%) showed stiffness similar to auricular cartilage (0.16-2MPa). Ultimately, this rapid composite scaffold fabrication method may be employed in the operating room and utilized to control biologic delivery within load-bearing scaffolds.

Enhanced Pool Boiling Heat Transfer with Porous Ti-6Al-4V-Coatings Produced by Cold Spray Metal Additive Manufacturing

In advancing industrial heat transfer mechanisms, surface coatings offer significant potential. This research elucidates the efficacy of the metal additive manufacturing Cold Spray deposition technique for producing enhanced boiling surfaces, specifically focusing on Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) coatings on Aluminium substrates. This offers a rapid and low-cost fabrication method for producing lightweight enhanced boiling surfaces. The Cold Spray method is typically used to create dense metal deposits. Here, the process has been specially tuned to create highly inhomogeneous honeycomb-type porous Ti64 coatings. Critical Cold Spray deposition parameters, such as particle velocity, preheat temperature, and deposition rate have been identified to create repeatable porous coatings, with thicknesses of up to 3.0 mm achievable. Following deposition, several samples were subjected to systematic boiling heat transfer tests in a purpose-built pool boiling apparatus. Boiling curves were generated for the augmented Cold Spray surfaces as well as a bare surface, with the latter acting as a baseline to which enhancement levels were assessed. Initial data analysis shows that some of the tested surfaces exhibit a notable increase in boiling heat transfer coefficient and Critical Heat Flux (CHF). This enhancement is potentially attributed to increased surface area, increased nucleation site density, capillary wicking, and mitigation of lateral bubble coalescence, though excessive coating thickness may degrade heat transfer. In summary, the novel Ti64 surface structures developed using the Cold Spray deposition technique exhibits high potential for industries necessitating superior boiling heat transfer performance. Importantly, the manufacturing process is industrially scalable, offering the capacity to rapidly coat large areas at low cost compared with subtractive manufacturing other metal additive manufacturing methods.

One-step rapid formation of wrinkled fractal antibiofouling coatings from environmentally friendly, waste-derived terpenes

Wrinkled coatings are a potential drug-free method for mitigating bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on materials such as medical and food grade steel. However, their fabrication typically requires multiple steps and often the use of a stimulus to induce wrinkle formation. Here, we report a facile plasma-based method for rapid fabrication of thin (<250 nm) polymer coatings from a single environmentally friendly precursor, where wrinkle formation and fractal pattern development are controlled solely by varying the deposition time from 3 s to 60 s. We propose a mechanism behind the observed in situ development of wrinkles in plasma, as well as demonstrate how introducing specific topographical features on the surface of the substrata can result int the formation of even more complex, ordered wrinkle patterns arising from the non-uniformity of plasma when in contact with structured surfaces. Thus-fabricated wrinkled surfaces show good adhesion to substrate and an antifouling activity that is not observed in the equivalent smooth coatings and hence is attributed to the specific pattern of wrinkles.

A Fully Integrated Microfluidic Device with Immobilized Dyes for Simultaneous Detection of Cell-Free DNA and Histones from Plasma Using Dehydrated Agarose Gates.

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition resulting from a failing host response to infection, causes millions of deaths annually, necessitating rapid and simple prognostic assessments. A variety of genomic and proteomic biomarkers have been developed for sepsis. For example, it has been shown that the level of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating histones increases considerably during sepsis, and they are linked with sepsis severity and mortality. Developing a diagnostic tool that is capable of assessing such diverse biomarkers is challenging as the detection methodology is quite different for each. Here, a fully integrated microfluidic device capable of detecting a genomic biomarker (cfDNA) and a proteomic biomarker (total circulating histones) using a common detection platform has been demonstrated. The microfluidic device utilizes dehydrated agarose gates loaded with pH-specific agarose to electrophoretically trap cfDNA and histones at their respective isoelectric points. It also incorporates fluorescent dyes within the device, eliminating the need for off-chip sample preparation and allowing the direct testing of plasma samples without the need for labeling DNA and histones with fluorescent dyes beforehand. Xurography, which is a low-cost and rapid method for fabrication of microfluidics, is used in all the fabrication steps. Experimental results demonstrate the effective accumulation and separation of cfDNA and histones in the agarose gates in a total processing time of 20 min, employing 10 and 30 Volts for cfDNA and histone accumulation and detection, respectively. The device can potentially be used to distinguish between the survivors and non-survivors of sepsis. The integration of the detection of both biomarkers into a single device and dye immobilization enhances its clinical utility for rapid point-of-care assessment of sepsis prognosis.

Rapid Fabrication of High-Resolution Flexible Electronics via Nanoparticle Self-Assembly and Transfer Printing.

Printed electronic technology serves as a key component in flexible electronics and wearable devices, yet achieving compatibility with both high resolution and high efficiency remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a rapid fabrication method of high-resolution nanoparticle microelectronics via self-assembly and transfer printing. The tension gradient-electrostatic attraction composite-induced nanoparticle self-assembly strategy is constructed, which can significantly enhance the self-assembly efficiency, stability, and coverage by leveraging the meniscus Marangoni effect and the electric double-layer effect. The close-packed nanoparticle self-assembly layer can be rapidly formed on microstructure surfaces over a large area. Inspired by ink printing, a transfer printing strategy is further proposed to transform the self-assembly layer into conformal micropatterns. Large-area, high-resolution (2 μm), and ultrathin (1 μm) nanoparticle microelectronics can be stably fabricated, yielding a significant improvement over fluid printing methods. The unique deformability, recoverability, and scalability of nanoparticle microelectronics are revealed, providing promising opportunities for various academic and real applications.

Realization of all two-dimensional Bravais lattices with metasurface-based interference lithography.

Proximity-field nanopatterning (PnP) have been used recently as a rapid, cost-effective, and large-scale fabrication method utilizing volumetric interference patterns generated by conformal phase masks. Despite the effectiveness of PnP processes, their design diversity has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we demonstrate that the possibility of generating any two-dimensional lattice with diverse motifs. By controlling the amplitude, phase, and polarization of each diffraction beam, we can implement all two-dimensional Bravais lattices in three-dimensional space. The results may provide diverse applications that require three-dimensional nanostructures from optical materials and structural materials to energy storage or conversion materials.

Masked stereolithography as an accessible additive manufacturing technology to fabricate soft polymeric flow phantoms

The development of fabricating in vitro flow phantoms to study biomedical fluid dynamics using laser particle image velocimetry provides a basis for better understanding and treatment of medical conditions such as aneurysms and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, the ability to fabricate patient-specific models rapidly and reliably is of interest for both bespoke therapeutic capabilities and computational modelling. Additive manufacturing (AM) presents a method for rapid and facile direct fabrication with the capability for excellent geometric and resolution fidelity that can overcome the shortcomings of traditional casting techniques. Furthermore, masked stereolithography (mSLA) presents itself as an accessible and versatile AM technology with the potential to overcome limitations seen for other AM technologies. As such, this study aimed to demonstrate mSLA as an accessible and effective AM technology for the fabrication of mechanically tailorable soft polymers for flow phantom applications.

Synthesis and characterization of b-site controlled la-based high entropy perovskite oxides

High entropy perovskite oxide materials are a highly promising class of materials with a wide range of potential applications. They offer a unique combination of perovskite oxides and high entropy oxides, making them suitable for various fields, particularly in electrochemical energy storage systems and hydrogen production. Given the growing demand for clean energy and efficient energy storage solutions, the development of high entropy materials holds great significance. In this study, a cost-effective and rapid fabrication method was employed to produce several single-phase high entropy perovskite oxides by altering the B-site cations. The results demonstrated that these high entropy perovskite oxides could be synthesized with the same crystal structure, despite having significantly different elemental compositions. These variations in elemental composition led to differences in lattice parameters, metal-oxygen bond strengths, and oxygen vacancy content within the materials. Understanding and manipulating these factors can have important implications for the design of high entropy materials for energy storage and other applications.

A rapid one-step electrodeposition method for fabrication of the superhydrophobic nickel/cobalt alloy surfaces with excellent robustness and durability features

The artificial superhydrophobic surfaces were successfully assembled on various substrates by adjusting surface roughness and reducing surface energy. In this work, a series of superhydrophobic Ni/Co alloy (SNCA) surfaces with hierarchical micro/nano rough structures were prepared on brass substrates by a facile one-step electrodeposition method. Based on these surfaces, the influences of manufacturing parameters and their structure on the wettability of SNCA were well discussed. The results confirmed that SNCAt under the synergy of multi-optimal parameters (m, i, t) displays a more ordered cone-flower structure, showing excellent superhydrophobicity (WCA = 167.9°, WSA = 3.2°), and the massive pollutants spread on its surface can be easily taken away by the rolling water droplets within 40 s. It is reassuring to know that SNCAt surface still retains good superhydrophobicity after undergoing blade scraping, tape stripping, sandpaper cyclic wear, heat treatment and chemical corrosion, which shows long-term durability. The corrosion protection capability of the as-fabricated SNCA was also evaluated by electrochemical corrosion techniques. The results show that SNCA has outstanding corrosion inhibition performance in simulated seawater solution, and especially the protection efficiency of SNCAt can reach above 98 %. In conclusion, the existence of superhydrophobic surface can be regarded as a barrier, and the perfect interface of gas-liquid can effectively inhibit the permeation of corrosive ions. Therefore, the superhydrophobic surface with robustness and durability will be a promising alternative technique for corrosion protection.

Mechanical forces quench frontal polymerization: Experiments and theory

Frontal polymerization is a promising energy-saving method for rapid fabrication of polymer components with good mechanical properties. In these systems, a small energy input is sufficient to convert monomers, from a liquid or soft solid state, into a stiff polymer component. Once the reaction is initiated, it propagates as a self-sustaining front that is driven by the heat released from the reaction itself. While several studies have been proposed to capture the coupling between thermodynamics and extreme chemical kinetics in these systems, and can explain experimentally observed thermo-chemical instabilities, only few have considered the potential influence of mechanical forces that develop in these systems during fabrication. Nonetheless, some experiments do indicate that local volume changes induced by the competing effects of thermal expansion and chemical shrinkage, can lead to significant deformation or even failure in the resulting component. In this work, we present a unique experimental approach to elucidate the effect of mechanics on the propagation. Our experiments reveal that residual stresses that arise in frontal polymerization are not only a potential cause of undesired deformations in polymer products, but can also quench the reaction front. This thermo-chemo-mechanically coupled effect is captured by our theoretical model, which explains the mechanical limitations on frontal polymerization and can guide future fabrication. Overall, the findings of this work suggest that mechanical coupling needs to be taken into consideration to enable industrial applications of frontal polymerization at large scales.

Digital Light Processing 3D‐Printed Multilayer Dielectric Elastomer Actuator for Vibrotactile Device

AbstractDielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have emerged as promising components in the field of soft robotics. Multilayer DEAs can enhance the output performance compared to single‐layer DEAs, but the common layer‐by‐layer stacking methods are time‐consuming and likely susceptible to concerns about frequent dielectric breakdown. Herein, the one‐piece multilayer DEAs are directly fabricated via the digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing method, taking advantage of the precise and intricate printed structure. The study also focuses on the adjustable DLP printable resin formulation, aiming to achieve a DLP printed polyurethane acrylate (PUA)‐based dielectric elastomer (DE) material that exhibits desirable characteristics, such as an appropriate dielectric constant, modulus, and minimal hysteresis loss. The non‐pre‐stretch DLP‐printed cylindrical DEA demonstrates a significant blocked force of 270 mN and maintains 45% actuation performance at a frequency of 100 Hz, attributed to both the printed multilayer structure and the optimized formulation of the DE material. Moreover, the feasibility of DLP‐printed DEAs as vibrotactile devices is demonstrated. This work has advanced the development of rapid and efficient fabrication methods of multilayer DEAs using DLP printing, with enhanced force output and attractive applications in robotics and haptic interfaces.

Effects of Slit Edge Notches on Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PA12 Nylon Kirigami Specimens.

Kirigami structures, a Japanese paper-cutting art form, has been widely adopted in engineering design, including robotics, biomedicine, energy harvesting, and sensing. This study investigated the effects of slit edge notches on the mechanical properties, particularly the tensile stiffness, of 3D-printed PA12 nylon kirigami specimens. Thirty-five samples were designed with various notch sizes and shapes and printed using a commercial 3D printer with multi-jet fusion (MJF) technique. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to determine the mechanical properties of the samples computationally. The results showed that the stiffness of the kirigami samples is positively correlated with the number of edges in the notch shape and quadratically negatively correlated with the notch area of the samples. The mathematical relationship between the stretching tensile stiffness of the samples and their notch area was established and explained from an energy perspective. The relationship established in this study can help fine-tune the stiffness of kirigami-inspired structures without altering the primary parameters of kirigami samples. With the rapid fabrication method (e.g., 3D printing technique), the kirigami samples with suitable mechanical properties can be potentially applied to planar springs for hinge structures or energy-absorbing/harvesting structures. These findings will provide valuable insights into the development and optimization of kirigami-inspired structures for various applications in the future.