Rapid Food Intake Research Articles

Perforation of the Esophageal Wall due to Large-Sized Foreign Body Entering the Esophagus

Foreign bodies entering the esophagus may result from rapid food intake, reduced sensitivity of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity in some neurological diseases, under mental illness, in individuals of certain professions. In 3-4% of cases, this results in perforations of the esophagus due to either presence of acute traumatic margins of the foreign body, or by a long-term presentation of a foreign body in the esophagus and, consequently, the development of a pressure injury. Considering the above, timely and complete diagnosis and adequate surgical treatment in the first hours after diagnosed esophageal perforation by a foreign body is a must.
 The patient was admitted to the department of thoracic surgery with complaints of a foreign body in the throat, hypersalivation, subcutaneous emphysema of the neck. He felt sick 2 hours ago, when during sleep he had swallowed a denture. The patient was examined and diagnosed with a foreign body of the upper third of the esophagus with perforation. He was urgently administered: 1. fibroesophagoscopy + reduction of the foreign body in the stomach; 2. Left-sided colotomy, suturing of the upper thoracic esophagus, drainage of the prevertebral space; 3. Upper median laparotomy, gastrotomy, removal of a foreign body, gastrostomy according to Kaders method. The patient was discharged with a gastrostomy from the hospital in a satisfactory condition, he was recommended follow-up observation by a local surgeon in the outpatient clinic. The gastrostomy was closed conservatively 3 weeks after the discharge. In 2 weeks after the closure of gastrostomy, the patient returned to a full life and working activity.

Cognitive biases in binge eating disorder: the hijacking of decision making.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common of eating disorders and is characterized by excessive, out-of-control, rapid food intake. This review focuses on cognitive impairments in BED, which represent an endophenotype that mediates brain function and behavior. Here we focus on reviewing impulsivity, compulsivity, attentional biases to food cues, and executive function. Behavioral regulation in BED appears to be influenced by the context of motivationally salient food cues and the degree of obesity. Deficits in delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired in obesity irrespective of BED status. However, in BED subjects with milder obesity, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion and enhanced delay discounting in more severe obesity. Relative to non-BED obese subjects, BED is characterized by enhanced behavioral inflexibility or compulsivity across multiple domains, with subjects selecting the same choices despite change in relevance (set shifting), being no longer rewarding (habit formation), or irrespective of outcome (perseveration). The context of food cues was associated with multiple attentional and early and late inhibitory impairments and enhanced memory bias, although BED patients also have generalized cognitive interference in working memory. These findings may help explain the phenotype of binge eating. Motivationally salient food cues provoke attentional and memory biases along with impairing response inhibitory processes. Those with BED are also more susceptible to cognitive interference and have impaired decisional impulsivity, with the tendency to inflexibly stick with the same choices irrespective of changes in context. These findings suggest critical cognitive domains that may guide therapeutic interventions.

Habitual rapid food intake and ineffective esophageal motility

To study non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) in relation to ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and rapid food intake. NCCP patients with a self-reported habit of fast eating underwent esophageal manometry for the diagnosis of IEM. Telephone interviews identified eating habits of additional IEM patients. Comparison of manometric features was done among IEM patients with and without the habit of rapid food intake and healthy controls. A case study investigated the effect of 6-mo gum chewing on restoration of esophageal motility in an IEM patient. The Valsalva maneuver was performed in IEM patients and healthy controls to assess the compliance of the esophagus in response to abdominal pressure increase. Although most patients diagnosed with NCCP do not exhibit IEM, remarkably, all 12 NCCP patients who were self-reporting fast eaters with a main complaint of chest pain (75.0%) had contraction amplitudes in the mid and distal esophagus that were significantly lower compared with healthy controls [(23.45 mmHg (95%CI: 14.06-32.85) vs 58.80 mmHg (95%CI: 42.56-75.04), P < 0.01 and 28.29 mmHg (95%CI: 21.77-34.81) vs 50.75 mmHg (95%CI: 38.44-63.05), P < 0.01, respectively)]. In 7 normal-eating IEM patients with a main complaint of sensation of obstruction (42.9%), the mid amplitude was smaller than in the controls [30.09 mmHg (95%CI: 19.48-40.70) vs 58.80 mmHg (95%CI: 42.56-75.04), P < 0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in manometric features between the fast-eating and normal-eating groups. One NCCP patient who self-reported fast eating and was subsequently diagnosed with IEM did not improve with proton-pump inhibition but restored swallow-induced contractions upon 6-mo gum-chewing. The Valsalva maneuver caused a markedly reduced pressure rise in the mid and proximal esophagus in the IEM patients. Habitual rapid food intake may lead to IEM. A prospective study is needed to validate this hypothesis. Gum-chewing might strengthen weakened esophageal muscles.

Analysis of Drosophila Larval Feeding Response to Quinine-Adulterated Food

The food responses of Drosophila larvae offer an excellent opportunity to study the genetic and neural regulation of feeding behavior. Compared with fed larvae, hungry larvae are more likely to display aggressive foraging, rapid food intake, compensatory feeding, and stress-resistant food procurement. Omnivores, including humans, tend to avoid noxious or unfamiliar food. Fly larvae avoid bitter substances such as quinine. As an increasing amount of quinine is added to an otherwise palatable liquid medium containing sugar and inactivated yeast, larvae become less likely to consume the tainted food. Larval feeding activity is assayed by scoring the percentage of larvae containing dyed food in a large portion of the midgut. Defensive foraging behavior can be modulated by physiological need and food deprivation significantly increases larval tolerance to quinine. Therefore, the larval response to quinine food and its regulation by hunger provides a useful paradigm for elucidating the genetic and neural regulation of food choice that favors short-term survival. The test described here is designed for quantitative assessment of the motivation of individual larvae to ingest quinine-adulterated food under different energy states. The test is applicable to routine functional testing and larger-scale screening of genetic mutations and biologics that might affect food consumption.

Analysis of Feeding Behavior of Drosophila Larvae on Solid Food

The food responses of Drosophila larvae offer an excellent opportunity to study the genetic and neural regulation of feeding behavior. Compared with fed larvae, hungry larvae are more likely to display aggressive foraging, rapid food intake, compensatory feeding, and stress-resistant food procurement. Behavioral assays have been developed to quantitatively assess particular aspects of the hunger-driven food response. In combination, these assays help define the specific role of signaling molecules or neurons in the regulation of feeding behavior in foraging larvae. This protocol is designed for quantitative assessment of the willingness of individual larvae to procure solid food under different energy states. It provides a simple and reliable way to measure the graded modification of the baseline feeding rate of larvae as the period of food deprivation is increased. The test is applicable to routine functional testing and larger-scale screening of genetic mutations and biologics that might affect food consumption.

Analysis of Feeding Behavior of Drosophila Larvae on Liquid Food

The food responses of Drosophila larvae offer an excellent opportunity to study the genetic and neural regulation of feeding behavior. Compared with fed larvae, hungry larvae are more likely to display aggressive foraging, rapid food intake, compensatory feeding, and stress-resistant food procurement. Behavioral assays have been developed to quantitatively assess particular aspects of the hunger-driven food response. In combination, these assays help define the specific role of signaling molecules or neurons in the regulation of feeding behavior in foraging larvae. This protocol describes the analysis of larvae feeding on liquid food. The test is designed for quantitative assessment of the food ingestion rate of individual larvae under different energy states. It provides a simple and reliable way to measure the graded modification of the baseline feeding rate of larvae as food deprivation is prolonged. The test is applicable to routine functional testing and larger-scale screening of genetic mutations and biologics that might affect food consumption.

Preparing Drosophila Larvae for Feeding Assays

The food responses of Drosophila larvae offer an excellent opportunity to study the genetic and neural regulation of feeding behavior. Compared with fed larvae, hungry larvae are more likely to display aggressive foraging, rapid food intake, compensatory feeding, and stress-resistant food procurement. Behavioral assays have been developed to quantitatively assess particular aspects of the hunger-driven food response. In combination, these assays help define the specific role of signaling molecules or neurons in the regulation of feeding behavior in foraging larvae. Proper rearing of larvae is of paramount importance for all behavioral experiments. A time-tested procedure is described here to produce highly synchronized third-instar feeding larvae. To ensure synchronized growth of larvae, the rearing conditions must be optimized by controlling food quality, larval density, humidity, and temperature. Under such conditions, it takes ∼ 72 h for a wild-type or white egg to develop into a third-instar larva. One reliable way to judge the age of third-instar larvae is to determine the time of the second molting (into the third instar). A feeding step is included to ensure the selection of young third instars that are actively foraging to use in behavioral assays.

Patterns of resource exploitation in four coexisting globeflower fly species (Chiastocheta sp.)

Life history and spatio-temporal patterns of resource utilisation were characterised in four Chiastocheta (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) species, whose larvae compete as seed predators on Trollius europaeus fruits. Interspecific co-occurrence was observed in 80% of the resource patches (= Trollius fruits) in the two communities studied. Isolated larvae from all species had a similar food intake, but differed in development time and size at emergence Different species exhibit contrasting resource exploitation strategies with specific mining patterns and a partial temporal shift. Two species exhibited particularly singular strategies. C. rotundiventris escaped from strong interactions with other species because it was the first species to develop and the only one to exploit the central pith of Trollius fruits. The key role of this species as the main pollinator of the host-plant appears to be a by-product of constraints imposed by occupying a restricted niche. Although the resource is ephemeral due to seed dispersal, C. dentifera, the last species to oviposit, is not disadvantaged because it has a short development time and rapid food intake. The different patterns can partly explain the stability of Chiastocheta communities, but do not prevent competition to occur at high larval densities. (c) 2006 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Rapid food intake induces gastroesophageal reflux. Your mother was right

Rapid food intake induces gastroesophageal reflux. Your mother was right

Bariatric surgery: early results with a multidisciplinary team.

Bariatric surgery depends on complete preoperative study of morbid obesity, in order to obtain the treatment of choice. A multidisciplinary group was founded in 1998 at the University of Siena. During 1998, 16 patients, with median weight 121.8 +/- 31 kg and median body mass index (BMI) 43 +/- 6, underwent bariatric surgery. A multidisciplinary assessment was used in order to evaluate psychological status, food intake problems and patient compliance, and hemodynamic, respiratory, metabolic and arthritic functions. 13 patients were submitted to laparoscopic surgery: in 11 adjustable gastric banding was performed and 2 were submitted to a vertical gastroplasty plus adjustable gastric banding. Three patients were operated via traditional laparotomy, due to previous abdominal surgery in 2 cases (submitted to an adjustable gastric banding) and one woman was submitted to a bilio-intestinal bypass according to the Hallberg technique, for her psychiatric troubles and coexisting systolic hypertension and uncontrolled diabetes. Monthly follow-up for each patient continues after 6 months. No morbidity or mortality has occurred. The median weight loss at three months, was 19.5 kg. Two cases required injection of 1 ml more of fluid into the port, respectively at 4 and 9 months. Fifteen days after surgery, seven patients (46%) had vomiting episodes, due to rapid food intake. All patients have shown an improvement of their comorbidities after surgery. Early results via the multidisciplinary team and laparoscopic banding have been satisfactory thus far.

Effect of an angiotensin antagonist, Sar 1-Ala 8-angiotensin II on physiological thirst

Initially it was shown that infusion of Sar 1-Ala 8-angiotensin II (P113) into the third ventricle (50–100 μg/ml at 1.1 ml/hr) effectively abolished the large water intake induced 1–2 min after beginning an intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II at 800 ng/min which causes an unphysiologically high concentration of angiotensin II in cerebral arterial blood. Infusion of P113 (50–100 μg/ml at 1.1 ml/hr) into the third brain ventricle for 20 min prior to and during presentation of water to sheep after 48 hr water deprivation did not reduce water intake. Water intake associated with rapid food intake or carotid artery infusion of hypertonic NaCl was similarly unaffected by intraventricular administration of P113. While high concentrations of angiotensin II are dipsogenic in sheep, these results cast doubt on a contributory role for angiotensin II in thirst caused by water depletion or rapid food intake in the sheep.