Rapid Dynamic Changes Research Articles

Monitoring pilot trainees’ cognitive control under a simulator-based training process with EEG microstate analysis

The objective of pilot training is to equip trainees with the knowledge, judgment, and skills to maintain control of an aircraft and respond to critical flight tasks. The present research aims to investigate changes in trainees’ cognitive control levels during a pilot training process while they underwent basic flight maneuvers. EEG microstate analysis was applied together with spectral power features to quantitatively monitor trainees’ cognitive control under varied flight tasks during different training sessions on a flight simulator. Not only could EEG data provide an objective measure of cognitive control to complement the current subjective assessments, but the application of EEG microstate analysis is particularly well-suited for capturing rapid dynamic changes in cognitive states that may happen under complex human activities in conducting flight maneuvers. Comparisons were conducted between two types of tasks and across different training stages to monitor how pilot trainees’ cognitive control responds to varied flight task types and training stages. The present research provides insights into the changes in trainees’ cognitive control during a pilot training process and highlights the potential of EEG microstate analysis for monitoring cognitive control.

THE DIGILIZATION AND CONNECTION OF NOTARIES WITH THE REPUBLIC REGISTERIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

In a time of rapid social and dynamic changes, due to the legal security of the circulation of goods and services, in the Republic of North Macedonia, the need was felt to present the notarial service as a guarantee of safety for the parties, to be achieved through the state their legal security. This country applied the German-Latin model, which today is a safe step. With the independence of the Republic of North Macedonia from 1991, the need was felt for the legal circulation of goods and services. In order to facilitate legal transactions due to their multiplicity, in 1996, for the first time, we brought the corresponding law for notaries. They operate within various branches based on law. Development of the notarial service as a public service, independent and self-contained, where the works of the type of public authorizations are performed based on the law. In 2016, in certain articles, the innovation of digitally referencing the notarial document is established, respectively by placing them in the Central Notarial Archive, which includes: electronic certificate, certified electronic description and their archiving in electronic form. Whereas, as far as data submission is concerned, the recording and entry of notarial documents in electronic form in public registers and electronic communication of the notary with the notarial databases. Today there are several links such as: 1. The electronic link with the Real Estate Cadastre Agency; Electronic connection with the Central Registry; Electronic connection with the Pawn Registry (movables); Electronic connection with the Debt Register; Electronic connection with the Official Gazette; Electronic connection with the Directorate for financial disclosure; Electronic connection with local self-administration units, etc. All these electronic links will be analyzed in this scientific paper!

AI-Driven Urban Planning: Enhancing Efficiency and Sustainability in Smart Cities

Urban planning in smart cities is increasingly leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance efficiency and sustainability. This article explores the integration of AI-driven technologies to optimize various aspects of urban development and management. Smart cities are characterized by their use of advanced technologies to improve quality of life, resource management, and infrastructure efficiency. Traditional urban planning methods often face challenges in adapting to rapid urbanization and dynamic environmental changes. AI presents opportunities to address these challenges by providing data-driven insights and predictive capabilities. This research employs a case study approach, analyzing the implementation of AI in urban planning processes across several smart cities globally. Key methodologies include data analytics, machine learning algorithms, and predictive modeling techniques applied to diverse urban datasets. The study evaluates how AI-driven decision support systems aid in infrastructure planning, traffic management, energy consumption optimization, and environmental sustainability. The findings demonstrate that AI-enabled urban planning significantly enhances efficiency and sustainability in smart cities. AI algorithms optimize traffic flow, reduce energy consumption through predictive maintenance of infrastructure, and facilitate adaptive urban design based on real-time data analytics. Moreover, AI-driven approaches improve decision-making processes by providing stakeholders with actionable insights for informed policy formulation and resource allocation. This article contributes to the evolving field of smart city technologies by showcasing the transformative potential of AI in urban planning. By harnessing AI capabilities, cities can effectively address complex urban challenges and pave the way for more resilient and sustainable urban environments.

Mendidik Cinta Tanah Air: Memperkuat Identitas Bangsa Melalui Pembelajaran Nilai-Nilai Pancasila

National identity is an important foundation for a nation, containing noble values, culture, and history that distinguish and attract the nation.In the era of rapid globalization and dynamic social change, maintaining and preserving national identity is an increasingly important challenge. Awareness of Pancasila is the key to strengthening national identity. Pancasila, as the state ideology of Indonesia, carries noble values that reflect the spirit of nationality and diversity. This research was prepared using the literature study method by accumulating and drawing conclusions from data obtained from various sources of information, resulting in the conclusion that awareness of Pancasila is key in strengthening national identity.

An online state-of-health estimation method for lithium-ion battery based on linear parameter-varying modeling framework

The accurate estimation of state-of-health (SOH) is crucial for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion battery systems. However, the intimate coupling between SOH and state-of-charge (SOC) is often overlooked in existing estimation methods, leading to inaccurate estimates. To address this, we propose a linear parameter-varying (LPV) battery model that captures both gradual capacity degradation and rapid dynamic changes. This model integrates traditional linear models with emerging nonlinear models, providing a comprehensive online SOH estimation framework that effectively separates the effects of SOC in the LPV model structure. The model parameters are identified using a subspace algorithm with accelerated aging data. The proposed method is validated by accelerated aging experiments on two sets of battery samples, one for model development and another for model validation. The experimental data show that the LPV battery model can achieve high SOH estimation accuracy, with an average error of 2.85 % and 5.51 % for SOH, and 0.63 % and 1.20 % for capacity, respectively. The method also shows the advantages of being easy to implement and highly generalizable, making it suitable for different battery types and application scenarios.

High Spatiotemporal Estimation of Reservoir Evaporation Water Loss by Integrating Remote-Sensing Data and the Generalized Complementary Relationship

Accurately estimating the reservoir evaporation loss is crucial for water resources management. The existing research on reservoir evaporation loss estimates primarily focuses on large spatiotemporal scales and neglects the rapid dynamic changes to reservoirs’ surface area. For reservoirs essential for frequent flood control and regular water supply, high spatiotemporal evaporation data are crucial. By integrating remote sensing and the evaporation model, this study proposes a new method for the high spatiotemporal estimation of the evaporation losses from reservoirs. The proposed method is applied to the largest artificial freshwater lake in Asia, i.e., Danjiangkou (DJK) Reservoir. The daily reservoir water surface area is extracted at a spatial resolution of 30 m during the period 2014–2018 based on the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM). The daily evaporation rate is estimated at a spatial resolution of 100 m using the generalized complementary relationship (GCR). The results show that the water surface area of the DJK Reservoir exhibits rapid and frequent fluctuations from 2015 to 2018, with a multi-year average area of 731.9 km2 and a maximum and minimum difference of 304 km2. Significant seasonal variations are observed in both the evaporation rate and volume, with a multi-year average evaporation rate of 806 mm and evaporation volume of 595 million m3. The estimated results align well with three other independent estimates, indicating that the GCR is capable of water surface evaporation estimation. Further analysis suggests that the data resolution has a great influence on the evaporative water loss from the reservoir. The estimated mean annual evaporation volume based on the 1000 m resolution water surface area data is 14% lower than that estimated using the 30 m resolution water surface area data. This study not only provides a new method for the high spatiotemporal estimation of reservoir evaporation by integrating remote-sensing data and the GCR method but also highlights that reservoir evaporation water loss should be quantified using the volume rather than the rate and that the estimated loss is noticeably affected by the estimation spatial resolution.

Dynamic load modulation predicts right heart tolerance of left ventricular cardiovascular assist in a porcine model of cardiogenic shock.

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) offer mechanical support for patients with cardiogenic shock by unloading the impaired ventricle and increasing cardiac outflow and subsequent tissue perfusion. Their ability to adjust ventricular assistance allows for rapid and safe dynamic changes in cardiac load, which can be used with direct measures of chamber pressures to quantify cardiac pathophysiologic state, predict response to interventions, and unmask vulnerabilities such as limitations of left-sided support efficacy due to intolerance of the right heart. We defined hemodynamic metrics in five pigs with dynamic peripheral transvalvular VAD (pVAD) support to the left ventricle. Metrics were obtained across a spectrum of disease states, including left ventricular ischemia induced by titrated microembolization of a coronary artery and right ventricular strain induced by titrated microembolization of the pulmonary arteries. A sweep of different pVAD speeds confirmed mechanisms of right heart decompensation after left-sided support and revealed intolerance. In contrast to the systemic circulation, pulmonary vascular compliance dominated in the right heart and defined the ability of the right heart to adapt to left-sided pVAD unloading. We developed a clinically accessible metric to measure pulmonary vascular compliance at different pVAD speeds that could predict right heart efficiency and tolerance to left-sided pVAD support. Findings in swine were validated with retrospective hemodynamic data from eight patients on pVAD support. This methodology and metric could be used to track right heart tolerance, predict decompensation before right heart failure, and guide titration of device speed and the need for biventricular support.

Framing protocol optimization in oncological Patlak parametric imaging with uKinetics

PurposeTotal-body PET imaging with ultra-high sensitivity makes high-temporal-resolution framing protocols possible for the first time, which allows to capture rapid tracer dynamic changes. However, whether protocols with higher number of temporal frames can justify the efficacy with substantially added computation burden for clinical application remains unclear. We have developed a kinetic modeling software package (uKinetics) with the advantage of practical, fast, and automatic workflow for dynamic total-body studies. The aim of this work is to verify the uKinetics with PMOD and to perform framing protocol optimization for the oncological Patlak parametric imaging.MethodsSix different protocols with 100, 61, 48, 29, 19 and 12 temporal frames were applied to analyze 60-min dynamic 18F-FDG PET scans of 10 patients, respectively. Voxel-based Patlak analysis coupled with automatically extracted image-derived input function was applied to generate parametric images. Normal tissues and lesions were segmented manually or automatically to perform correlation analysis and Bland–Altman plots. Different protocols were compared with the protocol of 100 frames as reference.ResultsMinor differences were found between uKinetics and PMOD in the Patlak parametric imaging. Compared with the protocol with 100 frames, the relative difference of the input function and quantitative kinetic parameters remained low for protocols with at least 29 frames, but increased for the protocols with 19 and 12 frames. Significant difference of lesion Ki values was found between the protocols with 100 frames and 12 frames.ConclusionuKinetics was proved providing equivalent oncological Patlak parametric imaging comparing to PMOD. Minor differences were found between protocols with 100 and 29 frames, which indicated that 29-frame protocol is sufficient and efficient for the oncological 18F-FDG Patlak applications, and the protocols with more frames are not needed. The protocol with 19 frames yielded acceptable results, while that with 12 frames is not recommended.

Temporal Changes in Coronary 18F-Fluoride Plaque Uptake in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis.

Coronary 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-fluoride) uptake is a marker of both atherosclerotic disease activity and disease progression. It is currently unknown whether there are rapid temporal changes in coronary 18F-fluoride uptake and whether these are more marked in those with clinically unstable coronary artery disease. This study aimed to determine the natural history of coronary 18F-fluoride uptake over 12 mo in patients with either advanced chronic coronary artery disease or a recent myocardial infarction. Methods: Patients with established multivessel coronary artery disease and either chronic disease or a recent acute myocardial infarction underwent coronary 18F-fluoride PET and CT angiography, which was repeated at 3, 6, or 12 mo. Coronary 18F-fluoride uptake was assessed in each vessel by measuring the coronary microcalcification activity (CMA). Coronary calcification was quantified by measuring calcium score, mass, and volume. Results: Fifty-nine patients had chronic coronary artery disease (median age, 68 y; 93% male), and 52 patients had a recent myocardial infarction (median age, 65 y; 83% male). Reflecting the greater burden of coronary artery disease, baseline CMA values were higher in those with chronic coronary artery disease. Coronary 18F-fluoride uptake (CMA > 0) was associated with higher baseline calcium scores (294 Agatston units [AU] [interquartile range, 116-483 AU] vs. 72 AU [interquartile range, 8-222 AU]; P < 0.001) and more rapid progression of coronary calcification scores (39 AU [interquartile range, 10-82 AU] vs. 12 AU [interquartile range, 1-36 AU]; P < 0.001) than was the absence of uptake (CMA = 0). Coronary 18F-fluoride uptake did not markedly alter over the course of 3, 6, or 12 mo in patients with either chronic coronary artery disease or a recent myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Coronary 18F-fluoride uptake is associated with the severity and progression of coronary artery disease but does not undergo a rapid dynamic change in patients with chronic or unstable coronary artery disease. This finding suggests that coronary 18F-fluoride uptake is a temporally stable marker of established and progressive disease.

Contemporary materials for semiconductor switches in an isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter using a closed loop system with linear quadratic regulator control

This research seeks to create a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter capable of high step-up/down power transfer for diverse applications, such as grid systems, energy backup systems, fuel cell vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. The converter features an inductor linked to an electric power grid to facilitate multi-layer energy conversion with galvanic isolation for improved voltage ratio and galvanic isolation. Notable among its features is this converter's capacity to recycle energy from a leaky inductor without needing additional snubber mechanisms or clamped circuits. To facilitate efficient operation, the converter employs power switches capable of soft switching both step-up and step-down modes. This option permits using MOSFETs with low on-state resistance, which is advantageous due to reduced voltage endurance at the primary side. This research explores the application of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) for use with a constant frequency bidirectional DC-DC converter. Leveraging the high-order nature of converters, LQR controllers make full use of their potential by offering rapid dynamic response time, reliability and minimal changes in settling time for an array of operating conditions. Thorough analyses were carried out into the availability and stability conditions of an LQR controller in step-up mode using MATLAB/Simulink simulation results as evidence. This study also emphasizes the significance of performance and effectiveness in electronic power-switching devices, which rely heavily on material properties for operation. While silicon has traditionally been employed for these switches, advances in material science have seen wider band-gap semiconductors adopted to improve switching device performance. Therefore, this research encompasses selecting and implementing appropriate semiconductor materials into power electronic switches used by DC-DC converters.

Innovation Management Education at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and describe how education management innovations were implemented at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi. Innovation in educational management is essential for enhancing the caliber and efficiency of educational institutions in the setting of rapid educational development and dynamic change. Data for this study was gathered through interviews, observations, and document analysis using a qualitative methodology. The findings demonstrated that SMK Bakti Karya Parigi has embraced a number of innovations in educational administration. The agency has been able to set clear goals and create effective action plans with the aid of targeted and strategic planning. A well-coordinated organizational structure and a distinct division of roles and responsibilities among the educational staff have also been produced through effective organization. The success of the education management innovation at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi is also significantly influenced by effective driving. A positive learning culture has been created throughout the institution thanks to the leadership's participation- and cooperation-focused approach. Additionally, effective control through ongoing monitoring and evaluation of educational goals' achievement has allowed the institution to recognize the success of innovations and implement corrective actions as needed. The success of education management also depends on effective driving.At the end of the day, SMK Bakti Karya Parigi's education management innovation has improved the way that education is delivered at the school. The institution continues to establish best practices in educational management through the active participation of stakeholders like teachers, staff, students, and parents as well as through continual professional development.ingenuity at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi.

Incomplete Exhalation during Resuscitation-Theoretical Review and Examples from Ventilation of Newborn Term Infants.

Newborn resuscitation guidelines recommend positive pressure ventilation (PPV) for newborns who do not establish effective spontaneous breathing after birth. T-piece resuscitator systems are commonly used in high-resource settings and can additionally provide positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Short expiratory time, high resistance, rapid dynamic changes in lung compliance and large tidal volumes increase the possibility of incomplete exhalation. Previous publications indicate that this may occur during newborn resuscitation. Our aim was to study examples of incomplete exhalations in term newborn resuscitation and discuss these against the theoretical background. Examples of flow and pressure data from respiratory function monitors (RFM) were selected from 129 term newborns who received PPV using a T-piece resuscitator. RFM data were not presented to the user during resuscitation. Examples of incomplete exhalation with higher-than-set PEEP-levels were present in the recordings with visual correlation to factors affecting time needed to complete exhalation. Incomplete exhalation and the relationship to expiratory time constants have been well described theoretically. We documented examples of incomplete exhalations with increased PEEP-levels during resuscitation of term newborns. We conclude that RFM data from resuscitations can be reviewed for this purpose and that incomplete exhalations should be further explored, as the clinical benefit or risk of harm are not known.

Dark accumulation of downstream glycolytic intermediates initiates robust photosynthesis in cyanobacteria.

Photosynthesis must maintain stability and robustness throughout fluctuating natural environments. In cyanobacteria, dark-to-light transition leads to drastic metabolic changes from dark respiratory metabolism to CO2 fixation through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle using energy and redox equivalents provided by photosynthetic electron transfer. Previous studies have shown that catabolic metabolism supports the smooth transition into CBB cycle metabolism. However, metabolic mechanisms for robust initiation of photosynthesis are poorly understood due to lack of dynamic metabolic characterizations of dark-to-light transitions. Here, we show rapid dynamic changes (on a time scale of seconds) in absolute metabolite concentrations and 13C tracer incorporation after strong or weak light irradiation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Integration of this data enabled estimation of time-resolved nonstationary metabolic flux underlying CBB cycle activation. This dynamic metabolic analysis indicated that downstream glycolytic intermediates, including phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate, accumulate under dark conditions as major substrates for initial CO2 fixation. Compared with wild-type Synechocystis, significant decreases in the initial oxygen evolution rate were observed in 12 h dark preincubated mutants deficient in glycogen degradation or oxidative pentose phosphate pathways. Accordingly, the degree of decrease in the initial oxygen evolution rate was proportional to the accumulated pool size of glycolytic intermediates. These observations indicate that the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates is essential for efficient metabolism switching under fluctuating light environments.

Extracellular vesicles participate in the pathogenesis of sepsis.

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The early diagnosis and effective treatment of sepsis still face challenges due to its rapid progression, dynamic changes, and strong heterogeneity among different individuals. To develop novel strategies to control sepsis, a better understanding of the complex mechanisms of sepsis is vital. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released from cells through different mechanisms. In the disease state, the number of EVs produced by activated or apoptotic cells and the cargoes they carry were altered. They regulated the function of local or distant host cells in autocrine or paracrine ways. Current studies have found that EVs are involved in the occurrence and development of sepsis through multiple pathways. In this review, we focus on changes in the cargoes of EVs in sepsis, the regulatory roles of EVs derived from host cells and bacteria, and how EVs are involved in multiple pathological processes and organ dysfunction in sepsis. Overall, EVs have great application prospects in sepsis, such as early diagnosis of sepsis, dynamic monitoring of disease, precise therapeutic targets, and prevention of sepsis as a vaccine platform.

Temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 genome mutations that occurred in vivo on an aircraft

We analyzed variations in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome during a flight-related cluster outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Shenzhen, China, to explore the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and intra-host single nucleotide variations (iSNVs) in a confined space. Thirty-three patients with COVID-19 were sampled, and 14 were resampled 3–31 days later. All 47 nasopharyngeal swabs were deep-sequenced. iSNVs and similarities in the consensus genome sequence were analyzed. Three SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, Delta (n = 31), Beta (n = 1), and C.1.2 (n = 1), were detected among the 33 patients. The viral genome sequences from 30 Delta-positive patients had similar SNVs; 14 of these patients provided two successive samples. Overall, the 47 sequenced genomes contained 164 iSNVs. Of the 14 paired (successive) samples, the second samples (T2) contained more iSNVs (median: 3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.77–10.22) than did the first samples (T1; median: 2; 95% CI: 1.63–3.74; Wilcoxon test, P = 0.021). 38 iSNVs were detected in T1 samples, and only seven were also detectable in T2 samples. Notably, T2 samples from two of the 14 paired samples had additional mutations than the T1 samples. The iSNVs of the SARS-CoV-2 genome exhibited rapid dynamic changes during a flight-related cluster outbreak event. Intra-host diversity increased gradually with time, and new site mutations occurred in vivo without a population transmission bottleneck. Therefore, we could not determine the generational relationship from the mutation site changes alone.

A PROPOSED MODEL FOR THE AUDIT PROCEDURES EXAMINATION FORM IN THE LIGHT OF CLOUD COMPUTING CONTROL STRATEGIES

Cloud computing is a new technology that is widely used in various units today as well as in society and it is the result of revolutionary changes in the world of information and communication technology because of its benefits such as low cost, speed, and can be accessed anywhere at any time as well as Finding automatic solutions for various operations and financial transactions and Oversight procedures on cloud computing are one of those developments that Transforming accounting software from products to services As a result of the rapid dynamic developments and changes in the business environment surrounding this profession. In the context of cloud censor ship the aim of the study Learn about cloud computing and its types and the possibility of benefiting from the benefits that they add to the economic units and their use in the field of accounting and auditing and obstacles to use This study will seek to demonstrate the integrity of cloud data, by designing a test form to show these procedures. The research reached results, including that cloud computing has characteristics, including speed and cost reduction, and immediate access without the need for prior installation of accounting programs on computers, and these characteristics are useless in the absence of control measures and audit methods.

Insight into the transient inactivation effect on Au/TiO2 catalyst by in-situ DRIFT and UV–vis spectroscopy

Au catalysts have drawn broad attention for catalytic CO oxidation. However, a molecular-level understanding of the reaction mechanism on a fast time-resolved scale is still lacking. Herein, we apply in situ DRIFTS and UV-Vis spectroscopy to monitor the rapid dynamic changes during CO oxidation over Au/TiO2. A pronounced transient inactivation effect likely due to a structural change of Au/TiO2 induced by the reactants (CO and O2) is observed at the beginning of the reaction. The transient inactivation effect is affected by the ratio of CO and O2 concentrations. More importantly, during the unstable state, the electronic properties of the Au particles change, as indicated by the shift of the CO stretching vibration. UV-Vis spectroscopy corroborates the structure change of Au/TiO2 surface induced by the reactants, which leads to a weakening of the Au catalyst’s ability to be oxidized (less O2 adsorption), resulting in the transient inactivation effect.

Diagnostic Efficacy of Ultra-Short Term HRV Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the standard method for assessing autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and is considered a surrogate marker for sympathetic overactivity in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although HRV features are usually obtained from the short-term segment method, it is impossible to evaluate rapid dynamic changes in ANS activity. Herein, we propose the ultra-short-term analysis to detect the balance of ANS activity in patients with OSA. In 1021 OSA patients, 10 min HRV target datasets were extracted from polysomnographic data and analyzed by shifting the 2 min (ultra-short-term) and 5 min (short-term) segments. We detected frequency-domain parameters, including total power (Ln TP), very low frequency (Ln VLF), low frequency (Ln LF), and high frequency (Ln HF). We found that overall HRV feature alterations indicated sympathetic overactivity dependent on OSA severity, and that this was more pronounced in the ultra-short-term methodology. The apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, and Epworth sleepiness scale correlated with increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity, regardless of the methodology. The Bland-Altman plot analyses also showed a higher agreement of HRV features between the two methodologies. This study suggests that ultra-short-term HRV analysis may be a useful method for detecting alterations in ANS function in OSA patients.

Analyzing spatial-temporal variability of ice motion in Northeast Greenland from 1985 to 2018

The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS), the largest basin in Greenland, is undergoing rapid and sustained dynamic change. However, the ice-flow behaviours over decadal timescales and the impacts of ice geometry and hydrology remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of ice motions of three branches in NEGIS between 1985 and 2018 in response to bed topographic features and surface meltwater runoff based on 33 years of annual ice velocities derived from the satellite image of Landsat series. Spatial heterogeneities in ice velocity were found in three glaciers and were correlated with subglacial topography. Specifically, the peak velocities of both Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden and Zachariæ Isstrøm glaciers occur near the grounding line zone, where tidewater acts as a crucial force causing ice retreat, subglacial melting, and further acceleration. While for the Storstrømmen glacier, changes in the slope of the ice bed might cause an increase in ice motion in its inland segment. The temporal variability of ice velocity for both Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden and Zachariæ Isstrøm glaciers shows a clear regional speedup, with a mean increase of 14.60% and 9.40% in 2001–2018 compared to 1985–2000, but a widespread slowing of Storstrømmen glacier with a mean of 16.30%, which were related to a 184% surface runoff increase. This hydrodynamic coupling on ice motion over decadal timescales in these three glaciers is in line with previous studies on short-term acceleration in NEGIS induced by surface melt, not in agreement with negative feedback between enhanced surface meltwater production and ice motion previously reported in the southwest Greenland ice stream. Our work highlights crucial roles of subglacial topography and surface runoff on ice motion, which helps to promote understanding of dynamic changes of NEGIS response to changing atmospheric circumstances.

Novel insights into the fundamentals of palatal shelf elevation dynamics in normal mouse embryos

Embryonic palate development involves bilateral vertical growth of palatal shelves – extensions from the maxillary processes – next to the tongue at embryonic day (E) 13.5. This vertical growth is followed by elevation and fusion above the tongue by E14.5. Recent models indicate that this process of elevation involves a complex vertical to horizontal remodeling of the palatal shelves. While earlier studies have implied that this is a rapid process, the precise timing has not been resolved. To further understand the dynamics of palatal shelf elevation, we employed time‐restricted pregnancies with a one‐hour resolution and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of intermediate stages. Our data showed that in C57BL/6J mice, palatal shelves are unelevated in 100% of embryos at E14.0 and completely elevated in 80% of embryos at E14.25, which is only a 6‐hour timeframe. Interestingly, all E14.25 embryos with unelevated palatal shelves (20%) were female, suggesting a shift towards delayed elevation in female embryos. Even at E14.125, 25% of embryos had completely elevated palatal shelves suggesting that once initiated, the palatal shelves elevated rapidly with elevation completing in less than 3 hours in individual embryos. In contrast to C57BL/6J, in FVB/NJ mice, the elevation window was shifted earlier and was broader to E13.875‐E14.25 without any noticeable sex differences. In a proportion of embryos in both strains, we also captured an intermediate stage with unilateral palatal shelf elevation. Both right and left shelves were identified to be unilaterally elevated indicating that it was a random process. It remains to be determined whether palatal shelves elevate in a sequential manner, i.e., one‐at‐a‐time, with an obligate unilateral elevation stage. MR imaging of various stages showed a highly dynamic antero‐posterior remodeling of the shelves during elevation, beginning with the formation of bilateral bulges in the posterior palate. These bulges tapered anteriorly, however, palatal shelf fusion still began in the middle part of the palate. The bulge regions did not show changes in cell proliferation, consistent with the notion that rapid elevation was primarily due to cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix changes. We are using finite element analysis to identify the mechanical forces underlying these morphological changes. Thus, our data reveal critical novel insights into the rapid dynamic changes as well as strain and sex differences in palatal shelf elevation that lay the foundation for future studies of normal and abnormal palatogenesis.