Biodiesel Research Articles

Hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid to produce green diesel over alumina supported CoMo catalysts: Role of Co/Mo mole ratio

Hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid to produce green diesel over alumina supported CoMo catalysts: Role of Co/Mo mole ratio

Enhancing biodiesel engine performance and emission reduction using Fe and Zn coated zeolite catalytic converters

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of diesel, fish biodiesel (comprising 20% fish oil and 80% diesel), and fish biodiesel using Fe and Zn-coated zeolite catalytic converters. The research aims to mitigate environmental challenges associated with diesel engines by exploring the efficacy of metal-doped zeolite catalysts in reducing harmful emissions. Fish biodiesel was derived from fish waste via transesterification and tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Key performance metrics, including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Gas Temperature, cylinder pressure, Heat Release Rate, and ignition delay, were measured. Emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke opacity were also analyzed. Results showed diesel had the lowest Specific fuel consumption, ranging from 730 g/kWh at 25% load to 320 g/kWh at full load. Fish biodiesel exhibited higher Specific fuel consumption, from 770 g/kWh to 350 g/kWh. Regarding emissions, the NOx of the biodiesel increased significantly compared to diesel; the use of a catalytic converter has reduced the NOx emission to a maximum extent of 37.5% at full load for a Fe-coated converter. The Zn-coated converter also improved emissions by up to 33% for NO but was slightly less effective than the Fe-coated converter. The study concludes that Fe-coated zeolite catalytic converters significantly enhance biodiesel-fueled diesel engines’ performance and emission characteristics. Both catalytic converters reduced the smoke emission significantly. These findings highlight the potential for developing more efficient and eco-friendly emission control technologies and promoting using renewable transportation fuels.

Production of biodiesel from non-edible industrial oilseeds via non-catalytic transesterification

The non-catalytic conversion of non-edible biomass into biodiesel (BD) is the subject of this investigation. Conventional oil extraction from biomass often results in economic and technical inefficiencies. This study suggests a non-catalytic transesterification reaction to directly convert castor seeds into BD in order to overcome these problems. Base-catalysed transesterification of extracted castor seed oil had a BD yield of 84.43 wt% (reaction time: 24 h at 60 ˚C). In contrast, non-catalytic transesterification of castor seed oil produced a BD yield of 93.79 wt%, which completed the reaction in 1 min at 390 ˚C. Thus, using the non-catalytic transesterification approach, we were able to empirically verify the greater conversion efficiency of BD. Additionally, the direct non-catalytic conversion of castor seed to BD achieved a yield of 105.81 wt%, suggesting that substantial oil loss occurs during the extraction process. These findings suggest that the traditional method of converting BD, which involves oil extraction and base-catalysed transesterification, is less efficient and less financially advantageous than directly converting castor seeds into BD.

TiO2-ZnO based nano catalyst for biodiesel production: synthesis, characterisation, performance & emission study

Biodiesel (BD) production from bio-oil in the agriculture-based economy could minimise the energy dependency on fossil diesel (FD). Viscous properties and lower calorific value of BD restrict their direct application in the DE. These properties of BD can be enhanced by using advanced material (catalyst, adhesive etc) along with by modifying BD preparation processes. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterisation of nanocatalyst (TiO2-ZnO) and their application in BD production from waste cooking oil (WCO) via the transesterification process. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO was characterised by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO in a 4:1 mass ratio indicates the maximum BD yield. Maximum BD yield of 88% was noticed for molar methanol/WCO ratio – 1:1; catalyst dose – 2.5 g/l; reaction time – 120 min at reaction temperature -65°C respectively. The prepared BD was characterised by FTIR, GCMS, and HNMR analysis and compared their result with fossil diesel. Engine performance confirms that the 20% BD containing BM increases BSFC and EGT by 40 and 8.33% and decreases BTE by 14.26% in comparison with FD. But HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27 and 57.44% respectively. While CO2 and O2 emissions are increased by 2.65 and 4.76% respectively. Highlights A maximum yield of 88% with TiO2-ZnO (4:1) mass ratio was obtained. BSFC and EGT increased by 40 and 8.33%. HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27% and 57.44%.

The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells.

The use of alternative diesel fuels has increased due to the demand for renewable energy sources. There is limited knowledge regarding the potential health effects caused by exhaust emissions from biodiesel- and renewable diesel-fueled engines. This study investigates the toxic effects of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel engine powered by conventional petroleum diesel fuel (SD10) and two biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels in vitro. The fuels used were rapeseed methyl ester (RME), soy methyl ester (SME), and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), either pure or as 50% blends with SD10. Additionally, a 5% RME blend was also used. The highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and elemental carbon (EC) was found in conventional diesel and the 5% RME blend. HVO PM samples also exhibited a high amount of EC. A dose-dependent genotoxic response was detected with PM from SD10, pure SME, and RME as well as their blends. Reactive oxygen species levels were several times higher in cells exposed to PM from SD10, pure HVO, and especially the 5% RME blend. Apoptotic cell death was observed in cells exposed to PM from SD10, 5% RME blend, the 50% SME blend, and HVO samples. In conclusion, all diesel PM samples, including biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels, exhibited toxicity.

Reduction and structural modification of MoOx/γ-Al2O3 catalysts through acetic acid treatment for green diesel production from corn distiller’s oil

Enabling new environmentally-friendly resources for fuels and platform chemicals is crucial to fulfill our future energy demands while enhancing circularity. Corn distiller’s Oil (CDO) − as a coproduct of the ethanol industry, serves as a sustainable supply of carbon that may be converted into energy, fuels and specialty chemicals. A current challenge in using renewable oxygenated feedstocks is the high amount of coking and catalyst fouling that occurs. This study examined the hydrothermal deoxygenation of CDO into green diesel using molybdenum oxide (MoOx) catalysts in a continuous process without using any external hydrogen. The possibility of reduction and developing oxygen-deficient surfaces on molybdenum oxide (MoOx) catalysts through acetic acid treatment or adding ceria (CeO2) was investigated in order to enhance the acidity of catalysts as well as catalytic activity and stability required for the production of green diesel from CDO. Results showed that the acidity of these catalysts as measured by NH3 temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) had a strong correlation between the degree of deoxygenation and catalyst stability. Acetic acid treatment of the 7.5 wt% MoO3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst reduced MoO3 to MoO3-x, increased the Mo5+ species from 8.7 % to 22 %, created Mo4+ species and increased the catalyst surface acidity in the range of low to moderate strength by approximately 17 %. The use of acetic acid-treated molybdenum oxide (Hac-7.5 wt% MoO3/γ-Al2O3) catalyst enabled nearly complete (99.9 %) deoxygenation of CDO and heavy hydrocarbons cracking to produce diesel-like fuels. A moderate increase in catalyst surface acidity by acetic acid treatment also increased the selectivity of diesel-like fuel through hydrocracking of long-chain hydrocarbons. This low-cost modification step of catalyst improvement is promising for industrial application. However, cracking of hydrocarbons generated amorphous coke (no graphitic coke was observed) on the catalyst surface, which required periodic removal by controlled calcination of the catalyst in presence of air for further use.

Green Diesel Production Through Deoxygenation Reaction with Natural Zeolite-supported Nickel and Copper Catalyst

The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental impact necessitate sustainable alternatives. Green diesel, a biofuel with a chemical structure similar to conventional diesel, has gained traction as a viable alternative. This study explores the development of a cost-effective catalyst for green diesel production using deoxygenation. Deoxygenation refers to a broad class of chemical reactions where oxygen atoms are stripped from a molecule. This research employed abundant Indonesian natural zeolite (NZ) as a catalyst support, impregnated with non-noble metals, nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu). The investigation revealed that the NiCu/NZ catalyst achieved the highest oleic acid conversion (90.40%) and green diesel yield. The product distribution, ranging from C15 to C18 hydrocarbons, reflects the moderate acidity of the catalyst, promoting diverse cracking patterns compared to highly acidic catalysts. Additionally, the high specific surface area of NZ facilitates the conversion and good product distribution. Furthermore, the optimization process demonstrated that increasing hydrogen pressure during deoxygenation enhances both conversion rate and green diesel production.

Online characterization of primary and secondary emissions of particulate matter and acidic molecules from a modern fleet of city buses

Abstract. The potential impact of transitioning from conventional fossil fuel to a non-fossil-fuel vehicle fleet was investigated by measuring primary emissions via extractive sampling of bus plumes and assessing secondary mass formation using the Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) reactor from 76 in-use transit buses. Online chemical characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from these buses was conducted using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) with acetate as the reagent ion, coupled with the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO). Acetate reagent ion chemistry selectively ionizes acidic compounds, including organic and inorganic acids, as well as nitrated and sulfated organics. A significant reduction (48 %–98 %) in fresh particle emissions was observed in buses utilizing compressed natural gas (CNG), biodiesels like rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and hybrid-electric HVO (HVOHEV) compared to diesel (DSL). However, secondary particle formation from photooxidation of emissions was substantial across all the fuel types. The median ratio of particle mass emission factors of aged to fresh emissions increased in the following order: DSL buses at 4.0, HVO buses at 6.7, HVOHEV buses at 10.5, RME buses at 10.8, and CNG buses at 84. Of the compounds that can be identified by CIMS, fresh gaseous emissions from all Euro V/EEV (Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicle) buses, regardless of fuel type, were dominated by nitrogen-containing compounds such as nitrous acid (HONO), nitric acid (HNO3), and isocyanic acid (HNCO), alongside small monoacids (C1−C3). Notably, the emission of nitrogen-containing compounds was lower in Euro VI buses equipped with more advanced emission control technologies. Secondary gaseous organic acids correlated strongly with gaseous HNO3 signals (R2=0.85–0.99) in Go:PAM, but their moderate to weak correlations with post-photooxidation secondary particle mass suggest that they are not reliable tracers of secondary organic aerosol formation from bus exhaust. Our study highlights that non-regulated compounds and secondary pollutant formation, not currently addressed in legislation, are crucial considerations in the evaluation of environmental impacts of future fuel and engine technology shifts.

Soybean oil-based green diesel production via catalytic deoxygenation (CDO) technology using low-cost modified dolomite and commercial zeolite-based catalyst

Green diesel derived from sustainable biomass is an alternative and potential energy source to petroleum fossil fuel replacement in response to reducing carbon footprint and achieving a circular economy, which has sparked public interest and concern in advancing renewable energy development. Catalytic deoxygenation (CDO) is a promising method because it can process a wide variety of feedstocks and produce a diverse range of fuels. The CDO of soybean oil (SO) was executed using a modified low-cost dolomite catalyst denoted as NiO-CD catalyst and its performance has been compared with commercial zeolite heterogeneous-based catalysts such as ZSM-5, HY-zeolite and FCC. The NiO-CD catalyst exhibited exceptional deoxygenation ability, attaining an 88.6 % removal efficiency of oxygenated compounds, markedly surpassing all commercially available zeolite catalysts. The highest degree of CDO of SO via decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx) reaction was achieved due to improvement in particle size, mesoporous structure and the presence of the synergistic effect of modified bi-functional acid-base properties of NiO-CaO/MgO catalyst. To investigate the effect of NiO-CD catalyst loading ranging from 1 to 7 wt%, a One Factor At a Time (OFAT) optimisation study was performed. The current study found that an optimised NiO-CD catalyst loading of 5 wt% yielded the highest green diesel (50.5 wt%) with an 88.63 % hydrocarbon composition. The influence of catalyst loading on deoxygenation activity is significant in green diesel production using NiO-CD catalyst.

Synthesis of bio-hydrocarbon fuel using Ni and Co based catalyst on Indonesia natural zeolite

Abstract Through a deoxygenation reaction, fatty acid-containing biomass resources including palm fruit, palm kernels, and soybeans can be converted into green diesel (bio-hydrocarbon). In this study, low-cost Indonesia natural zeolite was utilized as catalyst support for nickel, cobalt and a nickel/cobalt mixture. All prepared catalysts were used as catalyst for bio-hydrocarbon production via deoxygenation of fatty acid. The catalytic activity of each catalyst in the production of bio-hydrocarbon from fatty acid was investigated. Selectivity of each catalyst to hydrocarbon products, heptadecane, heptadecene, octadecene, and octadecane was studied as well. The results showed all prepared mono- and bi-metallic catalyst exhibited high conversion of fatty acid, more than 90% with a different yield of biohydrocarbon.

Determination of the effect of low concentration titanium dioxide nano fuel additive in biodiesel on performance and emissions

In this study, the effect of nanoparticle addition into rapeseed methyl ester (R0) produced by the transesterification method on engine performance and emissions was experimentally investigated. Titanium dioxide was used as a nano fuel additive and was added to the test fuels at rates of 50 ppm (RTi50) and 75 ppm (RTi75) using an ultrasonic mixer. The effect of titanium dioxide on engine performance and exhaust emissions was experimentally determined by taking advantage of its photocatalysis effect and chemical reaction accelerator properties. Additionally, titanium dioxide additive reduced the viscosity and density of biodiesel fuel, resulting in higher micro explosion. According to the test results carried out at 4 different engine loads, brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 7.51% and 8.62% in RTi50 and RTi75 fuels compared to R0 fuel. Brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.47% and 6.21%, respectively. The improvement in combustion achieved by the nano additive increased the conversion of CO emissions into CO2, increased NOX emissions, reduced smoke emissions and caused more complete combustion products to come out of the exhaust.

Renewable Diesel Production over Mo-Ni Catalysts Supported on Silica

Nickel catalysts promoted with Mo and supported on silica were studied for renewable diesel production from triglyceride biomass, through the selective deoxygenation process. The catalysts were prepared by wet co-impregnation of the SiO2 with different Ni/(Ni + Mo) atomic ratios (0/0.84/0.91/0.95/0.98/1) and a total metal content equal to 50%. They were characterized by XRD, XPS, N2 physisorption, H2-TPR, and NH3-TPD. Evaluation of the catalysts for the transformation of sunflower oil to renewable (green) diesel took place in a high-pressure semi-batch reactor, under solvent-free conditions. A very small addition of Mo, namely the synergistic Ni/(Ni + Mo) atomic ratio equal to 0.95, proved to be the optimum one for a significant enhancement of the catalytic performance of the metallic Ni/SiO2 catalyst, achieving 98 wt.% renewable diesel production. This promoting action of Mo has been attributed to the significant increase of the metallic Ni active phase surface area, the suitable regulation of surface acidity, the acceleration of the hydro-deoxygenation pathway (HDO), the creation of surface oxygen vacancies, and the diminution of coke formation provoked by Mo addition.

Experimental and numerical analysis of particulate matter deposition in DPF for different blends of Algae Bio diesel

The stringent emission norms have compelled to use Diesel particulate filter (DPF) to reduce particulates emission in automotive Diesel engine. The back pressure developed in the DPF due to the Particulates matter (PM) deposition in porous zone degrades the diesel engine’s performance. So, there is a need of a fuel which should produce less particulates on combustion as well as its produced particulates should be easy to get regenerated inside the DPF. Three different Algae biodiesel blends B20, B40 and B60 were selected for the study, while the results are compared with the diesel fuel. A numerical study has been done with diesel and Algae biodiesel blends to investigate the effect of PM deposition on the DPF performance. The results of PM concentration and the pressure drop has been predicted for t = 2000s. and compared with the results predicted for diesel fuel. The summarized velocity contours and the PM concentration plots show that a maximum of the PM concentration was found in the diesel fuel case, while the lower found in B60 algae blend. Also, the pressure drop was found to increase with the increase in PM deposition in each case of fuel. The SEM-EDS analysis is done after collecting PM samples after combustion shows a higher percentage of Oxygen and lower Carbon with an increment of Biodiesel in the blend. This work provides a brief idea about the PM deposition in DPF while using Diesel and Algae Biodiesel blends and highlighting the better fuel option for Diesel Engine.

Nano chloropsis microalgae biofuel with butyl alcohol and ZnO inhibited diesel engine combustion efficiency and pollution characteristics

Using alternative energy sources is crucial in light of the swift exhaustion of worldwide fossil fuel reserves, a situation worsened by industrialization and population expansion. Incorporating a certain amount of algal bio-oil into the biodiesel production process can improve its long-term sustainability. The use of butyl alcohol (butanol) as a blending enhancer, which mixes biodiesel (BD) and conventional fossil fuel (FD), shows potential for raising the total energy content and improving viscosity qualities. This research primarily focuses on oil extraction from algae and the subsequent production of biodiesel (BD). Five different BM variants were created utilizing B20But30 (BD-50 %, BD20 %, But-30 %), each with different amounts of zinc oxide. The several types of BM considered are B20But30 and B20But30 with ZnO at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 ppm. The results demonstrate that the utilization of B20But30ZnO at different concentrations (100 ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, and 25 ppm) and B20But30 alone lead to improvements in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) by 13 %, 12.23 %, 10.68 %, 5.93 %, and 1.53 % respectively, compared to the baseline condition of FD (Full Load). The observed exhaust gas temperatures were as follows: 210°C for diesel fuel, 213°C for B20But30 fuel mix, 216°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend with 25 ppm, 218°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend with 50 ppm, 219°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend with 75 ppm, and 223°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend. Empirical studies have demonstrated that including ZnO in BM decreases NOx, CO2, and SO2 while concurrently increasing the concentration of HC (hydrocarbons). Therefore, it was found that the potential of using micro-algae-based biodiesel, along with butanol and Zinc oxide, as an alternative to traditional fuel in diesel engines showed great promise and practicality.

The catalytic deoxygenation reaction temperature and N2 gas flow rate influence the conversion of soybean fatty acids into Green Diesel

BackgroundGreen diesel is a promising alternative as a petroleum replacement given the worldwide demand for petroleum fuel. Environmental issues have drawn public attention and concerns towards advancing renewable energy development. A catalytic deoxygenation (deCOx) was carried out to produce green diesel from soybean oil (SO) using a low-cost NiO-doped calcined dolomite (NiOCD) catalyst. MethodThe structure, chemical composition and morphology of NiOCD were comprehensively characterized by XRF, BET, TPD-CO2, SEM and TEM. In this study, the effect of two operating parameters, reaction temperature and flow rate of nitrogen, was discovered using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimisation study. In addition, the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of stepwise catalyst preparation and green diesel production has been performed. Significant findingsAn optimal reaction temperature of 420 °C was found to provide the highest yield of green diesel (47.13 wt.%) with an 83.51% hydrocarbon composition. The ideal nitrogen flow rate, however, was found to be 50 cm3/min, which produced 41.80 wt.% of green diesel with an 88.63% hydrocarbon composition. The deoxygenation reaction was significantly impacted by both reaction temperature and nitrogen flow rate. According to LCCA, NiOCD catalyst has potential to lower the overall cost of producing green diesel compared to commercial zeolite catalysts.

The improvement of heat transfer using Co/SiO2 spiral structured catalyst for green diesel production by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

In this study, the improvement of heat transfer was applied to eliminate hotspots of a highly exothermic reaction, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), by means of two facile methods: (I) adding high thermal conductive materials media diluted in catalysts (SiC and Al chips), and (II) using structured reactors equipped with well-designed structured catalysts with advantages of heat dissipation/removal. The 20%Co/SiO2 catalyst powder prepared by simple impregnation was employed for constructing structured catalysts and granular packed bed catalysts. The structured catalyst was prepared by coating method of Co/SiO2 slurry on an aluminum spiral and plate substrate. The catalytic performance of as-prepared catalysts was then tested for FTS in a fixed-bed reactor at 210–230 °C, 20 bar. Both gaseous and liquid products were collected and analyzed. The heat transfer improvement of packed bed catalytic system and structured catalytic system were compared and discussed. As a result, the structured catalytic system with spiral structured catalyst can provide the best improvement of heat/mass transfer, resulting in enhanced diesel selectivity, though the oil production rate was unsatisfactory. Meanwhile, among the packed bed catalytic systems, SiC media possessed the best heat removal material, producing the highest oil yield. In addition, the fresh and spent catalysts were analyzed by several techniques including TEM, SEM, XRD, BET, ICP-OES, H2–TPR, and TGA to relate the physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts and its FTS performance.

Modelling and experimental analysis of Aero-Engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics Fueled with green fuel blends

This study aims to assess the impact of using green fuel in place of biodiesel on the performance and exhaust emissions of air-breathing engines. GasTurb 13 is utilized to forecast the engine’s performance (kingTech 180 k turbojet engine). Catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oils produces green diesel, offering an alternative to biodiesel. Physiochemical properties of GD blends (PME30GD20, PME20GD30, PME10GD10) were analyzed, and GasTurb-13 software predicted engine performance and emissions, validated with experimental data. The results show that GD10PME10 exhibited higher density (767.6 g/m3) than pure green fuel, while viscosity dropped by 53.85 % compared to PME. GD outperformed Jet-A1 by 0.74 % in heating value, with GD10PME10 having the highest at 42.63 MJ/kg. Engine performance measures included thrust, mass fuel flow, thrust-specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature. GD10PME10 showed a 12.5 % thrust increase and the lowest TSFC (95 g/kN.s) at 80,000 RPM compared to Jet-A1. GD20PME30 achieved the lowest EGT (550 °C) at the same RPM. Regarding emissions, GD20PME30 emitted the lowest CO (100,000 RPM, 150 ppm) and 0.5 % less CO2 (90,000 RPM) than Jet-A1. GD10PME10 produced the lowest NOx (12.5 ppm) at maximum speed, while Jet-A1 emitted the least NOx (7.5 ppm) at 120 k RPM. Overall, the data suggested that green fuel might increase the physiochemical properties of biodiesel blends, hence improving the fuel’s capacity to burn more effectively in aero-engines.

Strategic approach for converting fat-rich food waste into high-quality biodiesel using black soldier fly larvae for sustainable bioenergy

Food waste (FW) comprises carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water, posing technical challenges for effective treatment and valorisation. This study addresses these challenges by using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a bioconversion medium to transform FW into biodiesel (BD). BSFL predominantly consumed the carbohydrates and proteins in FW (81 wt%), while showing a lower preference for lipids (<50 wt% consumed). Notwithstanding the lower consumption of lipids in the FW than that of carbohydrates and proteins, BSFL had a high lipid content (48.3 wt%). The subsequent conversion of the lipids extracted from BSFL into BD was tested via catalytic (acid/alkali) and non-catalytic transesterification processes. The BD yield from catalytic transesterification was lower than that from non-catalytic transesterification because of the low tolerance against free fatty acids (FFAs). BD was also produced from the lipid-concentrated residual FW through non-catalytic transesterification. Although the FW residue extracts contained high amounts of FFAs (49.9 wt%), non-catalytic transesterification displayed a high BD yield (92.4 wt%; yields from catalytic transesterification: < 80.0 wt%). Moreover, blending the BD derived from the BSFL and FW residue extracts enhanced the fuel properties. The BSFL-assisted FW management efficiently reduced FW by 90 wt% while producing a high-quality BD.

In-situ preparation of MnFeCoNiCu/C for the sustainable co-production of bio-jet fuel and green diesel under solvent-free and low hydrogen pressure conditions

The conversion of non-edible oils such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) into green and renewable liquid fuels align with the current trend of sustainable development. However, traditional processes often involve multi-step process to prepare catalyst and require high-pressure hydrogen. This study reports a strategy for the in-situ preparation of MnFeCoNiCu/C catalyst, enabling the one-step conversion of FAME into bio-jet fuels and hydrocarbon-based diesel under solvent-free and low-pressure conditions. The effect of active metal loading, reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, and ZSM-5 zeolite addition on the catalytic performance was investigated. Under the conditions of reaction temperature 350 ℃ and hydrogen pressure 2 MPa, the conversion rate of FAME reaches 100 %, and the selectivity of bio-jet fuel and green diesel is 48.35 % and 51.05 %, respectively. A small number of olefins, cycloalkanes, and aromatics can also be detected in the products. After the 4 cycles of AC-15 catalyst, the selectivity of bio-jet fuel and diesel are 40.09 % and 39.81 %, respectively. The above research work provides a mild and efficient method for the preparation of renewable bio-jet fuel and green diesel.

Production of Bio-Diesel from Dairy Waste Scum

Abstract-Dairy factory waste scums are increasingly being considered a valuable resource. However, these wastes may also contain contaminants, natural or artificial, that may adversely affect the land or water to which they are discharged. The study investigates the potential of using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio-diesel production. Present study optimized the parameters involved in the alkali catalysed Trans esterification process of dairy waste scum oil. The effects of methanol to oil ratio, temperature and amount of KOH were investigated. A study was conducted to evaluate the capability of production of biodiesel from consortium of native microalgae culture in dairy farm treated waste water. Native algal strains were isolated from dairy farm waste waters collection tank (untreated wastewater) as well as from holding tank (treated wastewater). The consortium members were selected on the basis of fluorescence response after treating with Nile red reagent. Preliminary studies of two commercial and consortium often native strains of algae showed good growth in waste waters. A consortium of native strains was found capable to remove more than 98% nutrients from treated waste water. The biomass production and lipid content of consortium cultivated in treated waste water were 153.54t ha-1 year-1 and 16.89%, respectively. 72.70% of algal lipid obtained from consortium could be converted into biodiesel. The present study found that bio- diesel from dairy waste scum is quite suitable as an alternative to petroleum diesel with recommended fuel properties as per ASTM standards. By using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio diesel and the environmental impact related to the disposal of dairy scum Keywords: Environment,Bio-Diesel,Dairy Waste Scum, Extraction of Lipids