Rapeseed Meal Diets Research Articles

Dietary Clostridium butyricum metabolites mitigated the disturbances in growth, immune response and gut health status of Ctenopharyngodon idella subjected to high cottonseed and rapeseed meal diet

Cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal exhibit a potential for fishmeal substitute in grass carp feed, while their excessive use contribute to growth decline and weakening immunity of aquatic animals. Clostridium butyricum metabolites (CBM) was recognized as a functional additive due to its antioxidant properties and maintenance of intestinal microbiota balance. CBM was added to a high of cottonseed and rapeseed meal diet to determine its effects on growth, immunity, and intestinal microbiota alterations of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) over 56 days. Eight hundred grass carp (mean weight, around 50 g) were randomized to five treatments and fed with the basic diet (CON), CBM0 diet (28 % cottonseed and 27 % rapeseed meal), and CBM diets (CBM0.5, CBM1, and CBM2, namely CBM0 diet supplemented with 500, 1000, and 2000 mg kg−1 CBM). The results indicated that compared to CBM0, The ingestion of 1000 mg kg−1 CBM diet by grass carp significantly promoted growth as measured by intestinal lipase activity, villus height, and muscle thickness. Moreover, accompanied by a decrease in intestine MDA content, and enhance antioxidant capacity by activating Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway to increase enzyme activities (SOD, CAT and T-AOC) and corresponding gene expression (mnsod, cat, gsto and gpx1) in the intestine of grass crap fed CBM1 diet. The dietary CBM1 diet increased serum levels of C3 and IgM, increased ACP activity and expression of the corresponding anti-inflammatory factors (tgf-β1 and il-15), and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (tnf-α and il-12β), resulting in enhanced immunity. The dietary CBM1 diet up-regulates gene expression of tight junction proteins (zo-1, occludin, occludin7a and occludin-c), coupled with the decreases in DAO and D-lactate contents, implying that the decreased mucosal permeability could be observed in the gut. The dietary CBM1 diet largely altered the intestinal microbial community, especially reducing the relative abundance of intestinal pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus and Actinomyces). And it significantly increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, propionic acid and isovaleric acid). Taken above, dietary CBM supplementation improved growth in grass carp and attenuated the intestinal oxidative stress, inflammation and microflora dysbacteriosis caused by high proportions of cottonseed and rapeseed meal diets.

Productive, internal organ and intestinal histomorphological characteristics of broiler chickens in response to dietary rapeseed meal: A meta-analysis.

The use of rapeseed as a source of protein in broiler chicken diets has been highlighted. However, there are inconsistent findings on the performance data of broiler chickens fed rapeseed meal (RSM). Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to resolve the inconsistent findings on the effect of RSM on growth performance, carcass characteristics, internal organs, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens, identify knowledge gaps and create new insights using published data. Fourteen studies on the topic were identified via a systematic search performed on bibliographic databases, and the data generated was analysed using OpenMEE software. A random-effects model was used, and effect sizes were presented as standardised mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Sources of heterogeneity were evaluated using broiler strains, inclusion levels, processing methods, rearing phases and sex as moderators. In comparison with the controls, the results showed that RSM decreased feed intake (SMD = -0.29; 95% Cl: -0.41, -0.18; p < 0.001), average daily gain (SMD = -0.48; 95% Cl: -0.63, -0.32; p < 0.001), and liver weight (SMD = 1.24; 95% Cl: 0.78, 1.71; p < 0.001), but had no effect on feed conversion ratio (SMD = 0.10; 95% Cl: -0.05, 0.23; p = 0.19). Likewise, broiler chickens fed RSM had significantly reduced carcass yield, weights of thigh, abdominal fat and heart when compared with the control. Results indicate that duodenum villus height (DVH) and jejunum villus height (JVH)/crypt depth (CD) ratios were improved in broiler chickens fed RSM. Meta-regression revealed that the analysed moderators are significant predictors of feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens. In conclusion, dietary RSM negatively influenced growth performance, liver weight and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens, but improved aspects of intestinal histomorphology traits. Therefore, innovative research on processing methods that will improve the feeding value of rapeseed meal in broiler chickens is recommended.

Replacing soybean meal with fermented rapeseed meal in diets: potential effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal health of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study aims to evaluate the effects of substituting soybean meal with fermented rapeseed meal (FRM) on growth, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal health of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 450 tilapia (7.22 ± 0.15g) were fed with five experimental diets, including a basal diet containing 40% soybean meal (CP0), which was subsequently replaced by 25% (CP25), 50% (CP50), 75% (CP75), and 100% (CP100) FRM in a recirculated aquiculture system for 9weeks (30 fish per tank in triplicates). The results showed that the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of fish in both CP75 and CP100 groups were significantly lower than those in CP0 group (P < 0.05). The fish in CP100 group had the lower content of muscle crude protein while the higher level of muscle crude lipid (P < 0.05). Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase along with total triglyceride in CP100 group were significantly higher than those in CP0 group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of liver protease, amylase, and lipase among five groups (P > 0.05). The activities of liver total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase exhibited the increased tendency with the increase of FRM replacement levels from 25 to 50% (P < 0.05), while then significantly decreased from 75 to 100% (P < 0.05). Histological morphology indicated that the fish in between CP75 and CP100 groups had poor liver and intestine health. Intestinal microbial diversity analysis showed that the relative abundance of Cetobacterium and Alcaligenaceae in both CP75 and CP100 groups were lower than that in other three groups. In conclusion, the maximum replacement level of soybean meal with FRM in the diet was determined to be 50% without compromising the growth performance, antioxidant status, and liver and intestinal health of tilapia under the current experimental conditions. The observed decrease in food intake and subsequent retarded growth performance in the CP75 and CP100 groups can be attributed directly to a reduction in feed palatability caused by FRM.

Exploring the relationship between dietary rapeseed meal, condensed tannin and growth, nutrive metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study evaluated the effects of rapeseed meal (RM) and condensed tannin (CT) on the growth and nutritional metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and speculated whether there was interaction between anti-nutritional factors in RM. Eight diets were formulated for 55-day feeding trial, six of which were practical diet groups, including control group (CG), five RM inclusive groups with graded RM levels of 5% (RM5), 10% (RM10), 15% (RM15), 20% (RM20) and 25% (RM25) partially replacing fishmeal, and the other two were semi-purified diets with 0.062% CT (CT5) ≈ the CT content in the RM5 and 0.31% CT (CT25) ≈ the CT content in the RM25. The results of the experiments on replacing fishmeal with RM demonstrated that with the increase of RM substitution level, the weight gain rate (WGR), survival rate (SR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of largemouth bass showed a downward trend. High levels of RM led to the inhibition of digestive enzyme activity in largemouth bass, as well as the manifestation of abnormal markers related to protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism in both plasma and liver. RM reduced muscle protein and fat content, although the effect was not statistically significant at 5% RM level. The results of CT concentration experiments showed that the addition of 0.31% CT significantly reduced WGR, SGR, SR, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activity, and significantly increased the feed coefficient ratio (FCR), plasma ammonia (PA), plasma glucose (PG), and hepatic glycogen (HG) and liver triglyceride (TG). The addition of 0.062% CT significantly reduced PG and HG. Supplementation of CT significantly reduced muscle fat. Among the groups of CT supplementation and RM, CT5 exhibited superior WGR, PER and FCR compared to RM5, along with enhanced intestinal trypsin, amylase activity, liver glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity and decreased content of HG and liver TG; CT25 exhibited decreased activities of gastric lipase (LPS), enteric trypsin and pepsin, and increased content of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and glucose in plasma in compariosn to RM25, accompanied with no significant change in growth performance. Therefore, largemouth bass exhibited tolerance to a 5% inclusion of RM in the feed without compromising their growth, digestion and metabolic functions. The incorporation of 5% RM, equivalent to a supplemental 0.062% CT, had regulatory effects on the digestion and metabolism of largemouth bass while improving feed utilization. There was an interaction among anti-nutritional factors in RM, with synergistic effect being evident at low RM levels, whereas antagonism more promient at high levels of RM.

Comparative Study on the Effects of Four Plant Protein Sources on the Liver and Intestinal Health of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides.

The effects of plant protein sources (PPSs) on the health of the liver and intestine of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, were compared to verify the potential damaging effects of dietary fiber (DF). A diet containing 55% fish meal (FM) was used as the control. The test diets contained 25% soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), cottonseed meal, or peanut meal, and the FM content was decreased to 30%. The protein and lipid contents of these five diets were balanced by casein and oil. Fish were raised for 8 weeks. The fish fed the diet containing PPS showed a trend of decreasing growth and apparent digestibility coefficients. The contents of total bile acid, lipid, and collagen in the liver were increased, and the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory factors and enzymes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis and bile acid synthesis were upregulated. Both the lipid and collagen contents in the liver were positively correlated with the DF content in the diet significantly. Morphology and histology showed reduced liver size, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in fish fed diets containing PPS. The lowest hepatosomatic index was observed in fish fed the SBM diet, and the most severe damage was observed in fish fed the RSM diet. No obvious histological abnormalities were observed in the hindgut. The bile acid profile in the liver could be used to distinguish the types of PPS very well by Fisher discriminant analysis. These results indicated that 25% of each of the four PPSs in the diet exceeded the tolerance range of largemouth bass and caused liver damage, which might be mediated by bile acid. DF in PPS might be an important agent contributing to liver damage.

246 Evaluation of the Complete Replacement of Soybean Meal by Rapeseed Meal on Performance and Carcass Composition of Grow-Finishing Pigs

Abstract The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by rapeseed meal (RSM) as main protein source in diets for grow-finishing pigs. The trial included a total of 1,248 crossbred boars and gilts [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White), with an initial body weight (BW) of 38.3 ± 5.29 kg (Mean ± SD)], distributed in 96 pens of 13 pigs. Pens were randomly distributed in 2 dietary treatments, balanced by BW, block and sex within each of the 8 slurry pits. The inclusion of SBM and RSM in the growing diets was 13.8% and 20.0%, whereas in the finishing diets (days 52-91) was 10.5% and 14.4%, respectively. Diets were formulated to have the same net energy (NE) value and crude protein differences were below 0.5%. To achieve isoenergetic diets, the inclusion of animal fat was increased by 2.4% and 1.7% in RSM diets compared with SBM for the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys was kept at 0.95% and 0.86% in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Performance variables were analyzed by using a linear mixed model with treatment and sex as fixed effects and initial BW as covariate, while pit was included as a random effect. Individual carcass data were analyzed in a linear mixed model with treatment, sex and marketing group as fixed effects, and hot carcass weight as a covariate, and pen within a pit as random effect. During the growing phase, pigs showed lower ADFI when fed the RSM diet (1.68 vs. 1.62 kg; P = 0.002) that resulted in decreased ADG (0.842 vs. 0.803 kg; P = 0.015), but FCR was not affected (2.00 vs. 2.02; P = 0.459). Contrarily, in the finishing phase, ADFI was not significantly reduced (1.98 vs. 1.95 kg; P = 0.586) but less FCR was observed when feeding RSM (2.59 vs. 2.49; P = 0.007). Final BW was not significantly affected (112.0 vs. 110.7 kg; P = 0.404), but hot carcass weight tended to be less in RSM fed pigs (92.2 vs. 91.3 kg; P = 0.078). No significant differences were reported on carcass yield (P = 0.815), carcass leanness (P = 0.850) or backfat thickness (P = 0.850). In conclusion, feeding growing pigs diets without SBM might negatively affect their performance during the growing phase, but those effects can be partly counteracted in the finishing phase without modifying carcass composition.

Effect of fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health in growing pigs

To explore the effects of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on growth performance and intestinal health, a total of 30 growing pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments consisting of corn-soybean meal diet (CSD), rapeseed meal diet (RSD), and fermented rapeseed meal diet (FRSD). Results showed that compared with RSD, FRSD feeding increased the average daily gain and final body weight in pigs (P < 0.01). Compared with RSD feeding, FRSD feeding elevated the apparent digestibility of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and ether extract in pigs (P < 0.01). Moreover, the FRSD group exhibited greater apparent ileal digestibility of His, Thr, Lys, and Ser than the RSD group (P < 0.01). The digestible energy, metabolic energy, and nitrogen utilization were higher in the FRSD and CSD groups than in the RSD group (P < 0.01). As compared to the RSD, FRSD feeding decreased the serum concentration of leptin but significantly increased the concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, ghrelin, and enzyme activities of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in the pancreas (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and the activities of brush border enzymes (e.g., maltase and sucrase) in the small intestine were higher in the CSD and FRSD groups than in the RSD group (P < 0.05). As compared to the RSD, the FRSD feeding not only increased the expression level of the occludin in the small intestinal epithelium (P < 0.05) but also elevated the expression levels of claudin-1, MUC1, and PepT1 genes in the duodenum, and elevated the expression levels of SGLT1 and CAT1 genes in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Importantly, FRSD feeding significantly decreased the abundance of Escherichia coli, but increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and the content of butyrate in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). These results indicated that compared with rapeseed meal, fermented rapeseed meal exhibited a positive effect on improving the growth performance and intestinal health in growing pigs, and the results may also help develop novel protein sources for animal nutrition and the feed industry.

Compared to Fishmeal, Dietary Soybean Meal Improves the Reproductive Performance of Female Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) Broodstock.

To investigate the effects of different dietary protein sources on the reproductive performance of female broodstock, yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were fed with three experimental diets using fishmeal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), and rapeseed meal (RSM) as main protein sources, respectively. Females (initial weight: 64.56 ± 0.45 g) were distributed into 9 net cages for feeding trial. Results indicated that 30% dietary SBM improved the reproductive performance for higher gonadosomatic index (GSI), relative fecundity, total egg production, egg diameter, and hatching rate. In addition, SBM and RSM diets resulted in higher estradiol (E2), vitellogenin (VTG), luteinizing hormones (LH), and lower follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T) in plasma (P < 0.05) of female broodstock. Dietary SBM and RSM also resulted in lower mesenteric fat index (MFI), plasma total cholesterol (TC), plasma total bilirubin (T-Bil) contents, and gonadal cortisol concentrations, while dietary SBM downregulated the transcription levels of steroidogenesis-related proteins by negative feedback (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that dietary SBM and RSM could promote sex steroid hormone and VTG biosynthesis and showed hypocholesterolemic effects. Besides, 30% dietary SBM inclusion could improve the reproductive performance of female yellow catfish broodstock.

Processed fava bean as a substitute for rapeseed meal with or without rumen-protected methionine supplement in grass silage-based dairy cow diets

Fava bean offers a sustainable home-grown protein source for dairy cows, but fava bean protein is extensively degraded in the rumen and has low Met concentration. We studied the effects of protein supplementation and source on milk production, rumen fermentation, N use, and mammary AA utilization. The treatments were unsupplemented control diet, and isonitrogenously given rapeseed meal (RSM), processed (dehulled, flaked, and heated) fava bean without (TFB) or with rumen-protected (RP) Met (TFB+). All diets consisted of 50% grass silage and 50% cereal-based concentrate including studied protein supplement. The control diet had 15% of crude protein and protein-supplemented diets 18%. Rumen-protected Met in TFB+ corresponded to 15 g/d of Met absorbed in the small intestine. Experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 3-wk periods. The experiment was conducted using 12 multiparous mid-lactation Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were rumen cannulated. Protein supplementation increased dry matter intake (DMI), and milk (31.9 vs. 30.7 kg/d) and milk component yields. Substituting RSM with TFB or TFB+ decreased DMI and AA intake but increased starch intake. There were no differences in milk yield or composition between RSM diet and TFB diets. Rumen-protected Met did not affect DMI, or milk or milk component yields but increased milk protein concentration in comparison to TFB. There were no differences in rumen fermentation except for increased ammonium-N concentration with the protein-supplemented diets. Nitrogen-use efficiency for milk production was lower for the supplemented diets versus control diet but tended to be greater for TFB and TFB+ versus RSM. Protein supplementation increased plasma essential AA concentration but there were no differences between TFB diets and RSM. Rumen-protected Met clearly increased plasma Met concentration (30.8 vs. 18.2 µmol/L) but did not affect other AA. Absence of differences between RSM and TFB in milk production together with limited effects of RP Met suggest that TFB is a potential alternative protein source for dairy cattle.

Effects of replacing fishmeal with rapeseed meal and dietary condensed tannins on antioxidant capacity, immunity, and hepatic and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study evaluated the effects of rapeseed meal (RM) and condensed tannins (CT) in diets on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and examined the possible role of CT on immunity and antioxidants when RM was used in the diets. After 55-days of feeding trials, oxidative stress in largemouth bass differed with dietary RM amount by affecting antioxidant capacity and immune function, changing the health state of the body. More than 5% RM caused oxidative stress, more than 15% RM led to oxidative damage to the liver and intestine, and 25% RM increased the intestinal inflammatory response. High dose of CT dietary supplementation caused oxidative and immune damage of the liver and intestines accompanied by the inflammatory response, while the low dose had the opposite effects, and thus relieved oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. Compared with the effect of contained CT (in RM), the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the groups supplemented with CT were enhanced, and the inflammatory damage effect was reduced at a low dose. In this study, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were closely related to the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), oxygen radical, and total antioxidant capacity. Intestinal nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression was involved in the regulation of antioxidant capacity and altered the expression levels of intestinal inflammatory factors, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2), and interleukin 6 (IL6). The interaction of anti-nutritional factors in RM may reduce its toxicity to some extent. Thus, largemouth bass could tolerate more CT present in RM than CT alone. CT was not necessary to be removed at levels below 5% of RM in the diet.

Hepatopancreas-Intestinal Health in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed with Hydrolyzable Tannin or Rapeseed Meal.

This study evaluated the effect of dietary rapeseed meal (RM) and hydrolyzable tannin on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and determined the possible role of tannin on health when RM was added to the diet. Eight diets were formulated. Four were semipurified-diets with 0, 0.75, 1.25, and 1.75% hydrolyzable tannin (T0, T1, T2, and T3), and the other four were practical diets containing 0, 30, 50, and 70% RM (R0, R30, R50, and R70), which had similar tannin contents as semipurified-diets. After the 56 d feeding trial, the antioxidative enzymes and relative biochemical indexes showed a similar tendency in practical and semipurified groups. In hepatopancreas, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased with RM and tannin levels, respectively, while glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased and decreased in T3 and R70, respectively. In the intestine, MDA content and SOD activity increased with RM and tannin levels, while GSH content and GPx activity decreased. The expression levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were upregulated with RM and tannin levels, and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression was upregulated in T3, whereas it was downregulated in R50. This study demonstrated that 50% of RM and 0.75% of tannin induced oxidative stress, injured hepatic antioxidant ability, and resulted in intestinal inflammation in grass carp. Therefore, the tannin in rapeseed meal cannot be neglected in aquatic feeding.

Effect of Fermented Rapeseed Meal in Diets for Piglets on Blood Biochemical Parameters and the Microbial Composition of the Feed and Faeces.

The study assessed the influence of rapeseed meal (RSM) fermented using Bacillus subtilis 87Y on the feed microbiota, intestinal microbiota, blood biochemical parameters, and content of minerals in the blood plasma and faeces of piglets. Modulation of the microbial composition of feed containing fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) and of the faeces of pigs consuming it was observed. There was a significant increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a decrease in the total number of coliforms and Clostridium perfringens in the faeces of animals from the experimental groups. FRSM in the diet of piglets was shown to improve the mineral balance by increasing the levels of P, Ca, and Mg in the blood plasma and reducing their amount in the faeces. A beneficial effect on parameters of protein and lipid metabolism was also noted, resulting in an increase in the levels of total protein (TP) and albumins (ALB) and a reduction in triacylglycerols (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood plasma of the piglets. The research results indicate that the presence of FRSM in the diet of weaners can be a preventive factor in intestinal dysbiosis and support the maintenance of homeostasis.

In vitro evaluation of efficacy of nonstarch polysaccharides enzymes on wheat by simulating the avian digestive tract.

In this study, the efficacy of different nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme sources on wheat ingredients and wheat basal diets in vitro were evaluated by simulating the avian digestive tract. In Exp. 1, pH level was increased from 2.0 to 8.0 by simulating the avian digestive tract. The relative enzyme activities of xylanase A, B, and C and β-glucanase X at pH 3.0-3.5 were higher (P < 0.05) than those at pH 2.0 or 7.0-8.0. The optimal pH levels of 3.5 and 7.0 were screened by simulating the proventriculus and small intestine, respectively to evaluate the efficacy of NSP enzyme on wheat sources. In Exp. 2, wheat 1 contained the highest content of NSP fractions and the lowest digestibility in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and energy (IVED) in wheat samples. Therefore, wheat 1 was selected for hydrolysis research under different NSP enzyme sources and levels (1,500, 4,500, 13,500, 40,500, 121,500 U xylanase/kg and 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 U β-glucanase/kg) in vitro. The hydrolysis of wheat on the basis of the released reducing sugar content was determined by xylanase sources A > B > C (P < 0.05) and β-glucanase sources of X > Y (P < 0.05). On the basis of the hydrolysis, the optimum dose of xylanase A and β-glucanase X were 40,500 U/kg and 2,000 U/kg, respectively. Subsequently, the completely randomized designs involving 2 NSP enzymes treatments × 2 endogenous digestive enzymes treatments (Exp. 3), as well as 2 wheat basal diets × 2 NSP enzymes treatments (Exp. 4) were used to evaluate the efficacy of NSP enzymes on dietary nutrient digestibility. The addition of NSP enzymes (40,500 U xylanase A/kg and 2,000 U β-glucanase X/kg) increased the IVDMD and IVED of wheat 1 without endogenous enzymes (P < 0.05), while the IVDMD and IVED of wheat 1 with endogenous enzyme were only slightly increased (P > 0.05). The addition of NSP enzymes could increase the IVDMD and IVED of corn-wheat-soybean meal diet (P < 0.05), but had no effect on those of wheat-cottonseed meal rapeseed meal diet (P > 0.05). In conclusion, xylanase and β-glucanase additions could effectively eliminate the adverse effects on wheat and wheat basal diets at the optimal pH levels of 3.5 and 7.0 by simulating the proventriculus and small intestine parts, respectively. The efficacy of NSP enzymes was influenced by the enzyme sources, dietary type, and the interaction of endogenous enzymes.

Bioconversion Potential of Agro-Industrial Byproducts by Tenebrio molitor-Long-Term Results.

Simple SummaryDue to the forecasted overpopulation of the globe in the coming decades, the possibility of using nutrients (proteins, fats, vitamins) from sustainable sources such as insects has been discussed extensively. Although insects have been widely consumed in Asian and Latin American countries since ancient times, they are a novel food on the European continent. The first insect-based product that was allowed on the European market in early 2021 was powdered yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and later, in December 2021, frozen and dried mealworms. Agricultural byproducts are a valuable source of nutrients that can serve as a feed for insect rearing, contributing to better bioconversion of nutrients and promoting insects as a safe protein source. The present study has evaluated the bioconversion potential of yellow mealworm larvae grown on 13 diets composed of different agro-industrial byproducts. During the experiment, the larval weight gain and feed consumption were evaluated to calculate the feed conversion ratio and efficiency of ingested feed, as well as the larval development time. The results show that the best mixes for insect rearing were those that contained rapeseed meal and chicken feed, as they significantly improved the feed conversion ratio and efficiency of ingested larvae feed.The aim of this study was to compare the growth performance, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and efficiency of ingested feed (ECI) by larvae of the Tenebrio molitor beetle. The growth and development potential of the yellow mealworm was evaluated by using chicken feed (CF), rapeseed meal (RM), wheat bran (WB), and willowleaf sunflower (WS) to obtain inexpensive and various sources of feed. The results showed that the fastest growth with shorter larval development time (74.7 days) was found for insects fed a WB 100 diet. Regarding the final fresh weight of larvae, the highest values were found for larvae grown on WB diets. However, the lowest FCR (1.53 to 1.59) was found for larvae fed RM diets mixed with CF and on the control diet (CF 100). In most cases, it was found that byproduct diets mixed with CF improve the ECI of mealworms, thus contributing to an efficient bioconversion of byproducts into edible sources of nutrients. Thus, except for pure WS as a feed, these byproducts can be used to grow yellow mealworm larvae and may be added to the versatile list of substrates and feed used by small- and large-scale insect producers.

Rapeseed meal processing and dietary enzymes modulate excreta inositol phosphate profile, nutrient availability, and production performance of broiler chickens

This study aimed to assess the effect of rapeseed meal (RSM) processing method, where solvent extraction occurred under standard industry conditions (ST) or cold-pressed hexane extraction was employed (MT), and exogenous enzyme supplementation (phytase [PHY] and xylanase [XYL]) alone or in combination on key nutritional factors of broiler chickens. A randomized control experiment was performed using 144 male Ross 308 broilers in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Three diets including a nutritionally complete wheat-based basal diet (BD), a diet containing 200 g/kg of RSM extracted under ST and another diet containing 200 g/kg of RSM extracted under MT were produced. Each diet was then split into 4 parts and was fed as is, or supplemented with PHY at 1,500 FTU/kg or XYL at 16,000 BXU/kg, alone or in combination, resulting in 12 diets in total. Response criteria: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), from 7 to 21 d age, AMEn, retention coefficients for dry matter (DMR), nitrogen (NR), fat (FR), and the profile of inositol phosphate esters (IP2-6) and myo-inositol (MI) in excreta. Diets containing MT had higher AMEn compared to ST diets (P < 0.05). There was RSM by PHY interaction for FI, as only birds fed MT diet responded to PHY supplementation with reduced FI and FCR (P < 0.001). Feeding XYL reduced overall FI and FCR (P < 0.05). Feeding PHY reduced IP6 and increased MI in excreta (P < 0.001). Feeding XYL and PHY in combination reduced MI in excreta compared to PHY only (P = 0.05). Compared to BD, birds fed RSM diets had an increased IP6 (P < 0.05) and MI concentration in excreta (P < 0.01). This may be due to IP ester differences in RSM and BD.

Effect pf Fermented Rapeseed Meal as a Feed Component on the Redox and Immune System of Pregnant Sows and their Offspring

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dried fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for sows on blood redox and immunological parameters, taking into account the physiological period (pregnancy or lactation) and age (primiparous vs multiparous sows). The experiment also aimed to determine how FRSM administered to pregnant sows, affects the antioxidant and immune systems of piglets. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 15 animals each. Control groups of primiparous (CG) and multiparous sows (CS) received a standard diet for pregnant or lactating sows. Experimental groups of primiparous (EG) and multiparous sows (ES) received feed with a 4% share of FRSM in place of soybean meal up to day 100 of gestation, 9% share of FRSM from day 100 of gestation to day 7 of lactation, and then again 4% share of FRSM until the end of lactation. In the blood plasma of pregnant sows fed diet with FRSM addition, higher FRAP value and vitamin C, uric acid (UA), immunoglobulin IgG content, lymphocytes (LYM) count and a lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides (LOH), immunoglobulin IgM was noted than in the blood plasma of control sows. Both primiparous and multiparous lactation sows whose feed included FRSM had higher catalase (CAT) activity, higher FRAP, vitamin C, immunoglobulin IgG and IL-6 content, and lower UA content than the control sows. Piglets born to sows fed diet with FRSM addition had significantly higher FRAP values, vitamin C, IgG, and IL-6 content and white blood cells (WBC) count and lower MDA and UA content in the blood plasma than piglets born to sows from control group. Multiparous sows compared to primiparous sows had higher CAT activity, and higher vitamin C, LOH, creatinine (CREAT), and IgM content. Elevated FRAP, and CREAT levels and reduced MDA content were also observed in the plasma of the multiparous sows compared to primiparous sows during lactation. Multiparous lactation sows compared to primiparous sows had lower WBC count, and IgG and IgM content. Piglets born to multiparous sows had higher FRAP values, LOH content and IgA content while lower MDA content compared to piglets born to primiparous sows. The inclusion of dried fermented rapeseed meal in feed for sows significantly stimulates antioxidant processes in primiparous and multiparous sows and in their piglets. The inclusion of dried fermented rapeseed meal in the diet of sows stimulates antioxidant processes in primiparous and multiparous sows and in their piglets. This is responsible for stimulation of the immune system (increased LYM counts and IgG titres in the blood plasma). The improved antioxidant status in the plasma suggests that dried fermented rapeseed meal stimulated the immune system of pregnant and lactating sows and their newborn offspring.

Effects of rapeseed meal on laying performance and egg quality in laying ducks

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different varieties of rapeseed meal (RSM) with different concentrations of glucosinolates (Gls) and erucic acid (EA) on performance and egg quality of laying ducks. A total of 576 twenty eight-wk-old laying ducks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments. Each treatment had 8 replicates of 18 laying ducks raised in 6 adjacent cages with 3 laying ducks per cage. The control diet was corn soybean meal based without RSM. Three varieties of RSM varying in Gls concentrations were supplemented to the base diet at 10% by substituting soybean meal to formulate the three RSM diets. The experiment lasted 12 wk. Diets with 10% RSM decreased average egg weight (P < 0.01) and feed intake (P = 0.07) compared with the control diet, but there was no significant difference in laying performance among the 3 RSM diets. RSM increased color value (P < 0.05) and crude protein (CP) content (P < 0.05) of yolk compared with the control diet, but had no significant effects on the other egg quality indexes including eggshell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit, and the composition ratio of eggshell, albumen and yolk. RSM decreased total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P < 0.01) and increased total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P < 0.01) of yolk, but total saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportions and UFA/SFA ratio of egg yolk were not significantly affected by RSM. RSM increased deposition of trimethylamine (TMA) and 5-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione (5-VOT) in yolk (P < 0.01); moreover, the high Gls RSM increased deposition of TMA (P < 0.01) and 5-VOT in yolk (P < 0.01) compared with the RSM varieties low in Gls. These results suggested that dietary inclusion of 10% RSM decreased egg weight of laying ducks, and affected yolk quality especially yolk color, fatty acid profile, CP, TMA, and 5-VOT content of yolk. Moreover, RSM with higher Gls concentration resulted in higher deposition of TMA and 5-VOT in egg yolk.

In vitro assessment of enzymatic phytate dephosphorylation during digestive process of different feeds and feed ingredients

In vivo studies of the digestive process are long, expensive and difficult to rationalize, whereas in vitro systems may give more accessible insight into parts of this process. The purpose of this study was to show the ability of a three-step simulation of monogastric animals’ digestive system to estimate phytate hydrolysis and how it is affected by feed composition. Several feed ingredients: wheat, maize, soybean meal and rapeseed meal and complete diets: a wheat-maize-soybean-meal-based diet, a maize-soybean-meal diet and a wheat-maize-rapeseed-meal diet were treated using an adaptation of a described in vitro digestion simulation system in the presence of increasing doses of phytase. A strong dependence of phytate hydrolysis on the feed ingredient used was obtained: phosphorus releases were 0.3, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.6 g/kg at 0 U/kg of phytase supplementation for maize, soybean meal, wheat and rapeseed meal respectively and 1.2, 2.9, 1.7 and 3.9 at 1000 U/kg of bacterial phytase. The efficacy of enzymatic dephosphorylation of phytate was found dependent on the ingredient, which can be partially explained by their initial content in myo-inositol phosphates. The in vitro simulation was proven a useful tool to assess enzymatic dephosphorylation of phytate under different conditions.

Serum trimethylamine-N-oxide and gut microbiome alterations are associated with cholesterol deposition in the liver of laying hens fed with rapeseed meal.

Sinapine derived from cruciferous plants could be converted into trimethylamine by intestinal microbiota. Its metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), is closely linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and fat deposition in mammals. Hens fed with rapeseed meal (RSM) suffered from fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS). This study was conducted to investigate whether RSM-induced fatty liver is due to TMAO via altering microbiota composition and diversity. At 33 weeks of age, 600 laying hens were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, namely control and 14% RSM treatment groups (DY5, with 16.2% erucic acid [EA] and 74.66% glucosinolate [Gl] contents; MB1, with 3.50% EA and 43.23% Gl contents; DY6, with 6.7% EA and 22.67% Gl contents; XH3, with 44.60% EA and 132.83% Gl contents) for 8 weeks. Results revealed that 3 hens died due to liver hemorrhage after ingesting 14% RSM diet. The 14% RSM decreased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) content (P < 0.01) while tended to increase serum TMAO content compared to the control group (P = 0.08). The 14% RSM diet increased red oil O optical density (P < 0.01), and increased total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C content in the liver (P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). The 14% RSM decreased liver total bile acid (TBA) content compared to the control (P < 0.01). The DY6 had a higher TBA content in the liver than the XH3 (P < 0.01). The 14% RSM decreased mRNA abundance of liver X receptors alpha (LXR-α, P = 0.01), and increased mRNA abundance of sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2, P = 0.04). Results revealed that the in-feed RSM could alter richness and diversity of cecal microbiota compared to the control (P < 0.05). Liver TC content and serum TMAO showed a negative relationship with Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria (P = 0.04). In conclusion, 14% RSM increased liver TC and induced high liver score of FLHS, which was possibly associated with the altered cecal microbiota composition, increased serum TMAO levels and LXR-α and SREBP-2 expressions.

Effects of high-moisture corn preserved with organic acids combined with rapeseed meal and peas on performance and gut microbiota activity of broiler chickens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the interactive effects of the inclusion of wet corn grain preserved with organic acids (CP) and soybean meal (SBM) substitutes, including solvent-extracted low erucic acid, low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) and peas (PEA), in broiler diets. A total of 171 eight-day-old female Ross 308 broilers were distributed into 9 groups, each consisting of 19 birds kept in individual cages. During the 27-day feeding period, the birds received wheat-corn-SBM diets and were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design; the factors included corn treatments (CP, heat-dried corn moisture-reconstituted with water (CDW) or with preservative (CDP)) and three protein sources (SBM exclusively or mixed with RSM or PEA at the level of 150/200 g/kg diet). The feed intake and body weight gain declined in birds fed the RSM diet (P < 0.01), while corn treatments had no significant effects on the performance of the broilers. The RSM diets increased bacterial enzyme activity in the ileal and caecal digesta (P < 0.001) and decreased butyrate, acetate and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the caecal digesta (P < 0.001) compared with the values detected in the case of the SBM and PEA diets. Corn treatments had negligible effects on the bacterial enzyme activity of ileal and caecal microbiota but induced a decline in lactate concentrations in the ileum in the case of the diets with CP and CDP corn (P < 0.049). Our findings indicate that peas at the level of 150/200 g/kg are a good alternative to SBM, while diets with the same level of RSM may have an adverse effect on growth performance and acetate and butyrate production in the caecum. CP up to the level of 300 g/kg diet and peas can be used with no adverse effects on gut physiological status and the growth performance of broilers and provide an opportunity to include locally available grains in poultry rations.