Rapeseed Biomass Research Articles

Analysis of the Mechanism of Wood Vinegar and Butyrolactone Promoting Rapeseed Growth and Improving Low-Temperature Stress Resistance Based on Transcriptome and Metabolomics.

Rapeseed is an important oil crop in the world. Wood vinegar could increase the yield and abiotic resistance of rapeseed. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of wood vinegar or its valid chemical components on rapeseed. In the present study, wood vinegar and butyrolactone (γ-Butyrolactone, one of the main components of wood vinegar) were applied to rapeseed at the seedling stage, and the molecular mechanisms of wood vinegar that affect rapeseed were studied by combining transcriptome and metabolomic analyses. The results show that applying wood vinegar and butyrolactone increases the biomass of rapeseed by increasing the leaf area and the number of pods per plant, and enhances the tolerance of rapeseed under low temperature by reducing membrane lipid oxidation and improving the content of chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared to the control, 681 and 700 differentially expressed genes were in the transcriptional group treated with wood vinegar and butyrolactone, respectively, and 76 and 90 differentially expressed metabolites were in the metabolic group. The combination of transcriptome and metabolomic analyses revealed the key gene-metabolic networks related to various pathways. Our research shows that after wood vinegar and butyrolactone treatment, the amino acid biosynthesis pathway of rapeseed may be involved in mediating the increase in rapeseed biomass, the proline metabolism pathway of wood vinegar treatment may be involved in mediating rapeseed's resistance to low-temperature stress, and the sphingolipid metabolism pathway of butyrolactone treatment may be involved in mediating rapeseed's resistance to low-temperature stress. It is suggested that the use of wood vinegar or butyrolactone are new approaches to increasing rapeseed yield and low-temperature resistance.

Volunteer rapeseed infestation and management in corn

AbstractThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different termination timings for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cover crop on biomass production, termination efficiency, and volunteer infestation in the successive cash crop (corn, Zea mays), and control of volunteer rapeseed with herbicides. Delaying termination from 28 days before planting corn (DBP) to 14, 5, or 1 DBP, increased rapeseed biomass by 85%, 148%, and 158%, respectively. Rapeseed termination efficiency was greatest 28 DBP (99%) followed by 14 DBP (92%) and 5 DBP (89%) with the combined use of a roller‐crimper and 2,4‐D [2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid] + glufosinate [2‐amino‐4‐(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid]. The sole use of roller‐crimper 1 DBP provided only 56% termination efficiency. Zero volunteer plants were observed in successive cash crops with the 28 DBP termination treatment; however, at 14, 5, and 1 DBP termination, the number of volunteer rapeseed plants m−2 were 5, 12, and 22, respectively. Regression analysis showed that variation in volunteer rapeseed density can be explained better by termination efficiency (R2 = 0.80) as compared to rapeseed biomass at termination (R2 = 0.46). Among pre‐emergence (PRE) herbicides, mesotrione [2‐(4‐mesyl‐2‐nitrobenzoyl)‐3‐hydroxycylohex‐2‐enone], rimsulfuron [N‐[[(4,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]‐3‐(ethylsulfonyl)‐2‐pyridinesulfonamide], and flumioxazin {2‐[7‐fluoro‐3,4‐dihydro‐3‐oxo‐4‐(2‐propynyl)‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐6‐yl]‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1H‐isoindole‐1,3(2H)‐dione} provided more than 95% volunteer rapeseed control, and 92%–94% control with PRE‐application of atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N9‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine], isoxaflutole [(5‐cyclopropyl‐4‐isoxazolyl)[2‐(methylsulfonyl)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐phenyl]methanone], metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one], and pyroxasulfone [3‐[[[5‐(difluoromethoxy)‐1‐methyl‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl]methyl]sulfonyl]‐4,5‐dihydro‐5,5‐dimethylisoxazole]. Among post‐emergence (POST) herbicides, atrazine and glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] provided 99% control of rapeseed followed by glufosinate (89%). Results indicate that ineffective or delayed termination of rapeseed can result in volunteer infestation in successive crops, which can be controlled by tested PRE and POST herbicides at an early stage.

Assessment of the Catalytic Performances of Nanocomposites Materials Based on 13X Zeolite, Calcium Oxide and Metal Zinc Particles in the Residual Biomass Pyrolysis Process.

Nanocomposites based on 13X zeolite (13XZ), calcium oxide (CaO) and metal zinc particles (Zn) were prepared. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by different techniques. Then, a comparative study on catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis of biomass waste was performed to establish the influence of nanocomposites used as catalysts on the yields and characteristics of liquid and solid products. Residual rapeseed biomass (RRB) was employed for pyrolysis experiments and a fixed bed reactor was used. By introducing CaO and metal zinc particles into 13X zeolite mass, the surface area (SBET) of nanocomposites was reduced, and this decrease is due to the introduction of nano-calcium carbonate and nano-zinc particles, which occupied an important space into zeolite structure. By adding CaO to 13XZ, the pore structure was changed and there was a decrease in the micropores volume. The analysis of the pore area distribution showed a hierarchical pore structure for nanocomposites. The elements composition showed that the main elements contained in nanocomposites are Si, Al, Ca and Zn, confirming the preservation of the zeolite structure. Using these nanocomposites as catalysts in pyrolysis process, the residual biomass could be valorized, producing bio-oil and biochar for the management and sustainability of this low-value waste.

Influence of Incorporating Decomposition Agent in Oil Rapeseed Return Practice on Fungal Community, Soil Fertility and the Cotton Yield

Oil rapeseed biomass return plays a critical part in agricultural crop production. It is therefore necessary to widen the knowledge on how the microbial community adjustments actuated by straw biomass return under the application of decomposition agent advantages the quality of soil and cotton productivity. The experiment therefore aimed at applying soil molecular (sequencing, alpha and beta diversity analysis) and chemical analysis (alkaline hydrolysis-diffusion, titration and calorimetric) techniques to study the contribution of 3 treatments (no straw return, straw return under decomposition agent and straw return under no decomposition agent) on the diversity of the fungal community, soil quality and cotton productivity. The result showed that fungal OTUs were most abundant within the straw return treatments than the no straw return treatment and this was dominated by ecologically significant genera such as Apodospora, Zopfiella, Staphylotrichum, leptogium and Trechispora. Moreover, it was shown that no straw return treatment had statistically significant lower community diversity under all the indexes as compared to the other two treatments (P <0.05). In conclusion, study therefore confirmed the beneficial contribution of oil rapeseed straw return to the biological (fungal) and physical (pH, N, P and K) quality of the soil, resulting to improved cotton yield parameters.

The Potential of Nitrogen Applied Rapeseed (Brassica napus L) in Remediation of Cadmium Polluted Soil

This study aims to determine the Cd accumulation levels of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) based on nitrogen (N) (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1) and Cd (0, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg-1) applications to the soil on pot trials conducted under controlled environmental conditions. The highest chlorophyll content was obtained at 400 mg N kg-1 without Cd. The highest dry weight amount in rapeseed was obtained with the application of 100 mg N kg-1 × 1.5 mg Cd kg-1, however, the highest rates of both N and Cd resulted in the lowest dry weight. In 400 mg N kg-1 × 6 mg Cd kg-1 (131 mg Cd kg-1) and 200 mg N kg-1 × 6 mg Cd kg-1 (113.80 mg Cd kg-1) applications, Cd concentration of the rapeseed was determined to be higher than critical Cd hyperaccumulation level. The capacity of Cd uptake and accumulation in rapeseed shoots were enhanced with N applications, thus promoting the phytoextraction of Cd from Cd-contaminated soils. Cadmium rates did not affect Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn uptake levels when N was not applied. However, Cd ratios increased the microelement uptake levels, except Zn, when applied to 100 and 200 N kg-1 ratios as compared to control plants. Eventually, increase in Cd uptake of plants with N fertilization is possible; however, excessive N rates may not result in an increase in rapeseed biomass.

Insights of microorganisms role in rice and rapeseed wastes as potential sorbents for metal removal

Rice and rapeseed agricultural wastes, as nonliving biomass, are proposed for heavy metal remediation in polluted effluents (chromium, cadmium, copper and lead). The physicochemical characterization of these biomasses shows that the surface of both sorbents is negatively charged (zeta potential), the surface area of sorbents is 4.39 and 40.7 (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), and the main functional groups are carboxylic and hydroxyl (attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the insights of microorganisms associated with these nonliving biomasses in the removal of heavy metals from synthetic aqueous solutions, adjusted at pH 4.0 (as the best acidic condition for the sorption process). The isolates (Bacillus genus in rice and Escherichia, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus genus in rapeseed) remove heavy metals from mentioned solutions, mainly in consortia, with contribution percentage over than 80% of total metals. In addition, when they are present in biomass, they provide an additional metal removal effect, especially in rapeseed biomass system and with multiple heavy metals aqueous solutions: i.e. Cr(III) removal, at 4 mmol/L, increases from 70 to 100%. This knowledge makes possible the use of the nonliving biomasses with no need for any special pretreatment against the microorganisms, prior to their use as metal sorbents that implies their good feasibility for application from an economical point of view.

Evaluation of Sentinel-1 and -2 time series for estimating LAI and biomass of wheat and rapeseed crop types

Monitoring crops at a fine scale is critical because it provides information crucial for assessing the influence of increased food production on sustainable management of agricultural landscapes. We assessed the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 (S-1) and optical Sentinel-2 (S-2) images to derive crop biophysical parameters of wheat and rapeseed in Brittany, France. We generated a dataset of 29 features, including spectral bands and vegetation indices derived from S-2 images, and backscattering coefficients and polarimetric indicators derived from S-1 images. Then, we compared the respective value of S-1 and S-2 features to estimate crop LAI, biomass, and water content (WC) using a Gaussian processes regression. The results show that best S-2-based models were achieved using the green band, NIR bands, and vegetation indices for the wheat WC, LAI, and biomass, respectively, and the shortwave-infrared bands for rapeseed biomass. Concerning S-1-based models, the σ0VH : σ0VV ratio was the most relevant feature for wheat LAI and rapeseed biomass, and the Shannon entropy polarization contribution best performed for wheat WC. We highlighted not only the value of optical S-2 images but also the importance of polarimetric indicators derived from SAR S-1 images for estimating crop biophysical parameters.

Growth-promoting bacteria and natural regulators mitigate salt toxicity and improve rapeseed plant performance.

Salinity is a major environmental stress that limits plant production and portraits a critical challenge to food security in the world. In this research, the impacts of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas RS-198 and Azospirillum brasilense RS-SP7) and foliar application of plant hormones (salicylic acid 1mM and jasmonic acid 0.5mM) on alleviating the harmful effects of salt stress in rapeseed plants (Brassica napus cv. okapi) were examined under greenhouse condition. Salt stress diminished rapeseed biomass, leaf area, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorophyll content, while it increased sodium content, endogenous salicylic and jasmonic acids, osmolyte production, H2O2 and O2•- generations, TBARS content, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Plant growth, nutrient content, leaf expansion, osmolyte production, and antioxidant enzyme activities were increased, but oxidative and osmotic stress indicators were decreased by bacteria inoculation + salicylic acid under salt stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities were amplified by jasmonic acid treatments under salt stress, although rapeseed growth was not generally affected by jasmonic acid. Bacterial + hormonal treatments were superior to individual treatments in reducing detrimental effects of salt stress. The best treatment in rectifying rapeseed growth under salt stress was combination of Pseudomonas and salicylic acid. This combination attenuated destructive salinity properties and subsequently amended rapeseed growth via enhancing endogenous salicylic acid content and some essential nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Ameliorative Effects of Biochar on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Growth and Heavy Metal Immobilization in Soil Irrigated with Untreated Wastewater

Untreated wastewater carries substantial amount of heavy metals and causes potential ecological risks to the environment, food quality, and soil health. The pot study was established to evaluate the effectiveness of woodchip-derived biochar (BC) on rapeseed biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), polyphenol peroxidase (PPO), catalase enzyme (CAT), and heavy metal-induced phytotoxicity under untreated domestic (DWW) and industrial (IWW) wastewater irrigation. Biochar was applied at three levels (0, 1, and 2%) combined with DWW and IWW treatments. Wastewater analysis indicated higher heavy metal concentrations than the safer limits set by FAO. Results revealed that DWW and IWW treatments without biochar incorporation adversely affected the rapeseed growth performance, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative defense system. Compared with DWW and IWW treatments, BC at 2% rate significantly enhanced shoot fresh biomass (41% and 72%), root fresh biomass (34% and 62%), total chlorophyll (79% and 85%), total pigments (77% and 108%), carotenoids (74% and 94%), and lycopene concentration (43% and 61%), respectively. In addition, BC also improved the antioxidant enzymes activities by reducing the heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in rapeseed leaves. Similarly, AB-DTPA extractable Cd was decreased by (44% and 26%), Pb (51% and 54%), Ni (59% and 56%), and Cu (45% and 41%) in soil when BC was applied at 2% application rate along with DWW and IWW treatments and thereby reduced their uptake in shoots and roots of rapeseed. Therefore, BC can be considered an efficient strategy to ameliorate the hazardous effects of untreated DWW and IWW wastewater and to enhance rapeseed biomass, physiological attributes, and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Increased biomass and reduced rapeseed Cd accumulation of oilseed rape in the presence of Cd-immobilizing and polyamine-producing bacteria

Two Cd-immobilizing and polyamine-producing bacteria Serratia liquefaciens CL-1 and Bacillus thuringiensis X30 were characterized for their effects on Cd immobilization, pH, and polyamine production in the solution and the rapeseed biomass and Cd uptake of Brassica napus Qinyou-10 in Cd-contaminated soil. These strains significantly increased pH and reduced water-soluble Cd concentration (25–76%) compared to the controls. Furthermore, strain CL-1 produced more polyamine (71–192%) in the solution than strain X30. Cell surface absorbed Cd content was increased by 23-56% in the presence of strain CL-1 compared to strain X30. The strains significantly increased the rapeseed biomass (12–32%), pH, polyamine content (70–244%), and relative abundance (21-49%) of arginine decarboxylase-producing bacteria (ADPB) of the rhizosphere soils but decreased DTPA-extractable Cd content and rapeseed Cd uptake compared to the controls. Notably, strain CL-1 had higher ability to reduce the rapeseed Cd and DTPA-extractable Cd contents and increase the abundance of ADPB than strain X30. Our results showed the distinct impact of these strains on the rapeseed Cd uptake and available Cd content and suggested that these strains reduced the available Cd and rapeseed Cd uptake by increasing the cell adsorption of Cd, abundance of ADPB, polyamine production, and pH in the rhizosphere soils.

Biosorption of lead ions from aqueous effluents by rapeseed biomass

Lead, as well as other heavy metals, is regarded as priority pollutant due to its non-biodegradability, toxicity and persistence in the environment. In this study, rapeseed biomass was used in the biosorption of Pb(II) ions in batch and dynamic conditions, as well as with tests for industrial wastewater. The influence of initial concentration (5–250mg/L), pH and contact time (0.5–6h) was investigated. The kinetic data modeling resulted in good correlations with the pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models. The maximum sorption capacities of Pb(II) were 18.35, 21.29 and 22.7mg/L at 4, 20 and 50°C, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicated the spontaneity and endothermic nature of lead biosorption on rapeseed biomass. The biosorption mechanism involves both physical and chemical interactions. The breakthrough curves at 50 and 100mg/L were determined and evaluated under dynamic conditions. The breakthrough time lowered with increasing the influent Pb(II) concentration. The experimental data obtained from fixed-bed column tests were well fitted by Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The calculated sorption capacities were in good agreement with the uptake capacity of Langmuir model. The applicability of rapeseed to be used as a sorbent for Pb(II) ions from real wastewater was tested, and Pb(II) removal efficiency of 94.47% was obtained.

An analysis of the energy efficiency of winter rapeseed biomass under different farming technologies. A case study of a large-scale farm in Poland

The article presents the results of a three-year study investigating the impact of production technology on the energy efficiency of winter rapeseed produced in large-scale farms. Rapeseed biomass produced in a high-input system was characterized by the highest energy demand (30.00 GJ ha−1). The energy demand associated with medium-input and low-input systems was 20% and 34% lower, respectively. The highest energy value of oil, oil cake and straw was noted in winter rapeseed produced in the high-input system. In the total energy output (268.5 GJ ha−1), approximately 17% of energy was accumulated in oil, 20% in oil cake, and 63% in straw. In lower input systems, the energy output of oil decreased by 13–23%, the energy output of oil cake – by 6–16%, and the energy output of straw – by 29–37% without visible changes in the structure of energy accumulated in different components of rapeseed biomass. The highest energy gain was observed in the high-input system. The low-input system was characterized by the highest energy efficiency ratio, at 4.22 for seeds and 9.43 for seeds and straw. The increase in production intensity reduced the energy efficiency of rapeseed biomass production by 8–18% (seeds) and 5–9% (seeds and straw).

SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATED OF THE INFLUENCE OF NEW AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES WITH INDOLE AND BENZOXAZOLINONE MOIETIES ON THE GROWTH OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) IN VITRO

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the world’s most important sources of vegetable oil and protein meal used for food and for industrial purposes. Primary and secondary metabolites stored in rapeseed depend on many factors: growth regulators, temperature, water stress, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, boron, sulfur) and their amount, soil acidity, evolution change, and plant diseases. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the most important natural auxins. 3-[2-Oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl]propanoic acid is know as a synthetic auxin. The sodium salt of this compound, stilite-14, has been studied for 10 years while growing sugar beets in Lithuania. Natural and synthetic auxins are known to promote rapeseed root growth. New indole-3-acetic acid and 3-[2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl]propanoic acid derivatives containing b,g-amino acid or 3-carboxy-5-oxopyrrolidine fragments from the corresponding hydrazides were synthesized.It was determined that 2-({2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]hydrazino}methyl)succinic acid (8.3 μM/l) increased the length of rapeseed roots in the MS medium by 1.6 times in comparison with rapeseed, which were grown in MS medium without growth regulators, whereas IAA decreased their length. Also, 2-({2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]hydrazino}methyl)succinic acid (8.3 mM/l) increased rapeseed biomass by 2 times in comparison with control sample.It was determined that 5-oxo-1-({3-[2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl]propanoyl}amino)-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid (6 mM/l) increased the length of rapeseed roots in the MS medium by 1.2 times in comparison with control sample, but the sodium salt of 3-(3-benzoxazolonyl)propanoic acid decreased their length at all concentrations. Also, 5-oxo-1-({3-[2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl]propanoyl}amino)-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid (1.5 mM/l) increased rapeseed biomass, but the sodium salt of 3-(3-benzoxazolonyl)propanoic acid (1.5 mM/l) decreased the biomass by 39.1 % in comparison with the control sample. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ct.64.2.6022