Rape Forms Research Articles

Broadcast Media Sensitization on Violence Against Women and Children in Port Harcourt

The study examined broadcast media sensitization on violence against women and children in Port Harcourt. The broadcast media have been sensitizing the members of audience on violence against women and children that happens in form of rape, domestic violence, among others. The social cognitive theory and aggressive cues media violence theory were adopted for the study. Three objectives which include to determine the frequency of broadcast media sensitization on violence against women and children in Port Harcourt and to examine the perception of residents of Port Harcourt towards broadcast media sensitization on violence against women and children and three research questions were adopted. Research methodology used was the survey design with the Taro Yamane formula used in deriving the sample size of 400 from the population size of 1,148,665. The convenience sampling technique was used and questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Simple frequency distribution tables and percentages were used in the interpretation of data. Findings revealed that reports and programmes on violence against women and children in Port Harcourt are not broadcast regularly. Findings also revealed that residents of Port Harcourt find reports on violence against women and children to be scary, unreal and far. In conclusion, the broadcast media -radio and tv are great tools to influence sensitization because of their audio and audio-visual qualities. The study recommended that members of the audience will appreciate the adequacy of sensitization on violence against women and children when perpetrators are made to face the full weight of the law to serve as deterrent to others.

Representing Online Hostility against Women

Representing Online Hostility against Women

The Need for The Entrenchment of Marital Rape in Nigeria’s Criminal Jurisprudence

The need for the entrenchment of marital rape in Nigeria's criminal jurisprudence is a pressing issue that requires urgent attention. Marital rape refers to any non-consensual sexual activity perpetrated by a spouse against their partner within the institution of marriage. Despite being a prevalent form of gender-based violence, marital rape is not explicitly recognized as a crime under Nigeria's legal framework. This paper examines the need for the entrenchment of marital rape in Nigeria’s Criminal jurisprudence. Marital rape is rampant in Nigeria, just like any form of rape. Marital rape victims have experienced a lot of psychological trauma, depression, emotional imbalance; the experience has resulted in divorce, medical, physical and mental health to its victims. Unfortunately, marital rape victim is unable to report their victimization to the appropriate authorities, this is because there is no law criminalizing marital rape in Nigeria. This paper further looks at the historical review of marital rape exemption, the theories about the exemption and need to criminalize marital rape in harmony with other jurisdiction. The paper therefore recommended the imperatives steps towards protecting the rights and well- being of individuals within the institution of marriage and legal support for victims of gender-based violence.

Perlindungaan Hukum Terhadap Anak Korban Pemerkosaan Di Bawah Umur Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia.

Violence against children is a form of crime that is done intentionally. One form of crime against children is sexual crime in the form of rape. Rape is a form of crime committed against women by coercion, violence or threats of violence. Legally of course this action is strictly prohibited, moreover the victims are children. So that children who are victims of rape must be given legal protection. The legal protection that must be given to children who are victims of rape is to receive rehabilitation from the government both physically and mentally, spiritually and socially, besides that their privacy must be protected, their good name is protected and maintained, their safety as well as witnesses to victims is the responsibility of the government, and children who are so the victim has the right to always know the progress of the case he is facing. Then the status of children as victims and witnesses must also be protected by law. This is clearly a human right that is the victim of Susila's crimes, especially children.

Content Analysis of Sexual Violence News on Twitter

The number of sexual violence cases in Indonesia is increasing every year. However, only a few of the victims are willing to speak out, including on social media sites like Twitter. The study aims to determine the tendency of victims to speak by measuring the tendency of news written on Twitter through news headlines, news writers, types of sexual violence, responses to news of sexual violence revealed on Twitter, and the sustainability of the case before the law. This research method uses quantitative content analysis methods. The results of research on the tendency of sexual violence news content on Twitter show that the majority of news published does not meet the main elements of the news, and the most revealed type of violence is mental and physical sexual harassment, compared to other types of violence such as physical, sexual harassment only, sexual assault in the form of rape, prosecution or coercion of sexual activities, and forced sexual activities. Victims dominate the news writers who tell their stories via Twitter, and the rest are written by friends or relatives related to the victims. Of all the violent news stories examined, not one received a negative response. The majority responded positively, and very few responded neutrally. After the news was published on Twitter, only one case out of four continued to be processed legally. Research findings show that framing news on social media can influence people's perceptions and attitudes toward important issues

KAZNA DOŽIVOTNOG ZATVORA U KRIVIČNOM ZAKONODAVSTVU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I DRŽAVAMA REGIJE

Life imprisonment is a sentence that is imposed for the most serious crimes and the most serious forms of serious crimes (aggravated murder, child abuse, serious forms of rape, genocide, terrorism etc). One of the modern tendencies in criminal law is the introduction of life imprisonment as the better and more humane alternatives to the death penalty. Its introduction replaces the sentence of long-term imprisonment, which may be imposed in some legislations for criminal offenses punishable by life imprisonment. In this regard, the advantages and disadvantages of life imprisonment and the death penalty will be analyzed to determine whether life imprisonment is indeed more humane than the death penalty. The sentence of life imprisonment may, under certain conditions, constitute a violation of the prohibition of torture guaranteed by Article 3. of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It is precisely with this sentence that it is most controversial if the person convicted according to national law has no prospects of being paroled after serving a certain number of years, that is, of the same sentence being irreducible. It is important that a person sentenced to life imprisonment has the right to know at the beginning of the sentence what and under what conditions he must do in order to consider his release, as well as to know when his sentence will be reviewed or when he can request it. The paper offers information on the legal solutions of the countries of the region related to this punishment, individual cases from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the frequency of sentencing in this area where it is represented.

Examining Victim Precipitation in Determining a Suspect (A Case Study of Marital Rape That Ended in Death)

Marital rape is part of the form of rape in domestic violence. Its limited characteristics in the family sphere and cultural construction make marital rape sometimes escapes the attention of victims and also the community. In Indonesia, marital rape is still considered as abnormally and impossible incident, it is considered as impossible act for a husband to rape his own wife or vice versa. In several cases had occurred in Indonesia, marital rape become a trigger for physical violence that led to murder (homicide). For example in the two cases of homicide has occurred in Serang City in 2021 and Cilegon 2019. In these two cases, marital rape occurred which led to murder or loss of life. This paper will examine women who are victims of marital rape who are designated as murder suspects, a case study in Serang City. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and cases approach. The results of this study indicate that the determination of woman victims of marital rape as murder suspects in the perspective of victimology does not consider the perspective of the victim's role in the occurrence of a crime. There are two criminal acts happening simultaneously; marital rape and murder. First, the husband as the perpetrator of marital rape against his wife who later becomes a victim of murder due to self defense (the second case). Therefore, in the theory of victim precipitation, the victim plays a role in creating the crime it-self. The causes of marital rape victims who later become perpetrators of murder must also be considered about. The role of the perpetrators of marital rape is active participation which then resulted in his death. The things that attend in this situation must and need to be considered by law enforcement officials, from the first thing when conducting an investigation. This will affect the next law enforcement process. Therefore, victim precipitation must be considered by investigators in reviewing the chronology of the case before determining the suspect in order to fulfill the rights and protection of the actual victims.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Self Efficacy of Parents In Providing Education To Prevent Child Sexual Violence In Pontianak City, Indonesia

Providing sexuality education to children is one of the primary preventions for preventing sexual violence in children. Parents' knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy can affect the provision of this education. The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy of parents in providing sexual education to prevent sexual violence in children. This research is quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples in this study was 396 parents who have children aged 12-17 years by purposive sampling. Univariate descriptive analysis was used. This study indicates that 56.3% of parents who have poor knowledge about preventing sexual violence are not supportive attitudes (52.5%), and 50.0% have low self-efficacy in preventing sexual violence in children. In addition, 71.5% of parents understand sexual violence against children in the form of rape and obscenity, and 33.1% still consider it taboo in providing education to prevent sexual violence in children. It is necessary to increase parents' knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in providing education on preventing sexual violence in children as the primary prevention of sexual violence in children.

Psychological Impact of Sexual Violence and Government Efforts in Making Recovery

This article aims to describe the psychological impact of sexual violence and the government's efforts to restore victims. The discussion of this article uses a written study from various reading sources which is entirely aimed at developing speculations related to the growth of victims, the causes of sexual brutality in children and the impact and treatment of sexual crimes on children, as well as on adults. Sexual violence is an activity that is carried out by someone without the consent or willingness of the person who is the victim of the sexual violence. In this sexual violence the acts are in the form of rape by a stranger, rape in a marriage relationship and there is also courtship, this sexual harassment can be in the form of mental or physical abuse, forced abortion, and there is also sexual abuse of children. Of the types of sexual violence is a form of violation of human rights (HAM) that can have a psychological impact on victims of sexual violence. "Theresia" in the Pulih Foundation Webinar with The Body Shop Indonesia, Tuesday (29 June 2021) said that the psychological impact on victims of sexual violence for example, such as mental disorders, depression, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, panic disorders, trauma, insomnia, and symptoms of disorders that cause unable to be himself, then there are thoughts of ending his life, abusing drugs and alcohol for him to escape from the problems he faces and to make his life more calm”. In these cases of sexual violence, the government provides efforts for psychological recovery to victims of sexual violence. Preventive efforts and repressive efforts. The research objectives of this article are to find out how sexual violence occurs, the psychological impact of sexual violence, and to find out how the psychological dynamics of victims of sexual violence are. And the results of this study indicate that the psychological impact of subjects who are victims of sexual violence is the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition to having a psychological impact, the psychological dynamics of the subjects in this study also have similarities, but there are some striking differences. The magnitude of the difference in psychological impact and dynamics is caused by several factors such as personality characteristics, ways of solving problems.

Stealthing as a form of rape – findings to date and future prospects for research

Stealthing or non-consensual condom removal (a situation in which one sexual partner, not necessarily a man, removes or damages a condom during intercourse and the other partner remains unaware of this fact) is a new phenomenon that has only recently been addressed by researchers. This article offers a summary of findings regarding the motives and methods of perpetrators’ of stealthing and attempts to analyse this phenomenon from the perspective of Polish criminal law. Finally, it discusses the prevalence of the offences of rape and its subtypes and outlines the key issues involved in the quantitative analysis of rape.

Ambivalent sexism and sexual objectification of women as predictors of rape myth acceptance among male college students in Greater Jakarta

Sexual violence against women, particularly in the form of rape, is a serious issue that must be addressed in Indonesia. However, victims of sexual violence are not enveloped by a supportive atmosphere due to the pervasive acceptance of rape myths in society. This study examined the role of ambivalent sexism and sexual objectification of women in predicting the acceptance of rape myths among male college students in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. A sample of 275 male college students completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale-Short Form, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and Women Are Sexual Objects subscale from the Attitude Toward Dating and Relationship Measure Revised. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that ambivalent sexism and sexual objectification of women significantly predicted rape myth acceptance, with sexual objectification of women tends to have more contribution. This finding explains that to develop and conduct prevention and treatment, both variables need to be addressed, with more attention given to the sexual objectification of women.

Statutory is Not Rape: Reshaping the Criminalization of Underage Sex, and Beyond

Statutory rape is a unique form of rape, age-dependent, on the one hand, and consent-indifferent, on the other hand. This ancient offense had historically aimed to protect little girls' sexual chastity as parental property. Although this rationale is outdated and obsolete, the offense has survived. The battle against underage intercourse endures, relying on the age of victims or age disparities to base the assumption, that intercourse, even with consent, is nevertheless unwanted, causing teenagers physical and emotional harms. When carefully reviewing the modern attributed rationales of the offense, we find some unconvincing so-called harms, on the one hand, and incoherency of over-inclusiveness and under-inclusiveness, on the other hand. Age and numbers ease legal enforcement, prosecution and conviction, as well as social condemnation. However, they also flatten the offense, over-criminalize, and focus our attention away from the main problem: preventing sexual exploitation. The article proposes to reform statutory rape law, to better fit the rationale of preventing sexual exploitation and negate over-criminalization, either by including exploitation as an element of the offense, or by creating a unique defense of proving its absence. What is wrong in underage sex is not really age or age disparity, but something much more significant: abuse of power, lies and manipulation, disrespect and objectification. This valuable normative lesson exceeds statutory rape. This article calls to further utilize the refined normative basis, to tackle other facets of sexual exploitation, far outside the realm of underage sex, and protect adults from offensive social norms and practices, that are currently uncovered by the present rape offenses.

Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) Terhadap Perempuan: Perspektif Pekerjaan Sosial

National Commission on violence against women (2015) noted that violence against women showed a widespread pattern. The 2016 annual press release (Catahu) released that there were 321,752 of violence cases. The largest type of violence against women was violence in the personal sector. Violence in the form of rape was 72% (2,399 of cases), violence in the form of obscenity was 18% (601 of cases), and sexual abuse was 5% (166 of cases). The majority of personal violence victims (domestic / household) were women. The forms of domestic violence included physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence and neglect of the household; while the main factor was the lack of communication and disharmony among family members. The impact in the short term was usually like a physical injury, disability, pregnancy, loss of work, and so forth; while the long-term effects were psychological disorders (psychiatric), loss of confidence, fend for oneself, trauma and appearance of fear to depression. The handling of domestic violence is one of the focuses of social workers to play a role in helping / assisting the recovery of victims. The social worker should be able to convince the victims to dare to express their problems, to give a sense of security, and comfort. Social workers in helping victims of domestic violence should have knowledge and alignment to the victims that the slightest violence is a form of crime against humanity. Victims of domestic violence must immediately obtain the protection, security assurance and social assistance. The efforts which can be done by social workers are counseling and family counseling. Those are done as a form of therapy so that victims do not feel the prolonged trauma and they can think calmly.

Creativity of Protection of Rape Victims in Victimological Perspective

Society tends to think that it is women who have a weak figure. So there is a patriarchal culture that makes women often become victims of rape crimes committed by irresponsible men. The many types related to sexual violence given to female victims are realized in the form of rape that occurs. There are many bad effects caused by explaining the crime of non-urban crimes committed by the perpetrator against the victim, giving a real impact on the mental and giving suffering to the victim, it is also part of the violation of human rights against women. Research conducted by researchers with the aim of knowing the reasons for the importance of getting protection and security for rape victims. So that in the process of carrying out the research, normative legal research is used, and assisted by the use of secondary data which is considered and used as the most important data in research, and primary data which is only as a support. The result of this research is that the crime of rape committed by the perpetrator will have a multiplier impact on the victim so that protection and security for the victim is needed for the crime.

Words that Rape: A Normative Quest for What Rape is and is Not

Although the legal discourse on the offense of is vast, perhaps more so than regarding any other offense, is still an elusive normative concept. The doctrine of has evolved and expanded significantly throughout the years, to include diverse physical interactions and different social settings. The academic discourse on the offense typically focuses on one form of rape, or even on a small element of one form. This essay provides a significantly broader observation that could deepen the normative understanding of rape. Can we, by observing the diverse doctrines of rape, coercive sex, incompetent sex, uninformed sex and unconscious sex, extract a clear and coherent normative message? Philosophically speaking, what is and why? This tackles these very difficult questions, by examining these forms of in an analytic normative way, an innovative intricate academic task. In order to better understand the normative foundations of and extract the precise normative message from the law, this task requires a thorough analysis of notions of and their doctrinal boundaries, and an examination of what counts, and what does not count as rape, and most importantly: why. To do that, this essay presents an innovative dichotomy, analytically dividing the perpetrator-victim interaction into major facets: the physics of rape, the settings of rape, and the accurate legal labeling of rape. While unfolding what constitutes rape and what is excluded from rape, this unprecedented analytic observation reveals significant normative dissonances and cracks in the modern conceptions of rape. After the thorough analytic journey, having identified major normative dissonances in current doctrines, the conclusion is the offense is normatively shattered. This article proposes to abolish the designation and start anew, categorically dividing sexual offenses into sexual coercion and sexual abuse, and offering subcategories and key parameters regarding the measuring of severity.

Book Review: Encyclopedia of Rape and Sexual Violence.

Encyclopedia of Rape and Sexual Violence is a two-volume work that tackles a very important and sensitive topic using historical and current events, the law, and statistical information to educate on sexual violence and its impact on society. It contains twenty chapters, arranged alphabetically, that extensively discuss the different forms of rape and sexual violence. The entries are well researched, thorough, and objective in tone, and they feature prominent legal cases, statistics, and events that are pertinent to the selected topics.

Forms of Intimate Partner Rape Experienced by Latinas With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects a large proportion of women in the United States and is a serious public health concern. Rates of IPV are even higher for Latinas in the United States. Approximately, 10% of women experience intimate partner rape in their lifetime, and IPV and intimate partner rape have been strongly linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little research has been done to distinguish different forms of intimate partner rape and their effects. This study examined intimate partner rape for 94 Spanish-speaking Latinas with and without a diagnosis of PTSD. Two forms of rape were assessed, physically forced rape and psychologically coerced rape, and 39% of the women were diagnosed with PTSD. A logistic regression (N = 62) was used to assess the relationship between PTSD and forms of rape. Results indicated that Latinas with PTSD reported more physically forced rape than Latinas without a diagnosis of PTSD. No significant difference in PTSD diagnosis was found for psychologically coerced rape. Future research should focus on investigating factors that potentially mediate the relationship between physically forced rape and PTSD.

Our Accountability to Survivors

Our Accountability to Survivors Brian Clites4 The Pennsylvania grand jury report was published in August 2018.5 Within the following month, ten states launched new investigations into Catholic clergy sexual abuse, and Pope Francis called an emergency summit of leading bishops from across the globe. Although it is too soon to know whether these reactions will culminate in lasting reforms, it is imperative that scholars of Catholicism begin to think more critically about the scandal, including our complacency as a discipline and our accountability as a community. I began researching clergy sexual abuse in 2011. Those first conversations led me to explore the history of survivor-advocacy communities in Chicago, with a focus on their distinctively Catholic visions for political and ecclesiological reforms.6 Since the release of the Pennsylvania grand jury report, many colleagues have reached out to discuss how they might begin incorporating the abuse crisis into their own research. I am grateful for this influx of new methodologies and perspectives. With an eye towards encouraging additional conversations, this essay lays out ten theses on our accountability to survivors. 1. We need to listen to the ways that survivors have interpreted their own abuse. Since the 1980s, many Catholic victims have stepped forward to share their private histories of abuse. Frequently, however, the news media has exploited victims’ intimate suffering while ignoring survivors’ analytical insights. In spite of the betrayal that they experienced as children, most survivors still have a keen intellect. In addition to inspiring award-winning films and documentaries, survivors have also produced their own interpretive literature, including numerous blogs, novels, memoirs, and edited volumes. We need to find ways to uplift and support survivors’ voices—not as data, but as co-producers and close conversation partners in our own [End Page 4] analyses. We should likewise strive to publish in formats that survivors can access and share. 2. We must resist the temptation to identify a silver bullet. The phenomenon of clergy sexual abuse will not be solved solely by recourse to classical theories of patriarchy, celibacy, power, violence, or pedophilia (to name a few of the usual suspects). Identifying a singular culprit might serve our own theological and ideological interests—and in some cases those might even align with victims’ own reform agendas—but these narrow causations do not do justice to the variety and depth of survivors’ experiences. Acknowledging the topic’s complexity does not mean abandoning our scholarly training. On the contrary, it necessitates research that is rigorously grounded in the specificities of historical time and place. 3. Although Catholic sexual abuse has emerged as a crisis in many countries, we must attend to the specific dynamics that formed each survivor and each abuser, including their national, regional, and local cultures. Catholic studies has been defined largely by its capacity to hold the local and the transnational in tension with one another, yet regional influences are frequently jettisoned in studies of clergy abuse, often in favor of condemning a vague, apparently universal “clerical culture.” We should continue to research global patterns of abuse, but we must also study the specificities of each victim’s diocese and region.7 4. One of our main tasks is to work with survivors to define the ways in which Catholic clergy sexual abuse is different from other forms of rape and sexual assault. Many survivors were abused sacramentally, in church spaces, and through the explicit context of Catholic rituals and prayers. At the same time, we should not ignore the Catholicity of less-explicitly sacramental abuses. As Robert Orsi has argued, “There is no one who was not abused in a Catholic way.”8 It is critical to study the specifically Catholic institutional, religious, and theological dimensions of Roman Catholic clergy sexual abuse. 5. Just as no two survivors had exactly the same experience of abuse, no two priests were identical in their moods and motivations. In my conversations with survivors, I have heard stories that left me paralyzed, curled up, crying, and trembling. But I have yet to hear any stories about monsters. In fact, what survivors often emphasize is the humanity of their abuser, including the shared interests, intrapersonal [End Page 5] chemistry...

Gender, Migration and Citizenship across West African Frontiers as Portrayed in Selected (Yoruba) Nollywood Films

Presently, being modern is associated with movement. As such, staying in one place may appear anachronistic. People move in search of better living conditions. In the past, trade was a major reason for migration. National and local tragedies like war, famine, economic mismanagement, political unrests and instabilities, have also brought about displacement and migration. Migration may be intra-state or inter-state. Sociologically, race, gender and other identity categories have always been vestiges of bias against, and domination of migrants, to exclude or marginalize them. My objective in this study is to examine the lot of the females as migrants within West African states as portrayed in selected (Yoruba) Nollywood films. Some of my findings are that the film producers do not highlight or bring to the fore, the importance of proper documentation about migrants; that the West African frontiers are porous; that language barriers affect the welfare of migrants and more essentially, female migrants’ worse condition in form of rape, forced labor, spousal violence and child care responsibilities. All these challenges are threats to the very purpose of ECOWAS. My suggestions are that there should be proper policing at the frontiers, that detailed and effective documentation and monitoring of the (few) individuals or group migrants that a country of refuge can conveniently cater for, be ensured. There should also be recognition and acceptance of certificates and diplomas possessed by any citizen of the ECOWAS state in any of the participating states. Financial aids can be given to unemployed migrants to become self-employed. Above all, forced displacement of persons must be drastically reduced by national leaders doing the needful politically, economically and socially, to improve the living conditions of their citizens.

The politics of rape: Traces of radical feminism in Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee

Disgrace can be read as a deliberation on rape in all its complexity, articulating and commenting upon many of the positions typical of the radical feminism of the seventies. Some feminists classify prostitution as a form of rape. Prostitution is the ideal form of sex for the main character, David, because it allows him to fantasize that a woman mirrors his wishes. The border between rape and consensual sex is shown to be problematic in the relationship between David and his young student, Melanie. Although some readers find that Melanie was willingly seduced, others consider that she was raped. The charge of sexual harassment is therefore unsatisfactory for both sides and, since David refuses to read the charges brought against him, he effectively silences his accuser. When his daughter, Lucy, equates heterosexual sex with killing and hating women, one can read it as evoking the radical feminist idea that men as a class subordinate women as a class through the threat of rape. Lucy’s political lesbianism is a logical response to such misogyny. After being rape, Lucy accepts a subordinate position and this proves the power of rape in controlling women. Like one of the Sabine women, Lucy seems willing to sacrifice herself for peace between black and white in South Africa.