Size Range Research Articles

Spatial–Temporal Patterns and the Driving Mechanism for the Gross Ecosystem Product of Wetlands in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River

Wetlands are crucial for sustainable development, and the evaluation of their GEP is a key focus for governments and scientists. This study created a dynamic accounting model for wetland GEP and assessed the GEP of 39 wetlands in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in Ningxia province. The results indicate that Ningxia province’s wetlands have an average annual GEP of CNY 5.24 billion. Haba wetland contributes the most at 0.52, while Qingtongxia, Sha, and Tenggeli wetlands follow with 0.12, 0.04, and 0.03, respectively. Climate regulation is the most valuable function at 38.24%, with species conservation and scientific research/tourism at 24.93% and 15.11%, respectively. Ningxia’s northern wetlands are vast and shaped by the Yellow River, while the smaller, seasonal southern wetlands are more affected by rainfall and mountain groundwater. Southern wetlands show a strong correlation between GEP and precipitation (0.82), whereas northern wetlands have a moderate correlation between GEP and evapotranspiration (0.52). The effective conservation and management of these wetlands require consideration of their locations and weather patterns, along with customized strategies. To maintain the stability of wetland habitats and provide a suitable environment for various species, it is essential to preserve wetlands within a certain size range. Our study found a strong correlation of 0.85 between the wetland area and the GEP value, indicating that the size of wetlands is a key factor in conserving their GEP. The results provide accurate insights for creating a wetland ecological benefit compensation mechanism.

B3AM: A beamforming toolbox for three-component ambient seismic noise analysis

We introduce the MATLAB toolbox B3AM for beamforming of three-component ambient noise array data. We explain the theory behind three-component beamforming and polarisation analysis in particular, provide an overview of the workflow, and discuss the output using a worked example. The strength of the presented code package is the analysis of multiple beam response maps from multiple time windows. Hence, it provides statistical information about the ambient noise wavefield recorded over a period of time, such as the ratio of surface to body waves, average dispersion velocities, or dominant propagation direction. It can be used to validate assumptions made about the ambient noise wavefield in a particular location, helping to interpret results from other techniques, such as the analysis of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios or ambient noise interferometry, and enabling more precise monitoring of specific wavefield components. While designed initially with seismic networks in mind, B3AM is applicable over a wide range of frequencies and array sizes and can thus be adapted also for laboratory settings or civil engineering applications.

Multimodal classifier of medical risk based on a multielectrode bioimpedance converter

The purpose of the research. The aim of the study is Russian and foreign studies have shown that malignant breast tumors have significantly different impedance from normal tissues. However, bioimpedance analysis has limitations in resolution, as well as in the imperfection of bioimpedance models required to generate input vectors for machine learning systems.Methods. The presented study proposes a multimodal classifier, the raw data for which are obtained through an electrode matrix. It also has three channels for processing the results of bioimpedance analysis, with subsequent aggregation of their solutions. An impedance model of biomaterial is proposed, which allows forming descriptors for medical risk classifiers.Results. Hardware and software for bioimpedance studies have been developed, which include a data collection device for bioimpedance spectroscopy based on an electrode matrix, a device for communication with the object of study, and a device for bioimpedance spectroscopy using an electrode matrix. The software includes interface windows for setting up the bioimpedance research program and training and testing fully connected neural networks. An experimental study of the multimodal classifier on a physical model was conducted using inclusions of higher conductivity (tumor imitation) of various types and sizes in the conductivity range from 1.1 to 1.9 of the background. Based on the obtained images in the two-level neural network of the first channel, the integral risk of breast cancer was determined for all pixels of the image. Statistical studies (ROC analysis) showed sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the screening method - > 0.75. Conclusion. Thus, a new model of intelligent support for medical decision-making has been created, integrating the capabilities of bioimpedance spectroscopy, convolutional neural networks and expert assessment of images generated by bioimpedance mapping. However, current data confirming the possibility of separating benign and malignant breast tumors using bioimpedancemetry methods are very limited, which requires further research in this direction.

An Equus-Dominated Middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) Vertebrate Fauna from Northcentral Florida, USA

A newly discovered deposit on the bed of the Steinhatchee River produced a moderately diverse assemblage of 15 vertebrate taxa herein designated the Steinhatchee River 2A (STR 2A) local fauna. Mammalian taxa isotopically shown from other sites to be either grazers or grazing-dominated mixed-feeders numerically dominate the fauna, especially a species of Equus. About 75% of the 552 identifiable fossils from STR 2A, representing a minimum of nine individuals, are referred to the informally named Equus (Equus) sp. A. The site produced the first known examples of associated upper and lower cheekteeth and lower incisors for this species, and also one of just two records outside of central and southern peninsular Florida. Like most Pleistocene sites in Florida, xenarthrans are diverse, with two cingulates, Dasypus and Holmesina, and two pilosans, Paramylodon and Megalonyx. An astragalus and several metatarsals of Holmesina are within the size range of H. septentrionalis, but also have some characteristics found in the older species H. floridanus. These finds corroborate that an evolutionary transition between these two species occurred in Florida during the Irvingtonian. The age of STR 2A is most likely middle Irvingtonian, ca. 0.5–0.7 Ma, an interval poorly known in Florida and the rest of the southeastern USA.

Lithographically-defined cavities with high quality and purcell factors

Abstract We introduce and analyze a lithographically defined cavity (Li-cavity) incorporating a buried mesa defect in a planar vertical structure, which induces transverse photonic confinement while enabling compatibility with electrical injection. We systematically investigate the influence of key cavity parameters on optical behavior and fundamental properties using a comprehensive three-dimensional optical model. Our analysis reveals that the Li-cavity exhibits low optical scattering, resulting in high Q and Purcell factors, even at sub-wavelength dimensions. Furthermore, the Li-cavity supports single-mode operation within a broader aperture size range compared to conventional cavity designs, promising enhanced optical power of single-mode emission. Adequately designed structures demonstrate superior Q and Purcell factors at wavelength scale sizes,- outperforming conventional micropillar cavities. These improved properties and customizable device characteristics stem from a simple fabrication process that precisely controls the cavity size, shape, and optical mode. Superior characteristics, along with its adaptability to diverse materials, wavelengths, and photonic integration platforms, promise a broad range of applications and potential adaptation of this design to diverse photonic devices.

Microfluidic Bubble-Templating Multinozzle 3D Printing for Preparations of Macroporous Hydrogels with Ordered Pores of Large Size Ranges.

A strategy for fabrication of macroporous hydrogels through 3D printing assisted by molding and multiple microfluidic bubble-templating nozzles is proposed here. This approach aims to address the challenges faced by methods for 3D printing macroporous hydrogels, such as difficulties in precisely controlling the spatial distribution of macropores, limited porosity, and low resolution of external boundaries due to the poor mechanical properties of hydrogel solutions as printing ink. In this method, fast-switching microfluidic bubble-templating nozzles of varying sizes allowed for precise control of target pore sizes over a wide range. Cavities of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds were used to define the overall external shape of the hydrogels and enhance the resolution of the boundaries. During the printing process, the laminar shear force generated by a coaxial microfluidic system generated microbubbles which were then injected into the PDMS mold cavities. The spatial distribution of the microbubble clusters within the cavities was controlled by a 3D motion module. Finally, macroporous hydrogels with a pore size range of 238-930 μm were fabricated while avoiding millimeter round corners on the boundaries. A control precision of pore sizes was about 60 μm. Most importantly, this strategy broke through the space occupancy limitations of pores in traditional 3D printing methods for macroporous hydrogels. The space occupancy of pores could reach a maximum of about 87% within a single layer.

Big fish can't jump? Allometry of terrestrial jumping in cyprinodontiform fishes.

Teleost fishes that emerge onto land must produce effective terrestrial movements to return to the water. Using the Cyprinodontiformes as a model system, we examined a terrestrial behavior termed the tail-flip jump across a size range of individuals representing three species of aquatic killifishes (Gambusia affinis, Poecilia mexicana, and Jordanella floridae) and two species of amphibious killifishes (Kryptolebias marmoratus and Fundulus heteroclitus) to identify potential effects of size (mass) on jumping performance. The ballistic trajectory equation was used to partition the contributions of velocity (determined by acceleration and contact time) and takeoff angle to jump distance. Despite differences in size (over an order of magnitude) all fishes took off from the ground at ∼45°. However, in terms of total displacement, aquatic and amphibious killifish species scaled differently in their ability to perform the tail-flip jump. Aquatic killifishes decrease in total jump distance as mass increases; however, amphibious killifishes increase in total jump distance as mass increases. Aquatic killifishes cannot produce adequate accelerations at larger sizes, but amphibious killifishes produce similar accelerations despite over an order of magnitude size difference. Because of this, amphibious killifish species are able to maintain fast takeoff velocities at large body sizes. Distinct scaling patterns may be generated by differences in body shape. Aquatic killifishes have a fusiform body shape, with most of their body mass in the anterior of the body, while amphibious killifishes have a more uniform body shape that reduces their overall mass present in the anterior body. We hypothesize that reduced mass in the anterior body facilitates raising the head over the tail to prepare for takeoff. In contrast with amphibious species, the negative scaling relationship seen in body size vs. displacement in aquatic killifishes implies an upper size limit to producing the tail-flip jump for fish species that infrequently encounter the terrestrial environment.

Methods of Balancing Technological Systems of Multiproduct Production

The functioning of the machine-building industry has its specifics, particularly periodic changes in the range (size, configuration, and others) of manufactured products. In addition, it is essential to consider the need to reduce the time spent on the production of each unit. Almost continuous changes in technology, failures in the supply of raw materials, uncoordinated logistics, and many other factors often cause significant and unproductive costs, leading to an increase in the technological stage. The most promising direction to reduce the technological time of manufacturing products by multiproduct enterprises is to reduce the waiting time owing to the uniform distribution of each technological transition according to the state of the available workshop equipment (plant, production area, enterprise). This study proposes a novel model of technological systems that enables the adaptation of technological processes for part manufacturing and comprises data structures that define their technical capabilities. The proposed algorithm facilitates a reduction in downtime and an increase in equipment utilization factor. It is possible to optimize the technological processes that change the structure of each production operation to adapt to the existing technology. Testing this methodology demonstrated a significant increase of 8% in the process utilization rate of machinery.

Ecomorphology of Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus): on the influence of size, sex, and river location

AbstractEcomorphology is essential to understanding the evolution and biogeography of species. However, morphological studies that focus on nongame or ‘rough’ fish groups such as Gar (Lepisosteidae), outside of a phylogenetic context, are comparatively rare. Herein, we investigate the effects of sex, size, and location in a river to assess the potential for sexual dimorphism, allometry, habitat, or some combination to drive observed morphologic variation. Our dataset includes 230 Longnose Gars (Lepisosteus osseus) made up of both males and females of a wide range of sizes collected from three different sites corresponding to the upper, middle, and lower Great Pee Dee River in South Carolina. Dorsal and lateral photographs were taken from each specimen and landmarked for 2D geometric morphometric analyses. Discriminant function analyses (DFA) were also conducted on a few linear trusses to compare the accuracy of sex-related shape aspects that emerged from morphometrics as a possible field-based tool to help fisheries managers understand their stock populations. Overall, location was a statistically significant predictor of shape, yet the differences were not biologically meaningful. Additionally, sex and size were strong predictors of shape, with the greatest differences seen in the largest individuals. DFA of field measurements found that the Snout Length-to-Total Length ratio accurately predicted sex 71% of the time, with females having longer snouts than males. Differences in ratio between sexes can allow tentative sex assignments without lethal gonadal inspection. This study presents the first standardized whole-body 2D geometric morphometrics protocol for Longnose Gar.

Effect of sampling face velocity on the ultrafine particle surface collection efficiency of a cellulose membrane filter and a cellulose-glass fiber filter for environmental airborne radioactivity monitoring.

Surface collection efficiency (SCE) of a cellulose membrane filter (CMF) and a cellulose-glass fiber filter used in environmental monitoring for alpha-emitting radionuclides from nuclear facilities and natural radioactivity sources was evaluated for particles in the size range of 0.03-0.1μm at different levels of face velocity. The SCE of the CMF was higher than that of the cellulose-glass fiber filter, and only the membrane filter showed the dependence of SCE on the particle size at higher face velocity. The use of the CMF at higher face velocity in environmental radioactivity monitoring leads to measurements of the background alpha spectrum with more degradation under the changing particle size condition in the atmosphere. Consequently, that fact needs to be taken into account, along with the expected particle size distribution and concentration of the airborne radioactivity being sampled, when selecting a face velocity to achieve the best possible detection limit.

Development of a Machine Learning Potential to Study the Structure and Thermodynamics of Nickel Nanoclusters.

Machine learning (ML) potentials such as the Gaussian approximation potential (GAP) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in mapping structure to properties across diverse systems. Here, we introduce a GAP model for low-dimensional Ni nanoclusters and demonstrate its flexibility and effectiveness in capturing the energetics, structural diversity, and thermodynamic properties of Ni nanoclusters across a broad size range. Through a systematic approach encompassing model development, validation, and application, we evaluate the model's efficacy in representing energetics and configurational features in low-dimensional regimes while also examining its extrapolative nature to vastly different spatiotemporal regimes. Our analysis and discussion shed light on the data quality required to effectively train such models. Trajectories from large-scale MD simulations using the GAP model analyzed with data-driven models like graph neural networks reveal intriguing insights into the size-dependent phase behavior and thermomechanical stability characteristics of porous Ni nanoparticles. Overall, our work underscores the potential of ML models, which coupled with data-driven approaches serve as versatile tools for studying low-dimensional systems and complex material dynamics.

Mineral Liberation and Concentration Characteristics of Apatite Comminuted by High-Pressure GRU

Mineral liberation and concentration have always been the core issues in ore processing. The goal of multi-stage crushing and ball milling is liberation because mineral liberation is the foundation of beneficiation. High energy consumption and environmental pollution have always been unavoidable topics. We put forward the method of high-pressure gas rapid unloading (GRU). Particle size followed MR-R distribution. The scanning electron microscopy data showed that the liberation of apatite particles smaller than 4 mm was sufficient by high-pressure GRU methods, and high-grade apatite concentrated in the particle size range of 0.5 to 4 mm. The average grade of the preferred particle size interval was 3%–5% higher than the original ore. Liberation degrees of apatite less than 4 mm are above 88%, which was beneficial for mineral processing. Compared to the traditional crushing method, the GRU method had a higher liberation and concentration in the particle size range of 0.5 to 4 mm. The total energy consumption was about 1.76 kW·h/t, less than that of the traditional crushing method.

Trans-retinal predictive signals of visual features are precise, saccade-specific and operate over a wide range of spatial frequencies.

Saccadic eye movements successively project the saccade target on two retinal locations: a peripheral one before the saccade, and the fovea after the saccade. Typically, performance in discriminating stimulus features changes between these two projections is very poor. However, a short (~ 200 ms) blanking of the target upon saccade onset drastically improves performance, demonstrating that a precise signal of the peripheral projection is retained during the saccade. While little is known about the nature of that transsaccadic signal, previous reports conjectured that it relies on information processed by the magnocellular system. Across two experiments, we investigated the feature blanking effect for a wide range of spatial frequencies (0.5 to 8 cycles per degree of visual angle, dva), stimulus sizes (1 to 4 dva) and eccentricities (6 to 10 dva). In each trial, participants executed a saccade to a high-contrast grating presented either left or right of fixation. During the saccade, the grating changed orientation (clockwise or counter-clockwise) either instantaneously or after a 200 ms blank, and participants reported the change's direction. We contrasted this saccade condition with a trans-retinal fixation condition mimicking the peripheral-then-foveal sequence of the target stimulus occurring across a saccade. Remarkably, blanking improved performance reliably for each spatial frequency, stimulus size, and eccentricity, but only in the saccade condition. Performance with blanking in saccade trials systematically exceeded performance in the fixation condition. Our results demonstrate a robust feature blanking effect across saccades, suggesting that transsaccadic processes involve low-level visual features beyond those processed in the magnocellular system.

Non‐breeding home range and habitat use by European Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in northwest Liberia: apparent resilience to forest degradation?

Identifying population drivers of migratory birds requires knowledge of species' ecology throughout their annual cycle. For most Afro‐Palaearctic migratory species, little is known about non‐breeding habitat use, despite extensive land use change in non‐breeding areas of sub‐Saharan Africa being a key factor implicated in population decline. We radio‐tracked 54 Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca at two sites of differing levels of forest disturbance, in Liberia, western Africa, over three non‐breeding seasons to determine home range size and site fidelity, and describe habitat and tree species preference within home ranges. We found high territory fidelity both within and between years, and a preference for well‐wooded landscapes. We found that Pied Flycatcher presence was positively associated with large and mature trees, and areas with a higher density of trees. Pied Flycatchers preferred several tree species that were uncommon within home ranges, and several non‐native tree species likely to support a high invertebrate abundance. Pied Flycatchers preferentially selected areas burnt in the same or previous winter, possibly related to enhanced food resources associated with vegetation regrowth following burning. We also found no significant difference in home range size between sites and similar habitat associations despite differences in habitat disturbance. This suggests that human‐modified habitats may remain suitable for Pied Flycatchers, as long as they retain moderate tree cover, especially larger, taller and more mature trees, whether native or non‐native.

Importance of habit and environmental characteristics in shaping patterns of richness and range size of ferns and lycophytes in the Atlantic Forest.

Ferns and lycophytes, the two spore-bearing lineages of vascular plants, share a unique life cycle, and because of several morpho-ecophysiological similarities, are usually investigated as a unit, but they may have distinct ecological and environmental responses. Understanding the diversity and distribution patterns of ferns and lycophytes separately is essential for designing effective conservation strategies. We assessed species richness and range sizes using range-diversity analyses and investigated environmental (climatic, edaphic) and ecological (endemism, habit diversity, specialization) predictors of these range and richness metrics using generalized linear models. The central region of the Atlantic Forest primarily contained areas with fern and lycophyte species with high richness and small ranges; the northern and southern extremes of the forest had species with low richness and larger ranges. Fern richness was associated with a combination of environmental and ecological variables; lycophyte richness was associated only with ecological variables. Range sizes were positively related to habit diversity for both ferns and lycophytes, but the effect of environmental variables differed between the two lineages. Critical areas were primarily not within protected areas. Fern range sizes and richness were influenced by a combination of ecological and environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and soil variables; only ecological variables influenced lycophyte richness and range sizes. The effects of these factors must be considered separately for the two lineages due to their different responses to stressors. Conservation efforts should increase in the species-rich-low-range areas that are outside protected areas to protect these low-range species.

The relationship between body size and diet breadth in non‐web building spiders

Abstract The handling hypothesis assumes that large animals have broader diets than small animals because small animals are restricted to small prey while large animals can handle both small and large prey. On the other hand, the optimal foraging hypothesis assumes no relationship between predator body size and diet breadth because large predators should shift from small prey to large prey to maximize the net energy intake. Using the diets and body sizes of 89 non‐web building spider species obtained from public databases (World Spider Trait database, Spiders of Europe and World Spider Catalogue), we investigated the relationship between body size and diet breadth in this group of terrestrial arthropod predators. We found that the taxonomic niche diet breadth measured by Hill numbers (i.e., prey richness, Shannon index of diversity and Simpson index of equitability) had no significant relationship with spider body size. The minimum prey size did not show any relationship with spider body size. On the other hand, mean, maximum, range and variability in prey size increased with spider body size. The results provide support for both hypotheses. The pattern in prey taxonomic dimension supports the optimal foraging hypothesis, while the pattern in prey size dimension supports the handling hypothesis. Overall, the observed distinct patterns between the taxonomic and prey size niche axes can be caused by the fact that the non‐web building spiders utilize similar prey types that are however highly size‐structured.

Prognostic Value of Red Cell Distribution Width in Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a haematological parameter that indicates the range of sizes of red blood cells. It is now widely acknowledged as a prognostic indicator for ischaemic stroke. Aim and Objective: To Study theprognostic value of red cell distribution width (RDW) in outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Method: The cross-sectional study was undertaken at Aarupadi Veedu Medical College in Puducherry. It included 61 patients, aged 18-80 years, who were diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke within 48 hours. Clinical assessment of patient by NIHSS Score and measuring the outcome by modified Rankin scale. The study took place in both the Outpatient and Inpatient in Department of General Medicine. Results: The study indicates a notable proportion of male more than female ,older participants (64.0% aged 56 years and above), There is a significant occurrence of hypertension (62.3%) and diabetes mellitus (63.9%) a substantial frequency of individuals who do not smoke (63.9%), and a majority of participants who do not use alcohol (77.0%). Levels of RDW exhibited significant positive relationships with stroke severity. Conclusion: The study highlights the potential of Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) as a helpful predictive indicator in outcome of ischemic stroke. Increased RDW levels were observed to have a substantial correlate with more severe stroke and disability, as indicated by strong associations with NIHSS and mRS scores. The study emphasizes the usefulness of RDW in assessing the severity of ischaemic stroke and emphasizes the need for additional research to improve its clinical use.

Microplastic Contamination in Landfill Leachate and Surface Water: Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Efficiency at the Nonthaburi Waste Management Center, Thailand

Microplastics (MPs), plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as a significant environmental concern, particularly as contaminants originating from landfills. Landfills can serve as a major source of MPs, potentially releasing them into surface water through leachate. This study aims to investigate the contamination of MPs in leachate and surface water, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of landfill wastewater treatment in removing these particles. The research was conducted at the Waste Management Center of the Nonthaburi Provincial Administrative Organization, Thailand, with samples collected in June 2023. Sampling included two leachate sources, influent and effluent from the treatment system and surface water. The abundance and characteristics of MPs in each sample were analyzed. Results indicated a significant presence of MPs in leachate, with an average concentration of 173.98 pieces/L, while concentrations in influent, effluent and surface water were 38.40 pieces/L, 10.80 pieces/L and 11.33 pieces/L, respectively. MPs in all samples were predominantly in the size range of 16-100 µm, corresponding to 71.28-93.75% of the total particles. Polypropylene was the dominant polymer in leachate (69.66%) and effluent (48.94%), whereas acrylate copolymer (96.53%) and polytetrafluoroethylene (44.12%) were the major types found in influent and surface water, respectively. The wastewater treatment system of the landfill demonstrated an overall removal efficiency of 71.88% for MPs in leachate. These findings highlight the extent of MP contamination in landfill environments and the importance of improving treatment processes to mitigate their release into surrounding ecosystems.

Feed Monocalcium Phosphate Derived from Wet-process Phosphoric Acid and Calcium-based Raw Materials

In this study, granulated feed-grade monocalcium phosphate was produced using highly purified wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA) and finely milled limestone (99.5% CaCO3). The WPA was desulfated to 0.09–0.14% SO₃, defluorinated to 0.18–0.20% F, and concentrated to 50.55% P₂O₅. Under controlled conditions—achieving a 95% reaction rate and a 15-minute decomposition time—a high-quality product was obtained. The final composition included 50.45% digestible P₂O₅, 38.02% water-soluble P₂O₅, 21.14% total CaO, and 14.39% water-soluble CaO, with a fluoride content of 0.16%. The granules achieved 2.13 MPa in strength, with over 85% in the optimal 2-3 mm size range, meeting GOST 23999-80 standards. This phosphate supplement offers high bioavailability for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture.

Staining and resin embedding of whole Daphnia magna samples for micro-CT imaging enabling 3D visualization of cells, tissues, and organs.

Micro-CT imaging is a powerful tool for generating high-resolution, isotropic, three-dimensional datasets of whole, centimeter-scale model organisms. At histological resolutions, micro-CT can be used for whole-animal qualitative and quantitative characterization of tissue and organismal structure in health and disease. The small size, global freshwater distribution, wide range of cell size and structures of micron scale, and common use of Daphnia magna in toxicological and environmental studies make it an ideal model for demonstrating the potential power of micro-CT-enabled whole-organism phenotyping. This protocol details the steps involved in D. magna samples preparation for micro-CT, including euthanasia, fixation, staining, and resin embedding. Micro-CT reconstructions of samples imaged using synchrotron micro-CT reveal histological (microanatomic) features of organ systems, tissues, and cells in the context of the entire organism at sub-micron resolution and in 3D. The enabled "3D histology" and 3D renderings can be used for morphometric analyses across cells, tissues, and organ systems.