Range Research Laboratory Research Articles

The effects of genotype-by-environment interactions on body condition score across three winter supplemental feed environments in a composite beef cattle breed in Montana.

Cattle operations in the Northern Great Plains region of the United States face extreme cold weather conditions and require nutritional supplementation over the winter season in order for animals to maintain body condition. In cow-calf operations, body condition scores (BCS) measured at calving and breeding have been shown to be associated with several economically important health and fertility traits, so maintenance of BCS is both an animal welfare and economic concern. A low-to-medium heritability has been found for BCS when measured across various production stages, indicating a large environmental influence but sufficient genetic basis for selection. The present study evaluated BCS measured prior to calving (late winter) and breeding (early summer) under three winter supplementation environments in a multitrait linear mixed model. Traits were discretized by winter supplementation and genetic correlations between environments were considered a reflection of evidence for genotype-by-environment interactions between BCS and diet. Winter supplementation treatments were fed October through April and varied by range access and protein content: 1) feedlot environment with approximately 15% crude protein (CP) corn/silage diet, 2) native rangeland access with 1.8kg of an 18% CP pellet supplement, and 3) native rangeland access with a self-fed 50% CP and mineral supplement. A total of 2,988 and 2,353 records were collected across multiple parities on 1,010 and 800 individuals for prebreeding and precalving BCS, respectively. Heifers and cows came from a composite beef cattle breed developed and maintained by the USDA Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory near Miles City, Montana. Genetic correlations between treatments 1 and 2, 1 and 3, and 2 and 3 were 0.98, 0.78, and 0.65 and 1.00, 0.98, and 0.99 for precalving and prebreeding BCS, respectively. This provides moderate evidence of genotype-by-environment interactions for precalving BCS under treatment 3 relative to treatments 1 and 2, but no evidence for genotype-by-environment interactions for prebreeding BCS. Treatment 3 differed substantially in CP content relative to treatments 1 and 2, indicating that some animals differ in their ability to maintain BCS up to spring calving across a protein gradient. These results indicate the potential for selection of animals with increased resilience under cold weather conditions and high protein, restricted energy diets to maintain BCS.

Developmental and reproductive characteristics of beef heifers classified by pubertal status at time of first breeding.

Data collected for 10 or more years at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE ( = 1,104); the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE ( = 1,333); and the USDA, ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT ( = 1,176) were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate growth and reproductive performance of beef heifers classified by pubertal status before first breeding. Concentrations of progesterone in serum from 2 blood samples collected 9 to 11 d apart before the breeding season classified heifers as pubertal (progesterone ≥ 1.0 ng/mL in 1 or both samples) or nonpubertal (progesterone < 1.0 ng/mL in both samples). Average date of birth was earlier ( < 0.06) and proportion born in the first 21 d of the calving season was 10 to 20 percentage points greater for heifers that were pubertal at the start of breeding compared with heifers not pubertal by the start of breeding. Heifers that were pubertal by the start of breeding were 7 to 10 kg heavier ( < 0.01) and 1 cm taller ( < 0.01) at weaning than heifers not pubertal by the start of breeding. Differences in BW persisted through the start of breeding to pregnancy diagnosis. Heifers that achieved puberty by the start of breeding had greater ( < 0.05) feed intake and G:F during postweaning development and had greater ( < 0.01) LM area and fat thickness over the LM at approximately 1 yr of age compared with heifers not pubertal by the start of breeding. Heifers that achieved puberty before the start of breeding had greater ( < 0.01) ADG from birth to weaning but slower ( < 0.10) rates of gain from the start of breeding through pregnancy diagnosis. Pregnancy rate was greater ( < 0.01) for heifers that were pubertal at the start of breeding. In heifers that became pregnant, those that were pubertal before the start of breeding calved earlier ( < 0.01), with a greater ( < 0.01) percentage calving in the first 21 d of calving than heifers not pubertal at the start of breeding. Calves from heifers that achieved puberty before the start of breeding were heavier at weaning ( < 0.01) than calves from heifers that had not achieved puberty by the start of breeding. In summary, heifers that failed to achieve puberty by the start of breeding were less desirable for several traits evaluated. Based on these results, implementing feeding strategies to increase the proportion of heifers that achieve puberty before first breeding could result in propagation of undesirable characteristics.

A History of Plant Improvement by the USDA-ARS Forage and Range Research Laboratory for Rehabilitation of Degraded Western U.S. Rangelands

On the Ground Climate change models for the western United States predict warmer winters in the Great Basin and hotter, drier summers in the Mojave Desert, increasing the already high rate of rangeland and pasture degradation, which in turnwill increase annual grass invasion, escalate wildfire frequency, and reduce forage production. These changes in western U.S. rangelands will continue to result in the emergence of novel ecosystems that will require different and/or improved plant materials for successful revegetation. Traditional plant improvement of native and non-native rangeland plant species by the USDA, ARS Forage and Range Research Laboratory (FRRL, Logan, Utah) has been accomplished through rigorous evaluation of seed collections followed by recurrent selection and hybridization of unique plant types within selected populations to identify plants with superior establishment and performance characteristics. After such plant types have been selected, they are further evaluated in multiple ecologic...

Notice of release of Fanny germplasm, Carmel germplasm, and Bonneville germplasm Searls prairie clover: selected class of natural germplasm

Three natural-track selected germplasms of Searls’ prairie clover ( Dalea searlsiae (A. Gray) Barneby [Fabaceae]) have been released by the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) for use in revegetation and restoration of semiarid rangelands in the western US. Searls’ prairie clover is a perennial leguminous forb that is native to Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California. Data from common-garden and DNA-marker studies were used to develop and document these releases. The ARS Forage and Range Research Laboratory was asked by the USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Colorado Plateau land managers to identify genetically similar collections within geographical regions and to subsequently release germplasms of Searls’ prairie clover for the Great Basin (Fanny germplasm) and Colorado Plateau (Carmel germplasm). In addition, several collections originating from near the Great Salt Lake in northwestern Utah were genetically distinct from Fanny and Carmel germplasms. Thus, Bonneville germplasm was identified to represent this distinct genetic group. This species is new to the commercial seed trade, and these are the first releases of this species for rangeland improvement.

A new perspective on trait differences between native and invasive exotic plants: reply.

EcologyVolume 96, Issue 4 p. 1152-1153 Comment A new perspective on trait differences between native and invasive exotic plants: reply A. Joshua Leffler, A. Joshua Leffler Forage and Range Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Logan, Utah 84322 USA. Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska–Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA. E-mail: jleffler@cc.usu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorJeremy J. James, Jeremy J. James Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Burns, Oregon 97720 USA. Present address: Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center, Browns Valley, California 95918 USA.Search for more papers by this authorThomas A. Monaco, Thomas A. Monaco Forage and Range Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Logan, Utah 84322 USA.Search for more papers by this authorRoger L. Sheley, Roger L. Sheley Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Burns, Oregon 97720 USA.Search for more papers by this author A. Joshua Leffler, A. Joshua Leffler Forage and Range Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Logan, Utah 84322 USA. Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska–Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA. E-mail: jleffler@cc.usu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorJeremy J. James, Jeremy J. James Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Burns, Oregon 97720 USA. Present address: Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center, Browns Valley, California 95918 USA.Search for more papers by this authorThomas A. Monaco, Thomas A. Monaco Forage and Range Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Logan, Utah 84322 USA.Search for more papers by this authorRoger L. Sheley, Roger L. Sheley Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Burns, Oregon 97720 USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 2015 https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1962.1Citations: 4 Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska–Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA. E-mail: jleffler@cc.usu.edu Present address: Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center, Browns Valley, California 95918 USA. Corresponding Editor: D. C. Laughlin. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume96, Issue4April 2015Pages 1152-1153 RelatedInformation

Sources of variability in livestock water quality over 5 years in the Northern Great Plains.

Concentrated dissolved minerals in naturally occurring water accessible to livestock grazing semiarid landscapes can negatively influence animal productivity and well-being. Twelve indicators of water quality (Ca, Cl, Fe, F, Mg, Mn, Na, nitrate N, pH, SO4, total dissolved solids [TDS], and temperature) were measured at 45 livestock water sites over 5 yr from 2009 through 2013 at the 22,257-ha USDA-ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (Miles City, MT) to estimate variation. Water was sampled from 4 sources: 1) flowing surface water, 2) groundwater, 3) reservoirs, and 4) springs. The sampled area was classified by 3 cardinal compass bearings (locations): 1) north, 2) southeast, and 3) southwest of the Yellowstone River. Samples were collected twice yearly in 2 seasons, May (wet) and September (dry). Year, location, source, and season and their interactions were analyzed as a 5 × 3 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. A location × year interaction (P < 0.04) was found for Mg, Na, SO4, and TDS. The southwest location had the greatest concentrations in 2012 of Na, SO4, and TDS. A source × year interaction (P < 0.02) was found for Ca, Fe, F, Mg, Mn, Na, SO4, TDS, and temperature. Iron, Mg, and Mn had the greatest concentrations in flowing surface water in 2012. Greater and then lower precipitation in 2011 followed by below-average precipitation in 2012 was associated with elevated mineral concentrations in sources in the southwest location and flowing surface water sources demonstrating sources of water quality variability within time and space at the study site. Average concentrations of Ca, Cl, Mg, and nitrate N and pH levels across sources and locations did not exceed the upper maximum intake level for beef cattle. In contrast, concentrations of F, Fe, Na, SO4, and TDS at times exceeded the upper maximum level for beef cattle, indicating these minerals may negatively impact range beef cattle performance.

Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: III. Steer weaning, finishing and carcass characteristics

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of early weaning steer calves on BW gain, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics in two herds located in the Northern Great Plains, USA. Steer calves from predominantly Angus×Hereford dams were stratified within dam age and calving date (Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (LARRL), Miles City, MT, USA; n=354) and randomly assigned to one of three weaning treatments. In addition, steer calves from Angus and Angus×Simmental dams (n=200; Judith Gap (JG), MT, USA) were stratified within breed group by age, calving date, and AI sire. Steer calves either remained with their dams until normal weaning (NW) at approximately 213-d of age or were early weaned at approximately 80-d of age onto one of two early weaning (EW) diets. Steer calves assigned to EW treatments received one of the following diets: (1) 17.5% CP (69% RDP and 7.53MJ/kg NEm); or (2) 17.5% CP (57% RDP and 7.69MJ/kg NEm). At time of normal weaning all LARRL steers were gathered and brought into pens at LARRL and held for 22 (2005) or 28-d (2006) before being sold to a commercial feedlot. Sire-identified steers from JG were sent to the University of Illinois for a finishing trial following a 28-d holding period. Steers that were EW were heavier (P<0.01) at time of normal weaning and entered the finishing phase in greater BW (P<0.01) than NW steers in both LARRL and JG studies. Age at harvest was similar for all LARRL steers (P=0.79) regardless of weaning treatment whereas sire-identified JG steers that received EW treatment were harvested at a younger age (P<0.01) than NW steers. Sire-identified steers from JG that received EW treatments received better USDA quality grades (P=0.05; upper 2/3 choice or better) than NW treated steers (P<0.01; lower 1/3 choice). Results from the present studies strongly support the concept that early-weaned steers reach maturity sooner during the finishing phase. However, if early-weaned steers are not identified prior to entrance into the feed yard and harvested at the same time as normal weaned calves of similar genetics and age, then early-weaned steers may be subject to undesirable USDA yield grades (4 or greater).

Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: II. Development of replacement heifers weaned at 80 or 215 d of age

Studies were conducted to evaluate effects of weaning and subsequent heifer development treatments within two herds located in the Northern Great Plains, USA. Heifer calves from predominantly Angus×Hereford dams were stratified within dam age and calving date (Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (LARRL), Miles City, MT, USA; n=328) and randomly assigned within study and strata to one of three weaning treatments. Heifer calves from Angus and Angus×Simmental dams (n=167; Judith Gap (JG), MT, USA) were stratified within breed group by age, calving date, and AI sire. Heifer calves either remained with their dams until time of normal weaning (NW; approximately 213d of age) or were early weaned (approximately 80d of age) onto one of two early weaning (EW) diets. Heifer calves assigned to EW treatments received one of the following diets: (1) 17.5% CP (69% RDP and 7.53MJ/kg NEm or (2) 17.5% CP (57% RDP and 7.69MJ/kg NEm). At the time of normal weaning, heifers from LARRL (2005 and 2006) were further divided into two heifer development (HD) diet treatments that differed only in proportion of RDP: (1) 12.5% CP (83% RDP and 6.28MJ/kg NEm); or (2) 12.5% CP (72% RDP and 6.28MJ/kg NEm). Heifers from JG were fed a common heifer development diet. Heifer BW at time of normal weaning revealed that EW heifers were heavier, regardless of type of protein delivered by EW treatments (P<0.10). Heifer BW at the end of the development period was greater for EW heifers at LARRL (P<0.01) and similar for JG heifers (P=0.35) regardless of weaning treatment. Heifers at LARRL that received EW treatments had a greater percentage pubertal (P<0.06) from 39 to 2d before breeding compared to NW heifers. Pregnancy rates were not influenced by early weaning or heifer development treatments at LARRL (P>0.05); however, a greater percentage of EW heifers became pregnant throughout the breeding season at JG (P=0.03). These experiments demonstrate early weaning is a viable option to develop and breed heifers in extensive beef production systems in the Northern Great Plains, USA. When production may be jeopardized by environmental conditions (e.g., drought), early weaning calves will not impair a heifers opportunity to be retained as replacement females as early weaned heifers have similar or greater reproductive success than heifers that are normal weaned.

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory's Historic Role in the Settlement of the West and Present Contributions to Range Ecology and Livestock Research

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory's Historic Role in the Settlement of the West and Present Contributions to Range Ecology and Livestock Research DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i5_petersen

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory's Historic Role in the Settlement of the West and Present Contributions to Range Ecology and Livestock Research

Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory's Historic Role in the Settlement of the West and Present Contributions to Range Ecology and Livestock Research

‘Don’, a Diploid Falcata Alfalfa for Western U.S. Rangelands

‘Don’ (Reg. No. CV‐205, PI 655519), a diploid falcata alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp falcata L.), was developed by the Forage and Range Research Laboratory in Logan, UT, in cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University. Recent interest in falcata alfalfa has been high due to its value for increasing the productivity of rangelands. Don was selected for persistence under harsh conditions, uniform yellow flower color, increased seed production, and large‐stature plants. Don traces to PI20725, an original collection made by N.E. Hansen in the Don Province of Russia. Don was tested as AU021. Don is significantly more persistent than typical sativa (M. sativa Subsp sativa L.)–type alfalfas and is meant for use in mixed plantings with grasses either in range or pasture situations typical of the Intermountain region of the western United States. In comparative trials, including irrigated and nonirrigated, where 25 to 50% mortality was observed on sativa alfalfas, Don showed no mortality. When used in mixtures, the production advantage of Don with tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub; syn. Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.] and meadow brome (Bromus riparius Rehm.) ranged from 10 to 32% When Don is grown with crested wheatgrass on dry rangelands, similar production advantages are expected, which will make rangelands more productive. Furthermore, when grown in mixtures with grasses, Don will not dominate; rather, it has a low growth habit and stays well below the canopy of most cool‐season grasses.

Livestock Management During Drought in the Northern Great Plains. I. A Practical Predictor of Annual Forage Production

This research addressed the hypothesis that spring precipitation data can be used to detect agricultural drought early in the growing season. The Rangetek range model was used to simulate yearly forage data based on historical precipitation and temperature records from the USDA-ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (Miles City, MT) and the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Manyberries Substation (Lethbridge, AB, Canada). Monthly total precipitation and monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures were used to develop regression equations predicting growing season forage production at the Fort Keogh Laboratory and Manyberries Substation. At Fort Keogh Laboratory, a combination of fall (October and November) and spring (April and May) precipitation were predictors of simulated forage yield index (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.84). At Manyberries Substation, April and May precipitation were predictors of simulated forage yield index (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.44). Using the actual forage data from Manyberries Substation yielded similar results, in that April, May, and June were predictors of forage production (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.50). Although the regression equation for actual forage production data from Manyberries Substation did indicate that July precipitation was a significant predictor, adding July precipitation did not increase the ability of the equation to detect reduced forage production. These results imply that annual forage production can be estimated with considerable confidence by July 1 and that forage produced by early July is a good indicator of total growing season forage production. Early season detection of drought effects on forage production provides much-needed flexibility in devising management alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of drought on rangelands and beef enterprises.

AC Saltlander green wheatgrass

AC Saltlander originated from seeds collected in Turkey by United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) scientists. Plants from these seeds were grown in a nursery near Logan, UT, where researchers at the USDA Forage and Range Research Laboratory selected desirable parents to obtain caespitose growth. In a collaborative project, selected germplasm of this natural hybrid was made available to the Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre (SPARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) for salt-tolerance testing and improvement. A series of mass selection breeding cycles was conducted at Swift Current, where the resulting plants were evaluated for resistence to root-zone salinity, winter hardiness, and desirable plant morphology, including uniform plant colour, vegetative vigour, leafiness, seed-set, and freedom from plant pests. The progenies from each cycle were cloned, half of which were transported to the Agricultural Research Service Laboratory in Utah, and half intercrossed to develop AC Saltlander, a palatable forage with salinity tolerance equal to that of tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Lui &amp; Wang]. Key words: Green wheatgrass, salt-tolerant forage, salinity, Elymus hoffmannii, perennial forage, reclamation grass

Effects of sire misidentification on estimates of genetic parameters for birth and weaning weights in Hereford cattle.

Birth weights (4,155) and weaning weights (3,884) of Line 1 Herefords collected at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory in Miles City, MT, between the years of 1935 to 1989 were available. To study the effect of misidentification on estimates of genetic parameters, the sire identification of calf was randomly replaced by the identification of another sire based on the fraction of progeny each sire contributed to a yearly calf crop. Misidentification rates ranged from 5 to 50% with increments of 5%. For each rate of misidentification, 100 replicates were obtained and analyzed with single-trait and two-trait analyses with a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) algorithm. Two different models were used. Both models contained year x sex combinations and ages of dam as fixed effects, calendar birth date as a fixed covariate, and random animal and maternal genetic effects and maternal permanent environment effects. Model 2 also included sire x year combinations as random effects. As the rate of misidentification increased, estimates of the direct-maternal genetic correlation increased for both traits, with both models, for all analyses. With singletrait analyses, estimates of the fraction of variance that were due to sire x year interaction effects increased slightly for birth weight (near zero) and decreased slightly (0.015 to 0.004) for weaning weight as misidentification increased. With two-trait analyses, estimates of fraction of variance that were due to sire x year effects gradually decreased for weaning weight as misidentification increased. With the two-trait analyses, and with both models, as the level of sire misidentification increased, estimates of the genetic correlation between direct effects gradually increased, and estimates of the correlation between maternal effects gradually decreased. Estimates of the direct-maternal genetic correlation were more positive with Model 2 than with Model 1 for all levels of misidentification. Results of this study indicate that misidentification of sires would severely bias estimates of genetic parameters and would reduce genetic gain from selection.

Evaluating longevity of composite beef females using survival analysis techniques.

Objectives were to 1) identify risk factors affecting the longevity of beef females, 2) evaluate the utility of measures collected early in life in predicting longevity, and 3) estimate the heritability of longevity when females were culled primarily for not being pregnant following a 45-d breeding season. Data were from 1,379 Composite Gene Combination (CGC; 1/2 Red Angus, 1/4 Charolais, 1/4 Tarentaise) cows born from 1982 through 1999 at the USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT, and first calving at approximately 2 yr of age. The length of productive life was modeled using Cox regression to identify factors affecting the longevity of beef females. Age at first calving and calf birth weight did not influence longevity. Cows that experienced dystocia were at greater risk of being culled than those that calved without assistance (P < 0.01). On average, as breeding value for cow weight increased, the risk of being culled decreased (P < 0.01), whereas the risk of being culled increased with increasing maternal breeding values for preweaning gain (P < 0.05). Traits measured before 1 yr of age were not useful in predicting the subsequent longevity of cows. The heritability of functional longevity was estimated to be 0.14. Relatively low heritability and the lack of indicators of longevity expressed early in life suggest that genetic improvement of longevity will be difficult. Matching the genetic potential of cows for size and milk production to the production environment such that rebreeding performance is not compromised by concurrent lactation seems to be a consideration in retaining beef females when open cows are culled.

Breeding Improved Grasses for Semiarid Rangelands

Vast areas of semiarid rangelands in western USA are severely degraded and infested with troublesome weeds such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead rye (Taeniatherum asperum). Reseeding with appropriate plant materials that are adapted to the site and competitive enough to replace existing undesirable vegetation is often the most plausible way to reclaim such sites. Unfortunately, many of our native grasses are more difficult to establish and are not as competitive with these exotic weedy grasses as their introduced counterparts, including crested and Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum, A. desertorum, and A. fragile). Most native grasses did not evolve under intense management or in association with species as competitive as cheatgrass. Genetically improved germplasms and cultivars of native and introduced (naturalized) grasses have been and are being developed by the Forage and Range Research Laboratory (FRRL) of the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) in cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UAES) and other agencies. These plant materials have demonstrated the potential for increasing the genetic diversity, protecting watersheds and soil resources, and improving the habitat and grazing potential for livestock and wildlife on semiarid rangelands. Research is also in progress at FRRL to develop germplasm and methodology whereby introduced grasses may be used in combination with natives, and in some instances assist in the establishment of native stands. The proper choice of plant materials must be based on objective criteria if we are to protect our lands and natural resources from further degradation.

Drought and Grazing: II. Effects on Runoff and Water Quality

Understanding the interacting effects of drought and grazing on runoff, erosion, and nutrient transport is essential for improved rangeland management. Research was conducted at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory located near Miles City, Mont. using 12, non-weighing lysimeters for 3 years. During years 1 and 3, no drought treatment was imposed. For year 2, one half of the lysimeters were covered to implement a drought treatment. The 3 grazing treatments were ungrazed, grazed during but not after drought, and grazed during and after drought. Runoff, sediment yield, and an array of nutrients in the runoff water were measured from the lysimeters. First year base line data with no grazing or drought treatments applied indicated no significant differences among lysimeters. Below normal precipitation occurred during year 2, resulting in no runoff from the drought treatment and negated the non-drought control. This prevented a direct assessment of the interaction among the drought and grazing treatments for this year. The drought treatment did produce significant reductions in water, sediment, and nutrient yield. No grazing impact was observed during year 2. The third year with more normal precipitation, there was a trend toward increased runoff, sediment, and nutrient yield from the second year drought treatment lysimeters. In the third year, both grazing treatments showed significantly greater runoff, sediment, and nutrient yield than the ungrazed treatment. Runoff and sediment yield tended to increase from the combination of drought and grazing treatments. The observed increases in runoff and sediment and reduced water quality from the drought and grazing treatments were measured against controls and when compared to the natural variability and water quality standards, they were concluded to be minimal. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_emmerich

Drought and Grazing: IV. Blue Grama and Western Wheatgrass

An understanding of the impacts of grazing during and following drought on rangeland ecosystems is critical for developing effective drought management strategies. This study was designed to examine the effects of drought and grazing on blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K) Lag. ex Griffiths] and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii Rydb. (Love)] tiller growth dynamics. Research was conducted from 1993 to 1996 at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory located near Miles City, Mont. An automated rainout shelter was used during 1994 to impose a severe late spring to early fall (May to October) drought on 6 of twelve, 5- x 10-m non-weighing lysimeters. Twice replicated grazing treatments were: 1) grazed both the year of (1994) and the year after (1995) drought; 2) grazed the year of and rested the year after drought; and 3) no grazing either year. Drought had minimal impact on tiller relative growth rates of plants grazed twice, although it reduced (P less than or equal to 0.01) rates of axillary tiller emergence for blue grama (79%) and western wheatgrass (91%), respectively. Defoliation periodically increased relative growth rates (P less than or equal to 0.05) and tiller emergence (P less than or equal to 0.01) of both species. Neither drought nor grazing affected tiller densities or tiller replacement rates of either species nor did they affect productivity of blue grama. Drought, however, reduced (P less than or equal to 0.01) productivity of western wheatgrass 50% in 1994 whereas grazing reduced productivity (P less than or equal to 0.01) by 46% in 1994 and 69% in 1995. Moderate stocking levels (40-50% utilization) during and after drought did not adversely affect the sustainability of these dominant native grasses. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i1_eneboe

Drought and grazing: IV. Blue grama and western wheatgrass

An understanding of the impacts of grazing during and following drought on rangeland ecosystems is critical for developing effective drought management strategies. This study was designed to examine the effects of drought and grazing on blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K) Lag. ex Griffiths] and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii Rydb. (Love)] tiller growth dynamics. Research was conducted from 1993 to 1996 at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory located near Miles City, Mont. An automated rainout shelter was used during 1994 to impose a severe late spring to early fall (May to October) drought on 6 of twelve, 5- x 10-m non-weighing lysimeters. Twice replicated grazing treatments were: 1) grazed both the year of (1994) and the year after (1995) drought; 2) grazed the year of and rested the year after drought; and 3) no grazing either year. Drought had minimal impact on tiller relative growth rates of plants grazed twice, although it reduced (P less than or equal to 0.01) rates of axillary tiller emergence for blue grama (79%) and western wheatgrass (91%). Defoliation periodically increased relative growth rates (P less than or equal to 0.05) and tiller emergence (P less than or equal to 0.01) of both species. Neither drought nor grazing affected tiller densities or tiller replacement rates of either species nor did they affect productivity of blue grama. Drought, however, reduced (P less than or equal to 0.01) productivity of western wheatgrass 50% in 1994 whereas grazing reduced productivity (P less than or equal to 0.01) by 46% in 1994 and 69% in 1995. Moderate stocking levels (40-50% utilization) during and after drought did not adversely affect the sustainability of these dominant native grasses.