Trunk Rotation Range Research Articles

Measuring the Average Peak Timing of Kinematic Variables in Youth and Adolescent Baseball Pitchers.

Previous studies have examined the timing of peak kinematic variables during the pitching cycle in high school, collegiate, and professional pitchers. These same variables have been studied less in younger populations. To determine whether youth and adolescent baseball pitchers will experience peaks in certain kinematic variables at different times throughout the pitching cycle compared to professional/collegiate pitchers. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Twenty-four participants were recruited for testing consisting of five recorded pitches using 3-Dimensional VICON® motion analysis system. The maximum values and timing of the peak kinematic variables were averaged across all trials using VICON Polygon® data analysis software. These values were recorded as percentages of the pitching cycle, defined from foot contact (0%) to ball release (100%). The following variables were examined: shoulder external rotation range of motion, shoulder internal rotation velocity, trunk rotation range of motion, trunk rotation velocity, pelvic rotation velocity, and stride length. Descriptive outcomes were calculated and results were compared to previous studies examining the same variables in collegiate and professional pitchers. Twenty-four male participants (mean age 12.75 years, SD ± 2.02) were included in the study. Mean and standard deviations were identified for peak kinematic variables of shoulder external rotation ROM (158.71°, ±9.32), shoulder internal rotation velocity (92.26 rad/sec, ±19.29), trunk rotation velocity (15.94 rad/sec, ±1.68), trunk rotation ROM (23.57°, ±8.14), and average stride length (81.97% height ±4.57). Additionally, mean and standard deviations of peak kinematic variables were expressed as percentages to reflect when they occurred in the pitching cycle and included trunk rotation ROM (8.45%, ±12.72), pelvic rotation velocity (33.26%, ±16.42), trunk rotation velocity (41.59%, ±9.27), shoulder external rotation ROM (71.34%, ±6.61), and shoulder internal rotation velocity (86.93%, ±6.45). The sequential order of each variable was similar in youth and adolescents in comparison to collegiate and professional pitchers. However, the timing of each variable within the pitching cycle occurred approximately 10% earlier in the younger pitchers. The findings suggest differences in pitching mechanics exist between younger and more experienced populations. Level 3.

Effect of forearm positions on scapular movements and trunk rotation angles.

[Purpose] The study investigated the impact of distinct forearm positions on scapular movement and trunk rotation angles. [Participants and Methods] We enrolled 23 healthy young males. Measurements of trunk rotation and relative scapular segment angles were acquired under three conditions employing three-dimensional motion analysis, each executed in a seated posture: (1) both forearms in a neutral position, (2) the forearm on the rotational side adopted supination while the opposite forearm utilized pronation, and (3) the forearm on the rotational side employed pronation while the opposite forearm assumed supination. [Results] The scapular angles in all three scenarios reflected downward rotation, posterior tilt, and external rotation of the rotational-side scapula. Conversely, the contralateral scapula exhibited upward rotation, anterior tilt, and internal rotation. Although the scapular and trunk rotation angles corresponded with the three forearm positions, all three were significantly different and were significantly increased when the rotational-side forearm was in supination (opposite side pronation) and decreased when the rotational-side forearm was in pronation (opposite side supination). [Conclusion] During trunk rotation, regular scapular movements were observed, which varied depending on forearm position and influenced the range of trunk rotation.

Analysis of Research Trends for Trunk Rotation Range of Motion

Analysis of Research Trends for Trunk Rotation Range of Motion

The relationship between trunk rotation and shot speed when performing ice hockey wrist shots

ABSTRACT There has been minimal work examining kinematics of ice hockey wrist shots. The objective was to determine if puck and blade speed were related to trunk rotation during wrist shots in elite and recreational players. Elite (n = 10) and recreational (n = 10) ice hockey players completed wrist shots while skating and from a stationary position on real ice. A 14 camera motion capture system collected kinematic data for the trunk, pelvis, stick, and puck. Dependent variables included peak puck and blade speeds. Independent variables included peak trunk rotation angles, trunk rotation range of motion (ROM), and group (elite vs. recreational). Hierarchical linear models compared relationships between dependent and independent variables for both skating and stationary wrist shots. Greater peak trunk rotation away from the net was related (p < 0.05) to faster puck and blade speeds for skating and stationary wrist shots. This relationship was stronger in the recreational group for skating wrist shots (p < 0.01). Greater trunk rotation ROM was related (p = 0.01) to faster puck and blade speeds for the skating wrist shots only. Coaches should encourage players to increase trunk rotation away from the net during wrist shots, especially in recreational players.

The “upper limb rotation test”: Reliability and validity study of a new upper extremity physical performance test

ObjectivesThe primary purpose was to evaluate the reliability of the Upper Limb Rotation Test (ULRT). The secondary objective was to evaluate the relationship between the ULRT and two PPTs (SMBT and CKCUEST), trunk rotation range of motion (SRT) and shoulder rotational isometric strength. DesignReliability study and correlation study. SettingLaboratory. Participants91 healthy adults participated to establish the reliability and validity of the ULRT. Main outcome measuresWe used a two-session measurement design to evaluate the reliability of the ULRT. The SMBT, CKCUEST, SAC and the SRT were performed to determine relationships with the ULRT. ResultsResults showed good reliability. The SEM 95 and the MDC95 showed clinically acceptable absolute reliability values for the ULRT. A moderate correlation was found between the ULRT and CKCUEST scores. A moderate correlation was found between ULRT and SMBT scores. ConclusionsResults demonstrated good relative reliability and clinically acceptable absolute reliability values for the ULRT. Performances on the ULRT were moderately correlated with the PPTs.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRUNK ROTATION, UPPER QUARTER DYNAMIC STABILITY, AND THE KERLAN-JOBE ORTHOPAEDIC CLINIC OVERHEAD ATHLETE SHOULDER AND ELBOW SCORE IN DIVISION I COLLEGIATE PITCHERS

The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between active trunk rotation range of motion (TROM), upper quarter dynamic stability, and composite and individual item KJOC scores in collegiate baseball pitchers. A secondary purpose was to determine whether differences exist between baseball pitchers with and without an injury history in terms of their performance on TROM, upper quarter dynamic stability, and composite and individual KJOC scores. It was hypothesized that increased TROM and upper quarter dynamic stability are associated with better (higher) KJOC scores and pitchers with an injury history would exhibit lower KJOC scores compared to uninjured pitchers. Cross-sectional Cohort Study. Thirty-six college pitchers were assessed for TROM, performance on the Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-UQ) and they also completed the KJOC. Subjects were grouped based on previous injury history: injured, required surgery, (IS, n=9), injured, no surgery, (INS, n=6), and uninjured (UI, n=21). Pearson's Correlations were used to assess relationships between clinical measurements and the KJOC. One-way ANOVAs were used to assess differences in TROM, YBT-UQ, and KJOC scores between groups (P<0.05). No significant relationships were detected between TROM measures and KJOC composite scores (throwing arm: r = .239, p = 0.16; non-throwing arm: r=.291, p = 0.09). A moderate relationship was found between the YBT-UQ and the KJOC scores (throwing arm: r = .413, p = 0.01; non-throwing arm: r=.380, p = 0.02). The mean KJOC scores for item 1 (warm-up limitations) were significantly different between all three groups (IS: 6.7, INS: 9.7, UI: 9.1; p = 0.015). Mean scores on item 5 (strain on relationships with coaches) and item 8 (limitations in competition endurance) were significantly different between the IS and UI groups (Item 5 = IS: 7.8, UI: 9.5, p = 0.02; Item 8=IS: 6.4, UI: 8.8, p = 0.04). A positive moderate association was found between upper quarter dynamic stability as measured by the YBT-UQ and the KJOC. Pitchers with no surgical history had better KJOC scores for warm up time, competitive endurance, and impact on team relationships. 3.

端座位体幹回旋運動角度に対する骨盤肢位と上肢肢位の影響

〔目的〕端座位における骨盤肢位と上肢肢位の違いが体幹回旋運動の角度に及ぼす影響について検討した．〔対象と方法〕対象を健常大学生20名として，他動的体幹関節可動域，体幹筋力を計測した．2種類の骨盤肢位と上肢肢位の端座位で，左右体幹回旋角度を計測した．各条件の違いを左右に分けて二元配置分散分析，体幹回旋可動域と体幹筋力との関係をPearsonの相関係数で分析した．〔結果〕上肢肢位にかかわらず骨盤肢位の違いにより体幹回旋運動角度に有意差がみられたが，上肢肢位の違いによる有意差はなかった．また，修正座位における体幹回旋運動角度と，体幹関節可動域および体幹筋力の間に有意な相関がみられた．〔結語〕骨盤肢位の違いが，体幹回旋運動角度に影響を及ぼし，修正座位における体幹筋力に相関していることが示唆される．

Effects of thigh holster use on kinematics and kinetics of active duty police officers

BackgroundBody armour, duty belts and belt mounted holsters are standard equipment used by the Swedish police and have been shown to affect performance of police specific tasks, to decrease mobility and to potentially influence back pain. This study aimed to investigate the effects on gait kinematics and kinetics associated with use of an alternate load carriage system incorporating a thigh holster. MethodsKinematic, kinetic and temporospatial data were collected using three dimensional gait analysis. Walking tests were conducted with nineteen active duty police officers under three different load carriage conditions: a) body armour and duty belt, b) load bearing vest, body armour and thigh holster and c) no equipment (control). FindingsNo significant differences between testing conditions were found for temporospatial parameters. Range of trunk rotation was reduced for both load carriage conditions compared to the control condition (p<0.017). Range of hip rotation was more similar to the control condition when wearing thigh holster rather than the belt mounted hip holster (p<0.017). Moments and powers for both left and right ankles were significantly greater for both of the load carriage conditions compared to the control condition (p<0.017). InterpretationThis study confirms that occupational loads carried by police have a significant effect on gait kinematics and kinetics. Although small differences were observed between the two load carriage conditions investigated in this study, results do not overwhelmingly support selection of one design over the other.

Ipsilateral and contralateral foot pronation affect lower limb and trunk biomechanics of individuals with knee osteoarthritis during gait

BackgroundLateral wedges have been suggested for the treatment of individuals with knee osteoarthritis, but it may have undesirable effects on the biomechanics of gait through increased foot pronation. This study investigated the effects of increased unilateral foot pronation on the biomechanics of individuals with knee osteoarthritis during gait. MethodsBiomechanical data of twenty individuals with knee osteoarthritis were collected while they walked in three conditions: i) flat sandals; ii) wedged sandal on the knee osteoarthritis limb and flat sandal on the healthy limb; and iii) flat sandal on the osteoarthritis and wedged sandal on the healthy limb. Knee pain and comfort were evaluated. Principal Component Analysis followed by ANOVA was implemented to identify differences between conditions. FindingsThe wedged sandal on the osteoarthritis limb increased rearfoot eversion (P<0.001; ES=0.79); increased shank rotation range of motion (P<0.001; ES=0.70); reduced knee internal rotation moment (P<0.001; ES=0.83); reduced hip internal rotation moment (P=0.001; ES=0.66); increased ipsilateral trunk lean (P=0.031; ES=0.47); and increased trunk rotation range of motion (P=0.001; ES=0.69). Walking with the wedged sandal on the healthy limb increased hip (P=0.003; ES=0.61) and knee (P=0.002; ES=0.63) adduction moments. Individuals reported greater comfort walking with the flat sandals (P=0.004; ES=0.55). InterpretationIncreased unilateral foot pronation of the knee osteoarthritis and healthy limbs causes lower limb and trunk mechanical changes that may overload the knee and the lower back, such as increased knee adduction moment, shank rotation and trunk lateral lean. Foot motion of both lower limbs should be evaluated and care must be taken when suggesting lateral wedges for individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Relationship between spinal range of motion and trunk muscle activity during trunk rotation.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between spinal range of motion and trunk muscle activity during trunk rotation using a three-dimensional motion analysis system and surface electromyography. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects comprised 11 healthy men. A three-dimensional motion analysis system measured the trunk rotational angle of 4 segments of the thoracic vertebrae and 2 segments of the lumbar vertebrae. Surface electromyography measured the activities of the unilateral latissimus dorsi, lumbar multifidus, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. [Results] During ipsilateral rotation at thoracic vertebral levels, the muscle activity of the latissimus dorsi and external oblique was significantly increased compared with the activity in the 0–10% range of trunk rotation. During early ipsilateral rotation at lumbar vertebral levels, the muscle activity of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis was significantly increased compared with that in the 0–10% range of trunk rotation. During contralateral rotation at both thoracic and lumbar vertebral levels, the muscle activity of the external oblique was significantly increased compared with that in the 0–10% range of trunk rotation. [Conclusion] This study indicates that it is important to consider vertebral segments and spinal range of motion during trunk rotation.

The effects of spinal posture and pelvic fixation on trunk rotation range of motion

Background Axial rotation of the trunk is important to many vocational tasks and activities of daily living, and may be associated with back injuries. The influence of spinal postures on trunk rotation appears conflicting. This study investigated the influence of forward trunk inclination, spinal posture and pelvic fixation on maximum trunk rotation. Methods Twenty male participants were assessed using an optoelectronic motion-analysis system to track trunk movement during maximal trunk rotations in different spinal positions within the sagittal plane. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance investigated the effects of forward trunk inclination, spinal posture and pelvic fixation on trunk and pelvic rotation. Test–retest reliability was determined using interclass correlation coefficients and standard error of measurement. Findings Forward trunk inclination at 45° yielded a 19% (6.2°; P < 0.001) increase in trunk rotation and a 40% (25.5°; P < 0.001) decrease in pelvic rotation when compared to standing. When flexing and extending the spine at a forward trunk inclination of 45° there was a 5% (1.9°; P < 0.01) and a 4% (1.6°; P < 0.05) decrease in trunk rotation. Fixing the pelvis increased the trunk rotation by up to 9% (3.3°; P < 0.001). Interpretation Inclining the trunk forward and maintaining a neutral spine maximised trunk rotation range of motion (RoM). This has implications for educational programmes intended to maximise sporting performance. Within the clinical setting, unrestricted observation of trunk rotations is considered more appropriate as it may benefit the clinician in determining possible detrimental relative flexibilities that may exist within the body.

Trunk Rotation Range of Motion, Core Strength, and Back Pain in Collegiate Male Rowers

Trunk Rotation Range of Motion, Core Strength, and Back Pain in Collegiate Male Rowers

An Assessment of Rotational Mobility of the Trunk among Teenagers with Faulty Posture

An Assessment of Rotational Mobility of the Trunk among Teenagers with Faulty Posture Body posture is determined by many factors, including central regulation connected with anti-gravitational mechanism which develops in ontogenesis. Postural disorders arise as a result of a compensatory anti-gravitational mechanism, in which the main component is reduced postural tone (volume and distribution disorders). Compensation mechanisms consist in improper alignment of particular body segments (distribution disorders) (e.g., increase or decrease of spinal curvatures, external or internal rotation of the lower limbs, valgus and varus deformity of the knees and feet). Such disorders may constitute a reason for abnormal component development, thus limiting trunk rotational mobility. An aim of the study was to assess the range of trunk rotational mobility. Pupils (n=123) aged 13-15 underwent the following parameter evaluations: 1. Posture according to Kasperczyk's scoring method, 2. Postural tone volume by analysis of pelvis control in the long sitting, 3. Range of trunk rotation with use of upper tension test (muscle latissimus dorsi and thoracolumbar fascia). Positive tension test was recorded in 32 children (21 unilateral and 11 bilateral). Diversification of statistical averages of scoring for body posture, from the lowest (x=6.41) in 91 subjects with negative tension test, to the highest (x=7.72) in 11 subjects with double-sided positive result was recorded. Statistical analyzes confirmed significance of correlation between body posture's quality and trunk's rotational mobility (r=0.286 at p=0.001), as well as between volume of postural tone and range of trunk's rotational mobility. Coefficients of correlation amount to, respectively, for tension test and free sitting position r=0.187, p=0.038; and for tension test and corrected sitting position r=0.253, p=0.05. Disorders of muscle tone volume and distribution cause limitation of trunk rotational mobility development.

Effect of a 10-Week Traditional Dance Program on Static and Dynamic Balance Control in Elderly Adults

This preliminary study examined the effect of a 10-wk traditional Greek dance program on static and dynamic balance indices in healthy elderly adults. Twenty-six community-dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to either an intervention group who took supervised Greek traditional dance classes for 10 wk (1 hr, 2 sessions/week, n = 14), or a control group (n = 12). Balance was assessed pre- and postintervention by recording the center-of-pressure (COP) variations and trunk kinematics during performance of the Sharpened-Romberg test, 1-leg (OL) stance, and dynamic weight shifting (WS). After practice, the dance group significantly decreased COP displacement and trunk sway in OL stance. A significant increase in the range of trunk rotation was noted during performance of dynamic WS in the sagittal and frontal planes. These findings support the use of traditional dance as an effective means of physical activity for improving static and dynamic balance control in the elderly.

Relationships Between Spasticity, Strength, Gait, and the GMFM-66 in Persons With Spastic Diplegia Cerebral Palsy

Ross SA, Engsberg JR. Relationships between spasticity, strength, gait, and the GMFM-66 in persons with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. Objective To determine the relationships between spasticity, strength, and the functional measures of gait and gross motor function in persons with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (CP). Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Setting Hospital clinic. Participants Ninety-seven participants (49 boys, 48 girls; mean age ± standard deviation, 9.11±4.8y) with spastic diplegia CP were tested once. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures A KinCom dynamometer was used to objectively measure spasticity (ankle plantarflexors, knee flexors, hip adductors) and maximum strength (ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, knee flexors and extensors, hip abductors and adductors). A gait analysis was conducted to evaluate linear variables (gait speed, stride length, cadence) and kinematic variables (ankle dorsiflexion, foot progression, knee and hip flexion, pelvic tilt at initial contact and ankle dorsiflexion, knee and hip flexion, pelvic tilt, trunk rotation range of motion) during gait. Gross motor function was measured using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and separately, the GMFM walking, running & jumping dimension. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between spasticity, strength, gait, and the GMFM ( P<.05). Results Spasticity did not account for a substantial amount of explained variance in gait and gross motor function (up to 8% for the GMFM walking, running & jumping dimension). Moderate to high correlations existed between strength and gait linear data and function, accounting for up to 69% of the explained variance (strength and GMFM-66, r 2=.69). Conclusions For this cohort of participants with spastic diplegia CP who ambulated with or without an assistive device, strength was highly related to function and explained far more of the variance than spasticity. The results may not be generalized to those with more severe forms of CP.

Measurement of Active Rotation in Standing: Reliability of a Simple Test Protocol

Interrater and intrarater reliability were evaluated for a test measuring active rotation range in a standing position. Subjects stood with their feet comfortably apart while a horizontal bar rested on their shoulders. A plumb bob attached to the end of the bar was allowed to drop to the floor, indicating maximal rotation range achieved. Two raters measured 24 subjects (M age = 35 +/- 14 yr.), who were sedentary office workers and active recreational golfers, on two occasions separated by two weeks to obtain values for left and right trunk rotation range. The test had good intrarater and interrater reliabilities, with standard error of measurement values varying from 5.6 degrees to 8.6 degrees against an overall mean range of 128 degrees. This simple active rotation test requires inexpensive equipment and could be incorporated into clinical examinations when there is a need to assess active rotation in standing with minimal constraints.

엘리트 야구 선수의 타격 특성 연구

The purpose of this study was to investigate the batting characteristics in elite baseball players. Seven skilled collegiate players hit the ball which was thrown by a pitching machine linearly and strongly to the center of the field. Time, velocity, angle and pound reaction force variables were measured by using high-speed video cameras and pound reaction force analyzer. The results were as follows: 1. The elite players finished their stride performance in a short time and they stayed longer in a swing phase. The increases in the range of trunk rotation were associated with the delay of the swing phase. 2. The 'take-back' phenomenon in the trunk was showed after the stride phase. 3. The down swing demonstrated powerful line drives. 4. Equivalent body weights were placed on both feet during the ready phase. 95% of the body weights were moved to the rear foot during the stride phase, whereas the body weights were driven to the front foot during the swing phase. 95% of the body weights were placed on the front foot at impact.

The Relationship between Limitation of Motion of the Transverse Tarsal Joint and Range of Trunk Rotation in Hemi-Standing

The Relationship between Limitation of Motion of the Transverse Tarsal Joint and Range of Trunk Rotation in Hemi-Standing

The effect of clinical spasticity on gait

Ross SA, Engsberg JR. Relationships between spasticity, strength, gait, and the GMFM-66 in persons with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy.To determine the relationships between spasticity, strength, and the functional measures of gait and gross motor function in persons with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (CP).Retrospective, cross-sectional study.Hospital clinic.Ninety-seven participants (49 boys, 48 girls; mean age ± standard deviation, 9.11±4.8y) with spastic diplegia CP were tested once.Not applicable.A KinCom dynamometer was used to objectively measure spasticity (ankle plantarflexors, knee flexors, hip adductors) and maximum strength (ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, knee flexors and extensors, hip abductors and adductors). A gait analysis was conducted to evaluate linear variables (gait speed, stride length, cadence) and kinematic variables (ankle dorsiflexion, foot progression, knee and hip flexion, pelvic tilt at initial contact and ankle dorsiflexion, knee and hip flexion, pelvic tilt, trunk rotation range of motion) during gait. Gross motor function was measured using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and separately, the GMFM walking, running & jumping dimension. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between spasticity, strength, gait, and the GMFM (P<.05).Spasticity did not account for a substantial amount of explained variance in gait and gross motor function (up to 8% for the GMFM walking, running & jumping dimension). Moderate to high correlations existed between strength and gait linear data and function, accounting for up to 69% of the explained variance (strength and GMFM-66, r2=.69).For this cohort of participants with spastic diplegia CP who ambulated with or without an assistive device, strength was highly related to function and explained far more of the variance than spasticity. The results may not be generalized to those with more severe forms of CP.

Hemiplegic gait: A kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis

The kinematics of treadmill ambulation of stroke patients (N = 9) and healthy subjects (N = 4) was studied at a wide range of different velocities (i.e. 0.25–1.5 m s−1), with a focus on the transverse rotations of the trunk. Video recordings revealed, for both stroke patients and healthy subjects, similar relations between walking speed and stride length as well as stride frequency. The phase difference between pelvic and thoracic rotations (i.e. trunk rotation) and the total range of trunk rotation were almost linearly related to the walking speed. Healthy subjects showed a marked increase in pelvic rotation from 1 to 1.5 m s−1. Using dimensional analysis in a comparison between stroke patients and healthy subjects, invariances in the coordination of gait were found for stride length, stride frequency, pelvic rotation, and trunk rotation. Constant relations were obtained between, on the one hand, dimensionless velocity and, on the other, dimensionless stride length as well as stride frequency. Transitions were found between the velocities 0.75 and 1 m s−1 for dimensionless pelvic rotation and trunk rotation, indicating that, from this velocity range onwards, pelvic swing lengthens the stride: rotations of pelvis, thorax and trunk become tightly coordinated. On the basis of the dimensionless stride length, stride frequency, pelvic rotation and trunk rotation, deficits in the gait of stroke patients could be quantified. It is concluded that walking speed is an important control parameter, which should be used as a basic variable in the evaluation of the gait of stroke patients.