Range Of Triglycerides Research Articles

Liprobe, a vital dye for lipid aggregates detection in imaging and high-content screens

Pathological lipid accumulation is a hallmark of several metabolic disorders, and detection of lipid aggregates is an essential step for initial diagnosis and drug screening purposes. However, low-cost, simple, and reliable detection fluorescent probes are not widely available. Here, six push-pull-push dyes were studied, and proved to be highly sensitive to the polarity of the medium, presenting potential to distinguish structures with different hydrophobic indexes. Importantly, in the presence of lipid aggregates their staining specificity highly increased and the fluorescence wavelength blue shifted. One of the compounds, named Liprobe, was physiologically inert in cells, as witnessed by mass-spectrometry and metabolic assays. Liprobe was not toxic to living zebrafish embryos, and differentially stained the muscle and bone tissues. In triglyceride solutions, a high correlation was observed between Liprobe’s 558 and 592 nm emissions and the 0–2.5 mg dl−1 triglyceride range. Confocal and cell-based high content screens revealed that this fluorophore was able to selectively detect lipid droplets and ceramide loads in normal and Farber’s disease human fibroblasts, respectively. Our results demonstrate that Liprobe is a suitable fluorescing probe for vital staining of lipid aggregates, compatible with a rapid and cheap high content screening assays for preliminary diagnosis of Farber’s disease and, potentially, of other lipidosis.

A mouse model of gestational diabetes shows dysregulated lipid metabolism post-weaning, after return to euglycaemia

BackgroundGestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease for the mother in the decade after delivery. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive these effects are unknown. Recent studies in humans have shown that lipid metabolism is dysregulated before diagnosis of and during gestational diabetes and we have shown previously that lipid metabolism is also altered in obese female mice before, during and after pregnancy. These observations led us to the hypothesis that this persistent dysregulation reflects an altered control of lipid distribution throughout the organism.MethodsWe tested this in post-weaning (PW) dams using our established mouse model of obese GDM (high fat, high sugar, obesogenic diet) and an updated purpose-built computational tool for plotting the distribution of lipid variables throughout the maternal system (Lipid Traffic Analysis v2.3).ResultsThis network analysis showed that unlike hyperglycaemia, lipid distribution and traffic do not return to normal after pregnancy in obese mouse dams. A greater range of phosphatidylcholines was found throughout the lean compared to obese post-weaning dams. A range of triglycerides that were found in the hearts of lean post-weaning dams were only found in the livers of obese post-weaning dams and the abundance of odd-chain FA-containing lipids differed locally in the two groups. We have therefore shown that the control of lipid distribution changed for several metabolic pathways, with evidence for changes to the regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis and FA distribution, in a number of tissues.ConclusionsWe conclude that the control of lipid metabolism is altered following an obese pregnancy. These results support the hypothesis that obese dams that developed GDM maintain dysregulated lipid metabolism after pregnancy even when glycaemia returned to normal, and that these alterations could contribute to the increased risk of later type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Comparison of Methods to Estimate Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With High Triglyceride Levels

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is typically estimated with the Friedewald or Martin/Hopkins equation; however, if triglyceride levels are 400 mg/dL or greater, laboratories reflexively perform direct LDL-C (dLDL-C) measurement. The use of direct chemical LDL-C assays and estimation of LDL-C via the National Institutes of Health Sampson equation are not well validated, and data on the accuracy of LDL-C estimation at higher triglyceride levels are limited. To compare an extended Martin/Hopkins equation for triglyceride values of 400 to 799 mg/dL with the Friedewald and Sampson equations. This cross-sectional study evaluated consecutive patients at clinical sites across the US with patient lipid distributions representative of the US population in the Very Large Database of Lipids from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015, with triglyceride levels of 400 to 799 mg/dL. Data analysis was performed from November 9, 2020, to March 23, 2021. Accuracy in LDL-C classification according to guideline-based categories and absolute errors between estimated LDL-C and dLDL-C levels. Patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to derivation and validation data sets. Levels of dLDL-C were measured by vertical spin-density gradient ultracentrifugation. The LDL-C levels were estimated using the Friedewald method, with a fixed ratio of triglycerides to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C ratio of 5:1), extended Martin/Hopkins equation with a flexible ratio, and Sampson equation with VLDL-C estimation by multiple least-squares regression. A total of 111 939 patients (mean [SD] age, 52 [13] years; 65.0% male) with triglyceride levels of 400 to 799 mg/dL were included, representing 2.2% of 5 081 680 patients in the database. Across all individual guideline LDL-C classes (<40, 40-69, 70-99, 100-129, 130-159, 160-189, and ≥190), estimation of LDL-C by the extended Martin/Hopkins equation was most accurate (62.1%) compared with the Friedewald (19.3%) and Sampson (40.4%) equations. In classifying LDL-C levels less than 70 mg/dL across all triglyceride strata, the extended Martin/Hopkins equation was most accurate (67.3%) compared with Friedewald (5.1%) and Sampson (26.4%) equations. In addition, for classifying LDL-C levels less than 40 mg/dL across all triglyceride strata, the extended Martin/Hopkins equation was most accurate (57.2%) compared with the Friedewald (4.3%) and Sampson (14.4%) equations. However, considerable underclassification of LDL-C occurred. The magnitude of error between the Martin/Hopkins equation estimation and dLDL-C was also smaller: at LDL-C levels less than 40 mg/dL, 2.7% of patients had 30 mg/dL or greater differences between dLDL-C and estimated LDL-C using the Martin/Hopkins equation compared with the Friedewald (92.5%) and Sampson (38.7%) equations. In this cross-sectional study, the extended Martin/Hopkins equation offered greater LDL-C accuracy compared with the Friedewald and Sampson equations in patients with triglyceride levels of 400 to 799 mg/dL. However, regardless of method used, caution is advised with LDL-C estimation in this triglyceride range.

Small-angle neutron scattering reveals basis for composition dependence of gel behaviour in oleic acid - sodium oleate oleogels

The relationship between gel strength and structure on the micro- and nano-scale has been investigated for oleogels prepared in a range of triglyceride (TAG) oils (sunflower, olive, medium chain triglyceride) using mixtures of oleic acid (OA) and sodium oleate (SO) as gelling agents. Microscopy indicated a reduction in crystal size with increasing SO content. Gel strength increased with SO concentration but, for a constant SO concentration, decreased with the addition of OA. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-SANS was measured from the gels formed in the TAG oils, as well as in hexadecane oil, the latter employing solvent contrast variation, to study the structures formed in more detail. In both the TAG oils and in hexadecane, SO formed lamellar crystalline structures whose low q scattering was consistent with mass fractal-like behaviour (for 0:1 and 1:8 compositions). Further OA addition (1:4–2:1) resulted in the simultaneous presence of inverse micellar structures. We hypothesise that the negative effect of OA on gel strength is due to the partial dissolution of SO by OA and the loss of gel-mediating SO-based lamellar crystals. The variation in OA:SO ratio is demonstrated to provide control over mechanical properties via large-scale structure formation while the tunability of such gel properties using this mechanism potentially provides an alternative route to the use of solid fats for structuring food.

Psoriasis Severity is Affected by T the Lipid Profile in Egyptian Patients

Background: Psoriasis is a very common, chronic inflammatory and proliferative skin disease with different clinical forms that can affect males and females.In recent years psoriasis has been linked lately to different systemic disease associated with numerous multi-organ abnormalities and complications. Psoriasis is related to elevated cholesterol levels and triglycerides levels and this will be important in the management of it.So their is a great need to study lipid abnormalities in psoriatic patients, which will help us to evaluate the level of risk individuals for developing atherosclerosis and vascular obstructive disorders, as well as associated morbidity and mortality. Methods: Fifty Patients (27 male and 23 female) with different types and severity of psoriasis, 50 persons (28 male and 22 female) as controls. Serum total cholesterol (TC) High density lipoprotein, Low density lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG). Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C were measured by using Spin react kit. Results: Serum lipid profile levels in the psoriasis group shows that the range of serum cholesterol level was 132 to 307 with a mean of (201 ± 33, 4) mg%. The range of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was 87 to 254 with a mean of (138 ± 33.4) mg%. The range of triglyceride was 60 to 236 with a mean of (149.7 ± 36) mg%. The range of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was 21 to 44 with a mean of (31.5 ± 5) mg%. Conclusion: The results of this study conclude that cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels were previously reported to be higher in psoriasis patients while HDL levels were previously reported to be low which makes a difference in the severity of psoriasis.

The Relation-Ship Between Diabetes Mellitus and Some Blood Parameters and Liver Enzymes

Objectives: The aim of present study was focused the light on the pathological changes in the some liver enzymes and triglycerides. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), in the patients suffers of diabetes mellitus type 2. Methodology: The present study carried out on (21) patients effected with diabetes mellitus of (100) persons were examined in the education of Al-Sader hospital Al-Najaf in October, November and December 2012. The study include measurement of the glucose level, some of blood parameters, triglycerides, cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), the biostatic use difference between the maximum and minimum values (range). Results: Our findings were revealed increase in the triglycerides in ten patients, the range of triglycerides are (205-398) mg/dl, and while the cholesterol level also increased in ten diabetic patients (range 227-408)mg/dl. So the GPT and GOT was elevated in seven diabetic patients (range 48-59) I/U, but the low lipid density (LDL) was revealed decrease in the (18) males diabetic patients (range 72-112) our observations were appeared some parameters of blood, the present study was noticed decrease the RBCs count in (13), diabetic females (range 2.7-3.9) million corpuscles and increase in the blood platelets count in ten females diabetic patients (range 410-520) /cm3 in blood. Conclusion: Increase in TG, cholesterol and GPT,GOT,LDL in diabetic patient, decrease in RBCs count and increase in Thrombocytes count in female diabetic patient. Recommendations: Further studies are needed to show the relation-ship between diabetes with endocrine disorder and immunological level

Comparison of a Novel Method vs the Friedewald Equation for Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels From the Standard Lipid Profile

In clinical and research settings worldwide, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is typically estimated using the Friedewald equation. This equation assumes a fixed factor of 5 for the ratio of triglycerides to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG:VLDL-C); however, the actual TG:VLDL-C ratio varies significantly across the range of triglyceride and cholesterol levels. To derive and validate a more accurate method for LDL-C estimation from the standard lipid profile using an adjustable factor for the TG:VLDL-C ratio. We used a convenience sample of consecutive clinical lipid profiles obtained from 2009 through 2011 from 1,350,908 children, adolescents, and adults in the United States. Cholesterol concentrations were directly measured after vertical spin density-gradient ultracentrifugation, and triglycerides were directly measured. Lipid distributions closely matched the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Samples were randomly assigned to derivation (n = 900,605) and validation (n = 450,303) data sets. Individual patient-level concordance in clinical practice guideline LDL-C risk classification using estimated vs directly measured LDL-C (LDL-CD). In the derivation data set, the median TG:VLDL-C was 5.2 (IQR, 4.5-6.0). The triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels explained 65% of the variance in the TG:VLDL-C ratio. Based on strata of triglyceride and non-HDL-C values, a 180-cell table of median TG:VLDL-C values was derived and applied in the validation data set to estimate the novel LDL-C (LDL-CN). For patients with triglycerides lower than 400 mg/dL, overall concordance in guideline risk classification with LDL-CD was 91.7% (95% CI, 91.6%-91.8%) for LDL-CN vs 85.4% (95% CI, 85.3%-85.5%) for Friedewald LDL-C (LDL-CF) (P < .001). The greatest improvement in concordance occurred in classifying LDL-C lower than 70 mg/dL, especially in patients with high triglyceride levels. In patients with an estimated LDL-C lower than 70 mg/dL, LDL-CD was also lower than 70 mg/dL in 94.3% (95% CI, 93.9%-94.7%) for LDL-CN vs 79.9% (95% CI, 79.3%-80.4%) for LDL-CF in samples with triglyceride levels of 100 to 149 mg/dL; 92.4% (95% CI, 91.7%-93.1%) for LDL-CN vs 61.3% (95% CI, 60.3%-62.3%) for LDL-CF in samples with triglyceride levels of 150 to 199 mg/dL; and 84.0% (95% CI, 82.9%-85.1%) for LDL-CN vs 40.3% (95% CI, 39.4%-41.3%) for LDL-CF in samples with triglyceride levels of 200 to 399 mg/dL (P < .001 for each comparison). A novel method to estimate LDL-C using an adjustable factor for the TG:VLDL-C ratio provided more accurate guideline risk classification than the Friedewald equation. These findings require external validation, as well as assessment of their clinical importance. The implementation of these findings into clinical practice would be straightforward and at virtually no cost. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01698489.

Polymorphisms in PPARγ (Pro12Ala, C1431T), IRS1 (G972R), IRS2 (G1057D) and Coronary artery disease

Defect in insulin receptors or insulin signaling pathway is a hallmark of T2DM as it directly affects the endothelium. Coronary artery disease (CAD) being a comorbidity of T2DM, polymorphisms in genes of the insulin signaling pathway may affect an individual’s susceptibility to CAD. The objective of present study was to assess the association of CAD with polymorphisms in three genes of insulin signalling pathway; IRS1(G972R), IRS2 (G1057D) and PPARγ (Pro12Ala, C1431T). Blood samples were collected from 416 subjects of Punjabi origin; 200 CAD patients and 216 normal healthy controls matched for age and sex. For G972R polymorphism, Arg972 (A) allele carriers (GA+AA) had increased risk of CAD (OR: 1.92, CI: 1.13–3.29, P = 0.01) in overall population and in individuals with low BMI, HDL-C, high WHR, waist circumference, normal range of cholesterol and triglycerides. D allele of G1057D polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CAD (OR: 1.44, CI-1.08–1.92, P = 0.01) in overall population as well as in individuals with high BMI, WC, WHR and normal range of triglycerides and cholesterol. For PPARγ variants (Pro12Ala,C1431T), no statistical significant association was observed in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of cases and controls but TT genotype (C1431T) and G allele ( Pro12Ala) conferred protection against CAD in individuals with high cholesterol and normal HDL-C respectively. Statistically significant difference in the different genotypic combinations of IRS1 (G972R) with IRS2 (G1057D) and PPARγ (C1431T) confirmed their role in susceptibility to CAD in Punjabi population from North-west India.

Pathogenetic role of adipose tissue lipase deficit for development of hypertriglyceridaemia.

In 87 patients (74 males, 13 females; age 43 +/- 9.2 years) covering a wide range of triglyceride (TG) concentrations (8.8 to 80.7 mmol/l) the turnover of total serum TG has been measured using the technique of labelling endogenously synthesized TG with 3H-glycerol. In parallel, lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue and the adipose-tissue lipase activity in post-heparin plasma have been assessed following an oral 50 g glucose load. Despite the well-recognized function of this enzyme for intravascular lipolysis no direct relationship between lipase activities and fractional catabolic rates (FCR), reflecting TG removal processes, was found. On the other hand, relative enzyme activities (per TG moles) are positively correlated with the FCR. However, a detailed analysis of this relationship revealed that only in HTG patients whose FCR are below 0.210 h-1 a rate-limiting influence of a relative lipase deficit can be shown. In these patients, a statistically significant elevation of concentrations of free fatty acids is supposed to contribute to the impairment of the TG removal.

Lipids and Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Vascular Disease

Objective To evaluate the relationship between cholesterol and triglycerides and bone mineral density in patients with vascular disease (hypertension and acute coronary syndrome). Methods The study included 217 patients (83 men and 134 women), aged between 36 and 76 (mean age 59 ± 10), with hypertension and acute coronary syndrome. Information obtained included anthropometric measurements, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides; bone mineral density (BMD) was recorded at the lumbar spine. Results BMD was significantly lower in patients in the higher tertiles of cholesterol (p = 0.041). The effect was maintained after adjustment for age and Body Mass Index (BMI). However, there was no association between the range of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and bone mass. Conclusions A relationship was found between total cholesterol and bone mineral density in patients with vascular disease.

Study on cholesterol and triglyceride level in normal people of Kathmandu valley

The normal range of cholesterol and triglyceride for normal people of Nepal is being compared with the standard reference value of WHO. The project work was carried out to establish the normal range of cholesterol and triglycerides in the Nepali citizens of Kathmandu valley in the pathology department of Patan Hospital from2061-2-21 to 2061-6-18 by using the standard methodology. During the study, 150 samples were taken. The average range of cholesterol for age group 20-30 was found to be 114- 164 mg/dL. Similarly, the same for the age group 30-40 was 122-182 mg/dl ,for age group 40-50 was 135-223 mg/dl, for age group 50-60 was 112-195 mg/dL and for age group 60 and above was found to be 110-207mg/dLrespectively. Likewise, the average range of triglyceride level for the age group 20- 30 was found to be 60-195mg/dL and the same for the age group 30-40 was 78-193 mg/dL, for the age group 40-50 was 99-316mg/dL, for the age group 50-60was 54-304mg/dLand lastly, for the age group 60 and above was 60-292 mg/dL. The cholesterol level of the females was found to be higher than the males but the triglyceride level of males was found to be higher than females. The non- vegetarians were seemed to have high cholesterol and triglyceride level than vegetarians. Journal of Institute of Medicine Vol.27(3) 2005

A novel glucan-binding protein with lipase activity from the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans produces extracellular glucosyltransferases (GTFs) that synthesize glucans from sucrose. These glucans are important in determining the permeability properties and adhesiveness of dental plaque. GTFs and the GbpA glucan-binding protein are characterized by a binding domain containing a series of 33-amino-acid repeats, called 'A' repeats. The S. mutans genome sequence was searched for ORFs containing 'A' repeats, and one novel gene, gbpD, which appears to be unique to the mutans group of streptococci, was identified. The GbpD sequence revealed the presence of three 'A' repeats, in the middle of the protein, and a novel glucan-binding assay showed that GbpD binds to dextran with a K(D) of 2-3 nM. Construction of truncated derivatives of GbpD confirmed that the 'A' repeat region was essential for binding. Furthermore, a gbpD knockout mutant was modified in the extent of aggregation induced by polymers derived from sucrose. The N-terminus of GbpD has a signal sequence, followed by a region with no homologues in the public databases, while the C-terminus has homology to the alpha/beta hydrolase family (including lipases and carboxylesterases). GbpD contains the two regions typical of these enzymes: a GxSxG active site 'lipase box' and an 'oxyanion hole'. GbpD released free fatty acids (FFAs) from a range of triglycerides in the presence of calcium, indicating a lipase activity. The glucan binding/lipase bifunctionality suggested the natural substrate for the enzyme may be a surface macromolecule consisting of carbohydrate linked to lipid. The gbpD mutant was less hydrophobic than wild-type and pure recombinant GbpD reduced the hydrophobicity of S. mutans and another plaque bacterium, Streptococcus sanguinis. GbpD bound to and released FFA from lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of S. sanguinis, but had no effect on LTA from S. mutans. These results raise the intriguing possibility that GbpD may be involved in direct interspecies competition within the plaque biofilm.