Flexion-extension Range Of Motion Research Articles

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the cervical spine following posterior atlantoaxial fusion under physiological loading: An in vivo study

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze the three-dimensional cervical motion characteristics in patients who underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion surgeries using cone beam computed tomography and 3D3D registration technology. MethodsThe study selected 20 patients who underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion surgery and 20 healthy people as the control group. All subjects underwent cone beam computed tomography scans of the occipital and cervical spine in 7 different functional positions, then 3D3D registration of Occipital-C7 was performed at each functional position to calculate the motion characteristics of each segment. The ranges of motion of the entire cervical spine and each segment were obtained in each functional position. FindingsIn the experimental group, ranges of motion of C1-C7 in flexion-extension and left-right twisting were significantly lower compared to controls (41.9° ± 13.8° vs. 56.6° ± 11.6°, 29.3° ± 9.6° vs. 91.2° ± 13.7°, respectively, P < 0.05). In the occipital-atlas segment, range of motion in flexion-extension was significantly smaller in the experimental group than controls (10.7° ± 3.2° vs. 19.4° ± 4.2°, P < 0.001), but it was larger in twisting (5.3° ± 4.2° vs. 2.1° ± 1.8°, P < 0.05). The twisting range of motion of C2-C3 was 4.7° ± 2.0° in the experimental group and 3.1° ± 1.6° in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the alteration in ranges of motion during flexion-extension was primarily characterized by less extension. InterpretationThe posterior atlantoaxial fusion surgery induced biomechanical changes in the cervical spine. Following the procedure, the movement of C1-C7 during flexion-extension and twisting was significantly lower, with varying degrees of impact on adjacent and lower cervical segments. Moreover, the surgery had a greater effect on cervical extension than flexion.

Outcomes of osteoarticular ulna allograft for the reconstruction of proximal ulna tumour.

The ulna is an extremely rare location for primary bone tumours of the elbow in paediatrics. Although several reconstruction options are available, the optimal reconstruction method is still unknown due to the rarity of proximal ulna tumours. In this study, we report the outcomes of osteoarticular ulna allograft for the reconstruction of proximal ulna tumours. Medical profiles of 13 patients, who between March 2004 and November 2021 underwent osteoarticular ulna allograft reconstruction after the resection of the proximal ulna tumour, were retrospectively reviewed. The outcomes were measured clinically by the assessment of elbow range of motion (ROM), stability, and function, and radiologically by the assessment of allograft-host junction union, recurrence, and joint degeneration. The elbow function was assessed objectively by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score and subjectively by the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) questionnaire. The mean follow-up of patients was 60.3 months (SD 28.5). The mean elbow flexion-extension ROM was 95.8° (SD 21). The mean MSTS of the patients was 84.4 (SD 8.2), the mean TESS was 83.8 (SD 6.7), and the mean MEPS was 79.2 (SD 11.5). All the patients had radiological union at the osteotomy site. Symptomatic osteoarthritic change was observed in three patients (23%), one of whom ended up with elbow joint fusion. Two patients (15.4%) had recurrence during the follow-up period. Surgical complications included two allograft fractures, two plate fractures, three medial instabilities, and two infections. Osteoarticular ulna allograft reconstruction provides acceptable functional outcomes. Despite a high rate of complications, it is still a valuable reconstruction method, particularly in skeletally immature patients who need their distal humerus physis for the rest of hand growth.

Comparative study of short-term effectiveness of three surgical methods for ulnar styloid base fracture complicated with triangular fibrocartilage complex injury

To compare the short-term effectiveness of arthroscopic suture of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), arthroscopic suture of TFCC combined with open reduction and internal fixation, and simple open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of distal radius fractures combined with ulnar styloid base fractures and TFCC injury. A clinical data of 97 patients with distal radius fractures combined with ulnar styloid base fracture and TFCC injury, who were admitted between September 2019 and September 2022 and met the selective criteria, was retrospectively analyzed. After reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures, 37 cases underwent arthroscopic suture of TFCC (TFCC group), 31 cases underwent arthroscopic suture of TFCC combined with open reduction and internal fixation of ulnar styloid base fractures (combination group), and 29 cases underwent simple open reduction and internal fixation of ulnar styloid base fractures (internal fixation group). There was no significant difference in baseline data between groups ( P>0.05), such as gender, age, injury side, time from injury to operation, and preoperative radius height, palm inclination, ulnar deviation, grip strength, wrist range of motion (ROM) in rotation, ulnar-radial deviation, and flexion-extension. The differences (change value) in radius height, metacarpal inclination angle, ulnar deviation angle, grip strength, and wrist ROM in rotation, ulnar-radial deviation, and flexion-extension between preoperative and 12 months after operation in 3 groups were compared. The effectiveness was evaluated according to the modified Gartland-Werley score at 12 months after operation. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean, 14 months). X-ray films showed that there were 4 patients with non-union of ulnar styloid base fracture in TFCC group, and the remaining patients had fracture healing at 3 months after operation. The radius height, palm inclination, and ulnar deviation of 3 groups at 12 months after operation were significantly better than those before operation ( P<0.05); however, the differences in the change values of the above indexes between groups was not significant ( P>0.05). At 12 months after operation, the change values of wrist ROM in rotation, ulnar-radial deviation, and flexion-extension in the TFCC group and the combination group were significantly greater than those in the internal fixation group ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the TFCC group and the combination group ( P>0.05). The change values of grip strength was significantly greater in the combination group than in the internal fixation group ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference between the other groups ( P>0.05). The excellent and good rates according to the modified Gartland-Werley score were 91.89% (34/37), 93.54% (29/31), and 72.41% (21/29) in the TFCC group, the combination group, and the internal fixation group, respectively. The excellent and good rates of the TFCC group and the combination group were significantly higher than that of the internal fixation group ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference between the TFCC group and the combination group ( P>0.05). For ulnar styloid base fractures with TFCC injury, compared with simple open reduction and internal fixation, arthroscopic suture of TFCC or suture TFCC combined with internal fixation treatment are both beneficial for wrist function recovery, and their short-term effectiveness are similar. Therefore, arthroscopic suture of TFCC may be a better choice.

Outcomes of Mulligan Concept Applications in Obese Individuals with Chronic Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Various treatment modalities have been employed for mechanical low back pain (MLBP), but evidence of their efficacy varies greatly. Objectıve: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the outcomes of Mulligan concept applications, including sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGS) and natural apophyseal glides (NAGS), in obese patients with MLBP. The study, conducted between January 2021 and June 2022 at a tertiary hospital, involved randomizing patients into two groups. Both groups underwent six sessions of stretching and strengthening exercises every other day. The Mulligan group received additional intervention with SNAG and NAGS techniques. Measurements were made regarding the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score and range of motion (ROM) for the patients' MLBP level. Post-interventions, both groups exhibited positive changes in flexion ROM, extension ROM, right and left rotation ROM, right and left lateral flexion ROM, VAS score, and ODI score compared to pre-intervention (p < 0.001 for both groups and variables). The Mulligan group showed a higher increase in ROM and a more significant decrease in VAS and ODI scores. Conclusıons: Mulligan mobilization techniques prove significantly beneficial for enhancing ROM in all directions, reducing pain levels, and alleviating disability in obese individuals with MLBP.

Long-Term Patient-Reported Outcomes following Proximal Row Carpectomy.

Background Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is a procedure used for pain relief from arthrosis that preserves some degree of range of motion (ROM). Dorsal capsular interposition (DCI) is an option for cases where some chondral loss of the capitate is present. Purposes The aim of this study is to assess what factors influence long-term patient-reported outcomes following PRC and specifically to evaluate the role of DCI. Additionally, this study aims to report the long-term postoperative ROM in patients with DCI. Methods Patients who underwent PRC in the period between 2002 and 2017 were retrospectively identified, resulting in a cohort of 162 patients. Patient-reported outcomes were obtained using validated questionnaires and were completed by 59 patients at a median follow-up time of 8.5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 6.0-13). Multivariable linear regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with patient-reported outcomes. Results The median PRWE (Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation) score was 17 (IQR: 5.5-52), the median QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score was 16 (IQR: 4.5-39), and the median NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) Pain score was 1 (IQR: 0-3). The mean flexion-extension ROM was 70 ± 24 degrees. After correcting for gender, involvement of the capitate cartilage was independently associated with worse QuickDASH scores. Conclusions PRC is associated with good functional outcomes and pain control at long-term follow-up. This generally also applied to patients who underwent DCI; however, the role of DCI in those with capitate cartilage injury remains unclear. Preexistent damage to the capitate cartilage was associated with worse QuickDASH scores. Level of Evidence II, Prognostic study.

Long-terms outcomes of radial head arthroplasty using a bipolar prosthesis.

In acute treatment of radial head fractures, a radial head prosthesis can be considered if open reduction and internal fixation are not technically feasible. We reviewed the data of 27 consecutive bipolar Judet radial head prostheses implanted in patients with unreconstructable radial head fractures and no other concomitant fractures (coronoid or olecranon factures). The lesions of the lateral collateral ligament were rated according to the McKee classification. Twenty-three patients with more than ten-year follow-up participated in this retrospective study All patients underwent assessments for pain, range of motion and stability using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, the QuickDash questionnaire and a Visual Analogue Scale for pain. Radiography assessment was performed to determine the correct setting of the implant, presence of periprosthetic loosening, prosthetic disassembly, heterotopic ossification, capitellum and ulnohumeral degenerative changes. Mean follow-up was 149 months (± 12.2). Mean range of motion in flexion-extension was 111° (± 10.55), mean extension was 18° (± 14.32) and mean flexion was 130° (± 11.4). Mean arc of motion in supination-pronation was 150° (± 12.26). The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 88, the mean QuickDash score was 7.3; 86% of the patients were satisfied. Seven patients (26%) required secondary surgery. The most frequent complication was heterotopic ossification, which had negative consequences on the functional result. Bipolar radial head prostheses are an option for acute treatment of isolated unreconstructable radial head fractures. During follow-up, three patients required implant revision and removal; the capitellum surface presented severe degenerative changes and the prosthesis was not replaced. Another complication was the risk of implant dislocation, in relation to implant design, incorrect positioning of the radial head stem or else to inadequate reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament. Further work is needed to establish the long-term follow-up results of Judet implants in complex elbow fractures.

A Comparison Between Polyethylene Exchange and Full Revision for Arthrofibrosis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundArthrofibrosis is a debilitating postoperative complication and a major cause of patient dissatisfaction following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment for stiffness after TKA. For cases not amenable to manipulation under anesthesia (MUA), one component or full revision are both suitable options. In a value-based healthcare era, maximizing cost-effectiveness with optimized clinical outcomes for patients remains the ultimate goal. As such, we compared (1) Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores for Joint Replacement (KOOS, JR), (2) range of motion (ROM), as well as (3) complication rates, including MUA and lysis of adhesions (LOA), between polyethylene exchange and full component revision for TKA arthrofibrosis. MethodsPatients were queried from an institutional database who underwent revision TKA for arthrofibrosis between January 1, 2015, and April 31, 2021. There were 33 patients who underwent full revision and 16 patients who underwent polyethylene exchange. Demographics and baseline characteristics between the cohorts were analyzed. Postoperative outcomes included MUA, LOA, and re-revision rates as well as KOOS, JR, and extension and flexion ROM at a mean follow-up of 3.8 years. Baseline comorbidities, including age, body mass index, alcohol use, tobacco use, and diabetes, were comparable between the full revision and polyethylene exchange revision cohorts (P > .05). The one and full component revisions had similar preoperative KOOS, JR (43 versus 42, P = .85), and flexion (81 versus 82 degrees, P = .80) versus extension (11 versus 11 degrees, P = .87) ROM. ResultsThe full component revision had higher KOOS, JR (65 versus 55, P = .04), and flexion (102 versus 92 degrees, P = .02), but similar extension (3 versus 3 degrees, P = .80) ROM at final follow-up compared to the polyethylene exchange revision, respectively. The MUA (18.2 versus 18.8%, P = .96) and LOA (2.0 versus 0.0%, P = .32) rates were similar between full component and polyethylene exchange revisions. There was one re-revision (3.0%) for the cohort of patients who initially underwent full revision. There were four full re-revisions (25.0%) and two polyethylene exchange re-revisions (12.5%) performed in the cohort of patients who initially underwent a polyethylene exchange revision. ConclusionsThe full component revision for stiffness after TKA showed favorable KOOS, JR, ROM, and outcomes in comparison to the polyethylene exchange revision. While the optimal treatment for stiffness after TKA is without consensus, this study supports the use of the full component revision when applied to the institutional population at hand. It is imperative that homogeneity exists in preoperative definitions, preoperative baseline patient demographics, ROM and function levels, outcome measures, and preoperative indications, as well as the inclusion of clinical data that assesses complete exchange, single exchange, and tibial insert exchange.

Prosthesis design and likelihood of achieving physiological range of motion after cervical disc arthroplasty: analysis of range of motion data from 1,173 patients from 7 IDE clinical trials

BACKGROUND CONTEXTThe functional goals of cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) are to restore enough range of motion (ROM) to reduce the risk of accelerated adjacent segment degeneration but limit excessive motion to maintain a biomechanically stable index segment. This motion-range is termed the “Physiological mobility range.” Clinical studies report postoperative ROM averaged over all study subjects but they do not report what proportion of reconstructed segments yield ROM in the Physiological mobility range following CDA surgery. PURPOSETo calculate the proportion of reconstructed segments that yield flexion-extension ROM (FE-ROM) in the Physiological mobility range (defined as 5°-16°) by analyzing the 24-month postoperative data reported by clinical trials of various cervical disc prostheses. STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGAnalysis of 24-month postoperative FE-ROM data from clinical trials. PATIENT SAMPLEData from 1,173 patients from single-level disc replacement clinical trials of 7 cervical disc prostheses. OUTCOME MEASURES24-month postoperative index-level FE-ROM. METHODSThe FE-ROM histograms reported in Food and Drug Administration-Investigational Device Exemption (FDA-IDE) submissions and available for this analysis were used to calculate the frequencies of implanted levels with postoperative FE-ROM in the following motion-ranges: Hypomobile (0°–4°), Physiological (5°–16°), and Hypermobile (≥17°). The ROM histograms also allowed calculation of the average ROM of implanted segments in each of the 3 motion-ranges. RESULTSOnly 762 of 1,173 patients (implanted levels) yielded 24-month postCDA FE-ROM in the physiological mobility range (5°–16°). The proportions ranged from 60% to 79% across the 7 disc-prostheses, with an average of 65.0%±6.2%. Three-hundred and two (302) of 1,173 implanted levels yielded ROM in the 0°–4° range. The proportions ranged from 15% to 38% with an average of 25.7%±8.9%. One-hundred and nine (109) of 1,173 implanted levels yielded ROM of ≥17° with a range of 2%-21% and an average proportion of 9.3%±7.9%. The prosthesis with built-in stiffness due to its nucleus-annulus design yielded the highest proportion (103/131, 79%) of implanted segments in the physiological mobility range, compared to the cohort average of 65% (p<.01). Sixty-five of the 350 (18.6%) discs implanted with the 2 mobile-core designs in this cohort yielded ROM≥17° as compared to the cohort average of 9.3% (109/1,173) (p<.05). At 2-year postCDA, the “hypomobile” segments moved on average 2.4±1.2°, those in the “physiological-mobility” group moved 9.4±3.2°, and the hypermobile segments moved 19.6±2.6°. CONCLUSIONSProsthesis design significantly influenced the likelihood of achieving FE-ROM in the physiological mobility range, while avoiding hypomobility or hypermobility (p<.01). Postoperative ROM averaged over all study subjects provides incomplete information about the prosthesis performance - it does not tell us how many implanted segments achieve physiological mobility and how many end up with hypomobility or hypermobility. We conclude that the proportion of index levels achieving postCDA motions in the physiological mobility range (5°–16°) is a more useful outcome measure for future clinical trials.

Traditional Spinal Immobilization versus Spinal Motion Restriction in Cervical Spine Movement; a Randomized Crossover Trial.

Proper cervical spine immobilization is essential to prevent further injury following trauma. This study aimed to compare the cervical range of motion (ROM) and the immobilization time between traditional spinal immobilization (TSI) and spinal motion restriction (SMR). This study was a randomized 2x2 crossover design in healthy volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned by Sequential numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes (SNOSE) with permuted block-of-four randomization to TSI or SMR. We used an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor to measure the cervical ROM in three dimensions focusing on flexion-extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The immobilization time was recorded by the investigator. A total of 35 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. The SMR method had cervical spine movement lower than the TSI method about 3.18 degrees on ROM in flexion-extension (p < 0.001). The SMR method had cervical spine movement lower than the TSI method about 2.01 degrees on ROM in lateral bending (p = 0.022). The immobilization time for the SMR method was 11.88 seconds longer than for the TSI method (p < 0.001) but not clinically significant. SMR that used scoop stretcher resulted in significantly less cervical spine movement than immobilization with a TSI that used long spinal board. We recommend implementing the SMR protocol for transporting trauma patients, as minimizing cervical motion may enhance patient outcomes.

Inmovilización con vendaje compresivo vs férula antebraquial en fracturas de radio distal intervenidas mediante reducción abierta y placa bloqueada. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado

IntroductionCurrently, there is a lack of prospective studies to unify criteria about type and time for postoperative immobilization in surgical distal radius fractures. The aim of this study is to compare functional and radiological results in two groups of distal radius fractures treated with internal fixation with locking plate, and immobilized with antebrachial splint or compression bandage for 3weeks. Material and methodA randomized clinical trial was carried out with two parallel groups with 3, 6, and 12weeks of follow-up. Main and secondary functional variables were measured, such as pain on VAS scale, values on PRWE, DASH and MRS scale, range of motion in flexion-extension, complications, etc. In addition, some radiological variables were measured at preoperative period and one week after surgery, such as union time, dorsal displacement, shortening, ulnar variance, etc. ResultsA total of 62 patients were evaluated: 27 immobilized with bandage and 35 with splint. Analysis of the results obtained showed significant differences in both groups for almost all radiological variables from pre to postoperative period, and for all functional variables from 3 to 12weeks after surgery. No significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the radiological and functional variables evaluated (VAS 3-12weeks: P=.584; PWRE 3-12weeks: P=.248; flexion range of motion 3-12weeks: P=.959; extension range of motion: P=.50; union time: P=.89). ConclusionsWe do not find clinical or radiological differences between immobilization with antebrachial splint or compression bandage for distal radius fractures operated with locking plate. A greater number of patients and follow-up are necessary to extrapolate the results to the general population and to establish criteria for good postoperative management of these fractures.

Ligamentoplasty in scapholunate instability: short-term results of the "all dorsal scapholunate repair" technique.

Injury to the scapholunate complex is the cause of scapholunate instability which can lead to radiocarpal and medio-carpal osteoarthritis. Several ligamentoplasty techniques have been reported for the treatment of chronic scapholunate instability before the osteoarthritis stage. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term results of an "all dorsal scapholunate repair" ligamentoplasty. We report the clinical, radiological and functional results of a retrospective study including 21 patients, operated between June 2019 and December 2020 for a stage 3 or 4 scapholunate instability according to the Garcia Elias classification. With a follow-up of 14.2months, the pain was 0.1/10 according to the VAS at rest and 4/10 during exercise. Wrist strength was measured at 65% of the opposite side. The flexion-extension range of motion was 105°. Radiologically, there was a reduction of the diastasis and scapholunate angle. Osteolysis areas around the anchors were described in 47% of patients. The mean QuickDASH was 29.2/100, PRWE 24/100 and Mayo wrist score 67.8/100. Eighty-one percent of patients were satisfied. Seventeen patients had returned to work 5.2months postoperatively. In the case of work-related injury, the functional scores were poorer, with a delayed return to work. This technique provides encouraging results in the short term. Most patients were improved compared to preoperative state. The work-related injury appears to be a poor prognostic factor. A longer-term study is imperative to confirm the maintenance over time of the correction of carpal malalignment and the evolution of the osteolysis areas.Level of evidence: Level IV Retrospective study.

Effect of lace-up ankle brace on the tibiotalar and subtalar joint during the landing.

Objective: Ankle braces can affect the kinematics of the ankle joint during landing tasks. Previous studies were primarily relied on traditional marker-based motion capture systems, which pose limitations in non-invasively capturing the motion of the talus bone. The effect of ankle braces on the in vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints during landing remains unknown. This study used a high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate effect of ankle braces on the in vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints during landing. Methods: Fourteen healthy participants were recruited for this study. During the experiment, static three-dimensional MRI data were collected for each participant, and 3D ankle joint models for the calcaneus, talus, and tibia were constructed. The DFIS was used to capture the images of each participant performing a single-leg landing-jump task at a height of 40cm. The images were captured once with and without a brace in the fatigue condition, which was induced by running. The six-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) kinematic data were obtained by 2D-3D registration. Results: The flexion-extension range of motion (ROM) (42.73 ± 4.76° vs. 38.74 ± 5.43°, p = 0.049) and anterior-posterior translation ROM (16.86 ± 1.74mm vs. 15.03 ± 1.73 mm, p = 0.009) of the tibiotalar joint were decreased. The maximum inversion angle (-3.71 ± 2.25° vs. 2.11 ± 1.83°, p = 0.047) of the subtalar joint was decreased. Conclusion: The ankle brace limited the flexion-extension ROM of the tibiotalar joints and the inversion angle of the subtalar joint during landing.

Effects of fatigue on the in vivo kinematics and kinetics of talocrural and subtalar joint during landing.

Objective: Fatigue can affect the ankle kinematic characteristics of landing movements. Traditional marker-based motion capture techniques have difficulty in accurately obtaining the kinematics of the talocrural and subtalar joints. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fatigue on the talocrural and subtalar joints during the landing using dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS). Methods: This study included fourteen healthy participants. The foot of each participant was scanned using magnetic resonance imaging to create 3D models. High-speed DFIS was used to capture images of the ankle joint during participants performing a single-leg landing jump from a height of 40cm. Fatigue was induced by running and fluoroscopic images were captured before and after fatigue. Kinematic data were obtained by 3D/2D registration in virtual environment software. The joint kinematics in six degrees of freedom and range of motion (ROM) were compared between the unfatigued and fatigued conditions. Results: During landing, after the initial contact with the ground, the main movement of the talocrural joint is extension and abduction, while the subtalar joint mainly performs extension, eversion, and abduction. Compared to unfatigued, during fatigue the maximum medial translation (1.35 ± 0.45mm vs. 1.86 ± 0.69mm, p = 0.032) and medial-lateral ROM (3.19 ± 0.60mm vs. 3.89 ± 0.96mm, p = 0.029) of the talocrural joint significantly increased, the maximum flexion angle (0.83 ± 1.24° vs. 2.11 ± 1.80°, p = 0.037) of the subtalar joint significantly increased, and the flexion-extension ROM (6.17 ± 2.21° vs. 7.97 ± 2.52°, p = 0.043) of the subtalar joint significantly increased. Conclusion: This study contributes to the quantitative understanding of the normal function of the talocrural and subtalar joints during high-demand activities. During landing, the main movement of the talocrural joint is extension and abduction, while the subtalar joint mainly performs extension, eversion, and abduction. Under fatigue conditions, the partial ROM of the talocrural and subtalar joints increases.

Pronator quadratus repair after volar plating for distal radius fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The purpose of the current study is to meta-analyze the randomized controlled trials in the literature comparing pronator quadratus repair versus no repair alongside volar plating of distal radius fractures. A search of the PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library databases was performed. Any randomized con- trolled trials comparing pronator quadratus repair versus no repair alongside volar plating of distal radius fractures were included. The relevant information was collected by 2 blinded reviewers using a predetermined data sheet. Clinical outcomes were compared, with all statistical analyses performed using Review Manager Version 5.3. Five randomized controlled trials with 273 patients were included. There was no significant difference in the range of motion in flexion-extension, ulnar-radial deviation, or pronation-supination. There was a significant difference in favor of the no repair group for Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Score (MD [Mean Difference]: 2.63, P < .0001) and pronation strength (MD: 13, P < .0001). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the visual analog scale score. There were 3 complications relating to pronator quadratus repair, in which patients developed carpal tunnel syndrome requiring a release. There was no significant difference in the re-operation rate. This study found that pronator quadratus repair when performing volar plating for distal radius fractures did not result in a significant improvement in functional outcome, range of motion, or strength. I, Systematic Review of Level 1 Studies, Level I, Therapeutic Study.

Biomechanical Comparison of Multilevel Stand-Alone Lumbar Lateral Interbody Fusion With Posterior Pedicle Screws: An In Vitro Study.

Lumbar lateral interbody fusion (LLIF) allows placement of large interbody cages while preserving ligamentous structures important for stability. Multiple clinical and biomechanical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of stand-alone LLIF in single-level fusion. We sought to compare the stability of 4-level stand-alone LLIF utilizing wide (26 mm) cages with bilateral pedicle screw and rod fixation. Eight human cadaveric specimens of L1-5 were included. Specimens were attached to a universal testing machine (MTS 30/G). Flexion, extension, and lateral bending were attained by applying a 200 N load at a rate of 2 mm/sec. Axial rotation of ± 8° of the specimen was performed at 2°/sec. Three-dimensional specimen motion was recorded using an optical motion-tracking device. Specimens were tested in 4 conditions: (1) intact, (2) bilateral pedicle screws and rods, (3) 26-mm stand-alone LLIF, (4) 26-mm LLIF with bilateral pedicle screws and rods. Compared to the stand-alone LLIF, bilateral pedicle screws and rods had 47% less range of motion in flexion-extension (p < 0.001), 21% less in lateral bending (p < 0.05), and 20% less in axial rotation (p = 0.1). The addition of bilateral posterior instrumentation to the stand-alone LLIF resulted in decreases of all 3 planes of motion: 61% in flexion-extension ( p < 0.001), 57% in lateral bending (p < 0.001), 22% in axial rotation (p = 0.002). Despite the biomechanical advantages associated with the lateral approach and 26 mm wide cages, stand-alone LLIF for 4-level fusion is not equivalent to pedicle screws and rods.

Determinants of spinal cord stress and strain in degenerative cervical myelopathy: a patient-specific finite element study.

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the commonest cause of spinal cord dysfunction in older adults and is characterized by chronic cervical spinal cord compression. Spinal cord stress and strain during neck motion are also known contributors to the pathophysiology of DCM, yet these factors are not routinely assessed for surgical planning. The aim of this study was to measure spinal cord stress/strain in DCM using patient-specific 3D finite element models (FEMs) and determine whether spinal cord compression is the primary determinant of spinal cord stress/strain. Three-dimensional patient-specific FEMs were created for six DCM patients (mild [n = 2], moderate [n = 2] and severe [n = 2]). Flexion and extension of the cervical spine were simulated with a pure moment load of 2 Nm. Segmental spinal cord von Mises stress and maximum principal strain were measured. Measures of spinal cord compression and segmental range of motion (ROM) were included in a regression analysis to determine associations with spinal cord stress and strain. Segmental ROM in flexion-extension and axial rotation was independently associated with spinal cord stress (p < 0.001) and strain (p < 0.001), respectively. This relationship was not seen for lateral bending. Segmental ROM had a stronger association with spinal stress and strain as compared to spinal cord compression. Compared to the severity of spinal cord compression, segmental ROM is a stronger determinant spinal cord stress and strain. Surgical procedures that address segmental ROM in addition to cord compression may best optimize spinal cord biomechanics in DCM.

Recovery of leg strength based on isokinetic testing after tumor resection and reconstruction with a modular rotating hinge knee system: Prospective cross-sectional study with a minimum follow-up of 24 months

BackgroundWhile modular reconstruction implants can be used to replace the bone lost after bone tumor resection, tumor excision from the neighboring soft tissues can lead to loss of strength and joint range of motion (ROM), which results in worse knee function. Functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis has been extensively documented. But few studies have evaluated the recovery after total knee reconstruction following tumor excision despite the fact that most of these patients are young and have high functional demands. We did a prospective cross-sectional study to: 1) compare muscle strength recovery around the knee with an isokinetic dynamometer after tumor excision and reconstruction with a modular implant to the healthy contralateral knee; 2) determine if the differences in peak torque (PT) in the knee extensors and flexors had a clinical impact. HypothesisResection of soft tissues during tumor excision around the knee causes strength loss that cannot be fully recovered. MethodsThe 36 patients who underwent extra- or intra-articular resection of a primary or secondary bone tumor in the knee area followed by reconstruction with a rotating hinge knee system between 2009 and 2021 were eligible for this study. The primary outcome was the ability to actively lock the operated knee. The secondary outcomes were the concentric PT during isokinetic testing at slow (90°/sec) and fast (180°/sec) speeds, flexion-extension ROM, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score, the IKS, Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and KOOS. ResultsNine patients agreed to participate in the study, all of whom had regained the ability to lock their knee postoperatively. PT in flexion and extension on the operated knee was less than the healthy knee. The PT ratio for the operated/healthy knee at 60°/sec and 180°/sec in flexion was 56.3%±16.2 [23.2–80.1] and 57.8%±12.3 [37.7–77.4], respectively, which corresponded to a slow-speed strength deficit of 43.7% in the knee flexors. The PT ratio for the operated/healthy knee at 60°/sec and 180°/sec in extension was 34.3%±24.6 [8.6–76.5] and 43%±27.2 [13.1–93.4], respectively, which corresponded to a slow-speed strength deficit of 65.7% in the knee extensors. The mean MSTS was 70%±20 [63–86]. The OKS was 29.9/48±11 [15–45], the mean IKS knee was 149.6±36 [80–178] and the mean KOOS was 67.43±18.5 [35-88.7]. DiscussionDespite all patients having the ability to lock out their knee, there was an imbalance in the strength between opposite muscle groups: 43.7% strength deficit at slow-speed and 42.2% at fast speed for the hamstring muscles, and 65.7% at slow-speed and 57% at fast speed for the quadriceps muscles. This difference is considered pathological with an increased risk of knee injury. Despite this strength deficit, this joint replacement technique, which is free of complications, can preserve good knee function with acceptable knee joint ROM and satisfactory quality of life. Level of evidenceIII; prospective cross-sectional case-control study.

Elbow Kinematics and Function Following Treatment with Open Arthrolysis and Hinged External Fixator.

Open arthrolysis (OA) combined with hinged external fixator (HEF) is a promising surgical option for patients with elbow stiffness. This study aimed to investigate elbow kinematics and function following a combined treatment with OA and HEF in elbow stiffness cases. Patients treated with OA with or without HEF due to elbow stiffness were recruited between August 2017 and July 2019. Elbow flexion-extension motion and function (Mayo elbow performance scores, MEPS) were recorded and compared between patients with and without HEF during a 1-year follow-up period. Additionally, those with HEF were assessed by dual fluoroscopy at week 6 postoperatively. Flexion-extension and varus-valgus motions, as well as ligament insertion distances of the anterior medial collateral ligament (AMCL) and lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), were compared between the surgical and intact sides. This study included 42 patients, of which 12 with HEF demonstrated a similar flexion-extension angle and range of motion (ROM) and MEPS as the other patients. In patients with HEF, the surgical elbows showed limitations in flexion-extension (maximal flexion, 120.5° ± 5.3° vs 140.4° ± 6.8°; maximal extension, 13.1° ± 6.0° vs 6.4° ± 3.0°; ROM, 107.4° ± 9.9° vs 134.0° ± 6.8°; all Ps < 0.01) compared with the contralateral sides. During elbow flexion, a gradual valgus-to-varus transition of the ulna, increase in the AMCL insertion distance, and steady change in the LUCL insertion distance were observed, with no significant differences between the bilateral sides. Patients treated with OA and HEF demonstrated similar elbow flexion-extension motion and function to those treated with OA alone. Although the use of HEF could not restore an intact flexion-extension ROM and might result in some minor but not significant changes in kinematics, it contributed to clinical outcomes comparable to that of the treatment with OA alone.

Anxiety and depression are associated with poor outcomes in open elbow arthrolysis

BackgroundOpen elbow arthrolysis (OEA) is an established treatment for posttraumatic elbow stiffness (PTES); however, its efficacy is debatable for some patients. Poor surgical outcomes have been associated with anxiety and depression in other orthopedic conditions, but no studies have examined this association in OEA. In this study, we aimed to determine whether a high preoperative anxiety and depression score is associated with a worse functional outcome in OEA for PTES. MethodsA retrospective review of prospectively collected data was carried out in patients undergoing OEA between April 2021 and March 2022. Mental state evaluated by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), subjective elbow function valued by Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, objective elbow function valued by Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), pain score measured by visual analog scale (VAS) and the flexion-extension range of motion (ROM) of the affected elbow were collected before and after surgery in outpatient clinic follow-up at 3 months and 6 months. Patient satisfaction was only recorded 6 months postoperatively. All patients were divided into 2 groups based on the preoperative HADS score for analysis: Group A was the nonanxiety-depression group, and Group B was the anxiety-depression group. ResultsA total of 49 patients were included. Both groups improved in DASH, MEPS and ROM at 3 months and at 6 months. The HADS score in Group B decreased significantly at 6 months, showing that the mental state of patients in Group B improved after surgery. Group A had a lower DASH at 3 months and 6 months, larger 6-month ROM and higher satisfaction rate than Group B. Comparing the differences between preoperative and postoperative measurements, Group A improved more in ROM at 6 months. There was no significant difference in other outcome measures between the two groups. ConclusionsOEA is a safe and effective treatment for PTES, and can achieve good clinical outcomes in the short-term follow-up, regardless of whether the patients suffer from anxiety or depression. Patients with a HADS score ≥11 before OEA, however, have worse outcomes than those with a HADS score <11. Level of evidenceLevel II; Retrospective Design; Prognosis Study

Vertebropexy as a semi-rigid ligamentous alternative to lumbar spinal fusion

PurposeTo develop ligamentous vertebral stabilization techniques (“vertebropexy”) that can be used after microsurgical decompression (intact posterior structures) and midline decompression (removed posterior structures) and to elaborate their biomechanical characteristics.MethodsFifteen spinal segments were biomechanically tested in a stepwise surgical decompression and ligamentous stabilization study. Stabilization was achieved with a gracilis or semitendinosus tendon allograft, which was attached to the spinous process (interspinous vertebropexy) or the laminae (interlaminar vertebropexy) in form of a loop. The specimens were tested (1) in the native state, after (2) microsurgical decompression, (3) interspinous vertebropexy, (4) midline decompression, and (5) interlaminar vertebropexy. In the intact state and after every surgical step, the segments were loaded in flexion–extension (FE), lateral shear (LS), lateral bending (LB), anterior shear (AS) and axial rotation (AR).ResultsInterspinous vertebropexy significantly reduced the range of motion (ROM) in all loading scenarios compared to microsurgical decompression: in FE by 70% (p < 0.001), in LS by 22% (p < 0.001), in LB by 8% (p < 0.001) in AS by 12% (p < 0.01) and in AR by 9% (p < 0.001). Interlaminar vertebropexy decreased ROM compared to midline decompression by 70% (p < 0.001) in FE, 18% (p < 0.001) in LS, 11% (p < 0.01) in LB, 7% (p < 0.01) in AS, and 4% (p < 0.01) in AR. Vertebral segment ROM was significantly smaller with the interspinous vertebropexy compared to the interlaminar vertebropexy for all loading scenarios except FE. Both techniques were able to reduce vertebral body segment ROM in FE, LS and LB beyond the native state.ConclusionVertebropexy is a new concept of semi-rigid spinal stabilization based on ligamentous reinforcement of the spinal segment. It is able to reduce motion, especially in flexion–extension. Studies are needed to evaluate its clinical application.