Family Arrangements Research Articles

To Cohabit or Not?: The Place of Cohabitation in the Social and Legal System in Kenya

Cohabitation is a new alternative family arrangement that has come to be accepted in this current generation. There is no universally accepted definition of cohabitation. However, it may be defined as “an emotional, physical and intellectually intimate relationship which includes a common living place and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural and religious sanction” However, later in this paper it will be seen that cohabitation is recognized by common law since it originated there. In most of the court cases, it is referred to as the presumption of marriage. In another definition, cohabitation, also known as ‘come we stay marriage’, is “a marriage formation in which a man and a woman get together in a union that would formerly be deemed legally, culturally and religious unacceptable” . It has to be understood that African traditional society does not value cohabitation and the main reason for the definitions aforementioned. In this paper, I will discuss the place of cohabitation in Kenya and further look at the decided court cases which will make us further understand how courts have dealt with the issue of presumption of marriage. In the end I will give my stand on this issue of cohabitation.

Intergenerational Coresidential Patterns by Young Adult's and Their Mother's Mental Health and Substance Use.

Intergenerational coresidence is at a 30-year high. Studies find that economic, familial, and demographic factors shape the likelihood of this arrangement. We use NLSY79 and NLSY79YA data (2000-2014; N = 3,092) to examine how the mental health and substance use of both adult children and their mothers matter for coresidential biographies, estimating risks of moving out of and returning to their mothers' households. Adult children who drink, smoke, or have more depressive symptoms, or whose mothers drink or smoke, are more likely to leave their mother's household; adult children with more depressive symptoms and who smoke are more likely to return. Our findings show that children's and mothers' health are key determinants of coresidential patterns, suggesting that it is not just family arrangements that impact health but health that impacts family arrangements. As intergenerational coresidence increases, researchers should continue to look beyond economic, familial, and demographic determinants of coresidence to health dynamics.

Avaliação de unidades familiares não tradicionais e suas implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem


 
 
 
 Unidades familiares na?o tradicionais logram conquistas contemporaneamente, tornando relevante a pesquisa acerca de seus aspectos estruturais e funcionais. Objetivou-se conhecer algumas fami?lias de configurac?a?o na?o tradicional, avaliando-as por interme?dio do Modelo Calgary de Avaliac?a?o de Fami?lias. Procedeu-se estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado em Bele?m, PA, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre novembro de 2017 ate? marc?o de 2018 preferencialmente na presenc?a da totalidade dos componentes em visitas domiciliares, com aplicac?a?o de entrevista semiestruturada conforme o diagrama ramificado do Modelo Calgary de Avaliac?a?o de Fami?lias e uso do software GenoPro. A classificac?a?o foi: unipessoal, uniparental feminina com filhos, homoafetiva feminina, tradicional com membro agregado e uniparental feminina com filho adotivo, indicando complexas relac?o?es com os componentes da unidade e da fami?lia extensa. O Modelo Calgary de Avaliac?a?o de Fami?lias demonstrou seu impacto para a enfermagem de fami?lia no que concerne a? tipificac?a?o de fami?lias na?o tradicionais, assiste?ncia, expressa?o de sentimentos, soluc?a?o de problemas e evoluc?a?o dos arranjos familiares.
 
 
 

Aspectos de matrilateralidade em um sistema de nominação patrilinear: explorando formulações de gênero e pessoa entre os Tukano

O artigo aborda a nominação das crianças filhas de pai não indígena (pehkasã, nome pelo qual os não indígenas são chamados em Tukano) e mãe Tukano. Chamadas de moregi (misturadas), estas crianças, pelos princípios de nominação, não teriam direito a um dos nomes do estoque masculino (bahseke wame), uma vez que seus pais são pehkasã e nãopossuem vinculação clânica nem nome para lhes legar. Contudo, a nominação destas crianças é possibilitada por um arranjo familiar – o pai da mãe (FM) atua como nominador matrilateral. Meu objetivo é explorar as consequências deste arranjo matrilateral, imprevisto no parentesco Tukano, e utilizar tal “inovação” para discutir alguns pontos sobre as transformações na questão de gênero no noroeste amazônico. Somente tomando a sério as diferenças de enfoque nas perspectivas masculinas e femininas, seria possível explicar o arranjo.

Study on the family hardiness and its influencing factors in children with leukemia

Objective To investigate the current status of hardiness and its influencing factors in children with leukemia. Methods The children with leukemia and their caregivers in the Children's Hospital of Shanxi from August to November 2017 were enrolled. A questionnaire survey was conducted using a convenient sampling method, and 100 questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaire included the General Status Questionnaire, the Family Hardiness Index (FHI), the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Results A total of 92 valid questionnaires were collected. Among the scores of hardiness in children with leukemia [(3.29±0.43) points], the responsibility score [(3.32±0.45) points] was higher than the control score [(3.31±0.46) points] and the challenge score [(3.23±0.53) points], and the challenge score was the lowest. The score of frequency of coping styles used by the caregiver of the child with leukemia was (3.64±0.70) points, the most frequent coping style used by the caregiver was family unity, optimism, cooperative attitude [(3.73±0.89) points], and the positive [(3.28±0.84) points] and negative [(2.51±0.80) points] emotions were in a moderate state. The child's sex, age, stage of chemotherapy and medical insurance status, the caregiver of the child, the age of the caregiver, the family's place of residence, and the education level were the related factors affecting the hardiness score (all P < 0.01). The age of child, CHIP-1, CHIP-2, positive emotion and negative emotion were independent factors affecting the hardiness (all P < 0.05). The CHIP, CHIP-1, CHIP-2 and positive emotion were positively correlated with the hardiness (r values were 0.827, 0.883, 0.707 and 0.846, all P < 0.01); the negative emotion was negatively correlated with the hardiness (r=-0.832, P < 0.01). Conclusion The hardiness of children with leukemia is in the middle and upper level, the children's age, caregiver's coping style, positive emotion and negative emotion are factors affecting the hardiness. Key words: Leukemia; Child; Family hardiness; Influencing factors; Psychotherapy

A diversidade das organizações domiciliares em Caldas, Minas Gerais, a partir das narrativas de assombração locais

This work has a proposal to weave a problematization on the concept of patriarchal family, used by Gilberto Freyre in Casa-grande and Senzala and that has enormous relevance on his theory of formation of the Brazilian people. In this sense, we understand that this position is homogeneous, reductionist and can not be able to incorporate all household dynamics and family formations throughout the history of Brazil.In the face of this ideal and illusory model - in the sense of totality - we propose to confront it with the haunting narratives of the municipality of Caldas by virtue of showing family arrangements that extrapolate this discursive mold of a dominant class. Therefore, we focus on the methodology of oral history as a way to obtain significant ethnographic data about the local memory that crosses this theme, present in the Brazilian mentality and that in contemporary times has been emphasizing the discourses of the current Brazilian government.

Ocupación laboral de niñas y niños agrícolas asentados y migrantes en Sonora

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de un estudio exploratorio sobre las formas de ocupación laboral de niñas y niños agrícolas, y su relación con la condición de asentados y migrantes pendulares y circulares en tres de los principales campos agrícolas del estado de Sonora. Con el fin de contribuir, mediante una investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, en la caracterización del trabajo infantil agrícola. El trabajo infantil en la agricultura es un fenómeno económico y social, que adquiere nuevos rasgos ante los crecientes procesos de asentamiento residencial de las familias jornaleras comparativamente con las que continúan inscritas en los desplazamientos pendulares y circulares. Se concluye que, a pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales en esta entidad federativa, persiste la ocupación de mano obra infantil en la agricultura. Sin embargo, se identifican avances por regular las formas de incorporación de acuerdo con la legislación establecida, lo que junto con el aumento de los asentamientos y los arreglos familiares de los migrantes pendulares y golondrinos por permanecer por periodos más largos en regiones de atracción, favorecen la disminución y mejoran las condiciones de trabajo de las niñas y niños agrícolas.

Gender, property and succession in the early modern English aristocracy: the case of Martha Janes and her illegitimate children

ABSTRACT This article addresses the boundaries of female power within early modern aristocratic families. It examines the family arrangements of Lord Emmanuel Scroop whose marriage to Elizabeth Manners was childless. The research sets out to uncover Lord Scroop’s relationship with his servant, Martha Janes, and the property litigation pursued by Janes on behalf of their four illegitimate children whom Lord Scroop left his family estates to. The article sheds light on the hidden histories of bastardy and property within aristocratic families. It investigates how Janes and her children ultimately played a central role in the succession strategies of Lord Scroop, and considers how much importance aristocratic men attached to the concept of a legitimate male bloodline. The objective is to shine a light on economic and legal relationships in aristocratic families and reveal the relative—and relational—power an unmarried woman could gain through maternity.

Work–family arrangements and the crisis in Spain: Balkanized gender contracts?

This article looks at the changing configuration of work–family arrangements (WFA) in Spain through the lens of labour market segmentation. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) data for 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2012, it examines occupational differences in WFA comparing the period of prosperity to the period of recession and the implementation of austerity policies. The findings show that the dynamics of labour market segmentation produce differential employment opportunities and degrees of job security for men and women across occupational groups, significantly shaping WFA. The crisis reinforced already balkanized gender contracts, with working‐class households suffering most from job losses and pressing economic needs. Couples whose members were services employees and/or manual workers saw the greatest increases in dual activity over the whole period, as dual earners during the prosperity period and as added workers during the crisis. The economic crisis and austerity policies have reinforced the social divide across work‐poor and work‐rich households, and dual‐earning skilled couples versus those earning out of economic necessity.

PARENTAL ABSENCE AND GRANDPARENT CAREGIVING IN THE WAKE OF THE CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN OPIOID EPIDEMIC

The contemporary American drug overdose epidemic has wreaked havoc on individuals, families, and communities across the country. As increasing numbers of middle-aged adults become addicted to or die from drugs, grandparents may be called upon to provide care for their grandchildren. However, few studies examine the broader social impacts of the drug overdose epidemic. This paper fills this gap in the literature by examining whether the opioid epidemic has contributed to increased grandparental care provision and coresidence. I use data from the 2000 Census and the 2011-2015 American Community Surveys, and data on drug overdose mortality (a measure of the epidemic’s severity) and socioeconomic indicators. I find consistent and robust associations between increases in drug overdose mortality and increases in: children’s likelihood of experiencing parental absence from the household, grandparent-grandchild coresidence, and grandparental provision of custodial care. Fixed-effect estimates correspond to an additional 158,138 grandparents coresiding with grandchildren, and a 3% increase in the proportion of coresident grandparents who are primarily responsible for their grandchildren. These associations are stronger among younger (aged 30-64) versus older (aged 65+) grandparents. This paper leverages multiple measures and nationally-representative data to demonstrate that increases in precarious family arrangements, vulnerability, and the burden of caregiving among older adults are occurring in response to the opioid epidemic. These findings suggest that the epidemic is placing considerable and unexpected strains on older adults’ financial and emotional resources at a time when they themselves may be requiring care, retiring from the labor force, and experiencing declines in health.

Longitudinal analysis of work-family conflict and self-rated health among working parents in Germany

Abstract In the wake of a rising labor market participation of women and changing and family arrangements, parents are increasingly faced with the challenge of reconciling work and family life, which can lead to work-family conflicts (WFC). The present study examined the longitudinal effect of WFC on self-rated health among working parents in Germany. The data was drawn from wave 6 (2013) and wave 8 (2015) of the pairfam family and relationship panel. It included working persons living together with at least one child (662 mothers and 529 fathers). Pairfam is a random sample of about 12,000 persons drawn from German habitants in private households. Data was collected via computer-assisted personal interviews with yearly follow-ups. The drop-out rate of the panel from wave 1 to wave 8 is 62%. Self-rated health was measured as a single item with five response options. Using logistic regressions, we estimated the longitudinal effects of the effect of WFC in wave 8 on self-rated health. Moderating effects of education and household income were considered. The analyses were adjusted for self-rated health in wave 6. The odds ratio for poor self-rated health for mothers who developed WFC in wave 8 compared to mothers who did not report a conflict in both waves was 2.6 (95% CI: 1.47-2.41). For fathers with newly emerged WFC in wave 8, the odds ratio was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.08-3.80). Interaction of WFC with education and household income showed a weak non-significant effect on the self-rated health of mothers and fathers. The health of parents who reported a conflict in wave 6 but not in wave 8 was on a similar level as the health of parents with no conflict in both waves. The results point out that WFC can lead to a decline of self-rated health. Further investigations should be carried out to determine groups who are particularly affected by health-related outcomes of WFC. It also remains to be discussed how self-rated health can be improved e.g. through reconciliation policies. Key messages Work-family conflict leads to a poorer self-rated health of working parents in Germany. The health of working parents with lower education and income is affected more severely by work-family conflict compared to parents with higher education and income.

Trayectorias escolares de hijos de familias agrícolas migrantes en Sonora, México

El objetivo del artículo es analizar las trayectorias escolares de preescolar, primaria y secundaria de las/los hijos de familias agrícolas migrantes, y cómo los factores de riesgo, relacionados con los contextos socioeconómicos precarios y participación en los patrones de movilidad, influyen en sus recorridos escolares. Para ello se aplicaron cuestionarios e hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas. Según los resultados, los asentamientos de dichas familias en zonas de atracción contribuyen a una mayor permanencia y continuidad de sus hijos/as en la escuela. En México este estudio es pionero en reconstruir las trayectorias escolares de quienes cursan hasta tercero de secundaria, pues los existentes están centrados en la educación primaria. Se encontró que un porcentaje alto de estudiantes termina la secundaria con trayectorias teóricas ideales y que una determinante fundamental para el logro exitoso de las trayectorias escolares son los arreglos familiares para permanecer en un solo lugar, a fin de que sus hijos/hijas concluyan la educación básica.

Marine protected areas in southern China: Upgrading conservation effectiveness in the ‘eco‐civilization’ era

Abstract China has undergone massive economic development over the last several decades, but at the cost of serious environmental degradation, including to coastal and marine ecosystems. This paper describes the governance arrangements for management of coastal and marine areas of southern, mainland China and Hong Kong, especially marine protected areas (MPAs). Although not widely recognized internationally, there are 123 designated MPAs spread across the South China Sea coast. However, the effectiveness of these MPAs in conservation of ecosystem goods and services is seriously limited by a familiar range of pressures, including limited resources, insufficient enforcement and massive coastal development. Recent developments in national policy include integration of all protected areas (including marine) under a single agency, a range of limits on coastal development and water pollution, and the strategy of ‘eco‐civilization’ to balance environmental management with economic development. If successfully implemented, these policies would profoundly change the course of marine environments in China, with globally significant consequences. Recommendations for improving MPA performance in China include: ensuring that marine systems are not overwhelmed within the new national jurisdiction, and maintaining and enhancing marine capacity; increased resourcing, supported by comprehensive and systematic economic valuations of ecosystem goods and services and natural capital; upgraded enforcement of existing environmental laws and regulations, combined with further refinement and development, especially around cumulative impact management; a particular focus on major reduction in water pollution in all forms; integration of marine management between Hong Kong SAR and surrounding Guangdong Province; and enhanced community engagement, participation and education. Finally, much greater, collaborative engagement by the international community with Chinese marine management and conservation would bring major, and very mutual, benefits.

Gaussian parsimonious clustering models with covariates and a noise component

We consider model-based clustering methods for continuous, correlated data that account for external information available in the presence of mixed-type fixed covariates by proposing the MoEClust suite of models. These models allow different subsets of covariates to influence the component weights and/or component densities by modelling the parameters of the mixture as functions of the covariates. A familiar range of constrained eigen-decomposition parameterisations of the component covariance matrices are also accommodated. This paper thus addresses the equivalent aims of including covariates in Gaussian parsimonious clustering models and incorporating parsimonious covariance structures into all special cases of the Gaussian mixture of experts framework. The MoEClust models demonstrate significant improvement from both perspectives in applications to both univariate and multivariate data sets. Novel extensions to include a uniform noise component for capturing outliers and to address initialisation of the EM algorithm, model selection, and the visualisation of results are also proposed.

The role of income pooling and decision-making responsibilities in material deprivation

This paper analyzes to what extent family arrangements are linked to the level of household material deprivation. This key dimension of individual well-being is defined as the enforced inability to afford financial expenses, durable goods, and adequate housing conditions. We define family arrangements in terms of the degree to which resources are pooled and the main decision maker. Using the EU-SILC dataset, we find that households where decision-making responsibilities fall chiefly on females have lower deprivation levels regardless of the degree of income pooling. In contrast, greater levels of deprivation are more likely in households where decisions are shared and resources are not fully pooled. These findings highlight the importance of integrating family arrangements in the design of actions and initiatives aimed at reducing inequalities and improving the general welfare of the economy.

Factory, family, and industrial frontier: A socioeconomic study of Chinese clothing firms in Newcastle, South Africa

ABSTRACTThis paper examines ethnic Chinese garment production and Zulu women workers in Newcastle, South Africa - a former border town between white South Africa and the black KwaZulu homeland. The established scholarship, while providing useful explanations for the arrival of ethnic Chinese clothing factories and offering valid critiques of South Africa's industrial policies, pays little attention either to Chinese business practices or their long-term impact on Zulu women workers' lives. Using both archival and ethnographic evidence, this paper argues that in response to harsh business and socioeconomic conditions, both the ethnic Chinese industrialists and Zulu women workers have creatively utilized and reshaped existing familial arrangements to operate factories and maintain stability as a workforce. It highlights the ways in which capitalist production transplants, adapts, and refashions its material and cultural forms on the frontier. In many ways, Chinese industrialists and Zulu women are not passive products but active shapers of the industrial frontier.

The Effect of Eating with Others on Depression among Community-dwelling Older Adults by Family Arrangement

본 연구는 노인의 가구 유형을 독거와 동거로 구분하여 동반식사 시 우울에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 분석을 위해 국민건강영양조사의 제 7기 1차(2016)년도의 자료를 이용하였다. 65세 이상 노인 총 1,233명을 최종 분석 대상자로 선정하였고, 동거인이 없을 경우를 독거, 그 외를 동거가구로 구분하고 세끼 중 한 끼 이상 동반식사를 하면 동반식사군, 전부 혼자 식사할 경우 혼자식사군으로 분류하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계프로그램 SPSS/WIN 21.0을 이용하여 국민건강영양조사에서 부여한 가중치를 반영한 복합 표본 자료분석방법으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 동거가구에서 동반식사를 하는 노인은 855명(89.5%), 혼자 식사하는 노인은 100명(10.5%)이었고, 독거가구에서 동반식사를 하는 노인은 86명(30.9%), 혼자 식사하는 노인은 192명(69.1%)이었다. 본 연구에서 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인을 회귀분석을 통해 분석한 결과, 가족동거 노인군에서는 동반식사를 할수록 낮은 우울수준을 경험하는 것으로 나타났으나(β=-1.663, p<.001), 독거노인군의 경우 동반식사와 우울간의 유의미한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다(β=-0.856, p=.148). 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 동거가족이 있는 노인의 경우 동반식사를 늘려줄 수 있는 인식개선사업이나 가족을 포함한 타인과 함께 식사할 수 있는 다양한 지역사회 프로그램의 개발 및 적용이 필요할 것이다. 또한, 독거노인의 경우 그들이 처한 특수 상황으로 인해 신체적, 심리적인 건강이 전반적으로 취약해져있으므로, 이 집단에 대해서 지역사회의 지속적인 관심과 집중이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.This study examined the effects of eating with others on depressive symptoms among the community-dwelling older adults by family arrangement, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 7th (2016). A total of 1,233 older adults aged over 65 was included in this analysis. Eating status (alone / with others) and family arrangement (living alone / living with family) were dichotomized based on the original questionnaire. Among 955 older adults who live with family members, 855 persons (89.5%) eat together and 100 persons (10.5%) eat alone. Among 278 older adults who live alone, 86 persons (30.9%) eat together and 69 persons (69.1%) eat alone. Regression analysis controlling for demographic and health related factors, eating with others was significantly related to lower levels of depressive symptoms in the group of older adults who live with family members (β = -1.663, p <.001), while there is no statistical significance (β = -0.856, p = .148) in the counterpart. Therefore, various types of community-based programs need to be developed to encourage older adults to eat with other in their ordinary lives. It is also recommended that the community has to offer consistent care and support for the elderly particularly who live alone.

Closing the Happiness Gap: The Decline of Gendered Parenthood Norms and the Increase in Parental Life Satisfaction

In recent decades, normative expectations for parenthood have changed for both men and women, fertility has declined, and work–family arrangements have become more egalitarian. Previous studies indicate that the transition to parenthood and work–family arrangements both influence life satisfaction and do so differently for men and women. Drawing on constructivism and utility maximization, we theorize how gendered parenthood norms influence life satisfaction after the transition to parenthood, and how decisions regarding motherhood and fatherhood are made in order to maximize life satisfaction. We hypothesize that the rise of gender-egalitarian patterns has contributed to closing the parental happiness gap, and that the effects of motherhood and fatherhood on life satisfaction have converged. We test these assumptions by drawing on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1984-2015) and applying a series of hybrid panel regressions to estimate motherhood and fatherhood effects on life satisfaction in Western Germany over the last three decades. We then trace trends in these effects back to changing parenthood norms. The results indicate that the implications of parenthood have converged for men and women. As support for a gendered division of labor has lost ground, the transition to parenthood has become increasingly conducive to life satisfaction for both genders, and the parental happiness gap has vanished.

Sex-related differences in the association between frailty and dietary consumption in Japanese older people: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundFemale sex is an important factor predisposing individuals to frailty. Appropriate nutrition is one of the most effective ways to prevent older adults from developing frailty; Sex-related differences have also been detected in the association between nutritional intervention and health-related outcomes. However, few studies have discussed these sex-related differences. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sex-related differences in the association between frailty and dietary consumption.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study which investigated community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years. We surveyed age, sex, body mass index, family arrangement (living alone, living with a partner or living with parent(s) and/or child (ren)), dietary consumption and frailty status. Dietary consumption was surveyed using a food frequency questionnaire that included 13 major food categories (fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, soybean products, vegetables, seaweeds, potatoes, fruits, fats or oils, snacks, salty foods and alcohol). Frailty was defined by the Kihon Checklist score. The Kihon Checklist is composed of 25 simple yes/no questions, and it has been validated as a metric for frailty. A higher score indicates a greater degree of frailty. Multinomial regression analysis was performed to clarify the association between frailty and dietary consumption for each sex.ResultsWe analyzed 905 older adults (420 (46.4%) were male). After adjusting for cofounders, a low frequency of meat consumption (less than twice/week) was associated with a high prevalence of frailty in men (odds ratio: 2.76 (95%CI: 1.12–6.77), p = 0.027). In contrast, in women, low frequencies of consumption of fish, meat, vegetables, potatoes and snacks were associated with a higher prevalence of frailty compared with those who consumed foods from those categories daily (odds ratios: fish 2.45 (1.02–5.89), p = 0.045; meat 4.05 (1.67–9.86), p = 0.002; vegetables 5.03 (2.13–11.92), p < 0.001; potatoes 3.84 (1.63–9.05), p = 0.002; snacks 2.16 (1.02–4.56), p = 0.043).ConclusionsMore food categories were associated with frailty in women than in men. Nutritional intervention to prevent frailty is presumably more effective for women than for men.

Work-Life Balance Satisfaction of Parents in Fragile Families across Canada

Recognizing the spread of alternative family arrangements, the present paper examines how the parents’ work-life balance satisfaction is affected when they are raising children outside a stable mar...