Range Of Attempts Research Articles

Policy Dialogue on Twenty-First-Century Book Banning in the US

AbstractBook banning is a topic covered in many US history classrooms. Students learn that in the first decades of the twentieth century, fights over the teaching of evolution led to restrictions on science texts. Meanwhile, fears about the spread of communism sparked campaigns to limit access to “subversive” ideas. Well into the 1960s, textbooks usually explain, Americans remained at odds about what schools should be free to teach.What’s old is new, it seems. And tomorrow’s textbooks will have to be updated with stories from the present. As this issue goes to press, conservative groups across the United States have sought to remove hundreds of titles from schools and libraries. Such attempts range from challenges filed by individual parents—often inspired by the list curated on BookLooks.org—to statewide legislative efforts to recall books from schools. Thousands of books have been removed from libraries and classrooms, and the chilling effect has led cautious educators to self-censor even further.For this policy dialogue, the HEQ editors asked Adam Laats and Kasey Meehan to discuss book banning in the US, focusing particularly on the motivations of groups seeking to limit what young people can read. Adam Laats is a professor of education and history at SUNY Binghamton. A leading scholar of conservative activism in education, he is the author of several books including The Other School Reformers (Harvard University Press, 2015) and Fundamentalist U (Oxford University Press, 2018). Kasey Meehan is the director of the Freedom to Read program at PEN America, where she leads initiatives to protect the right of students to freely access literature in schools. Founded in 1922, PEN America is the largest of the more than one hundred centers worldwide that make up the PEN International network. PEN America works to ensure that people everywhere have the freedom to create literature, to convey information and ideas, to express their views, and to access the views, ideas, and literatures of others.HEQ policy dialogues are, by design, intended to promote an informal, free exchange of ideas between scholars. At the end of the exchange, we offer a list of references for readers who wish to follow up on sources relevant to the discussion.

Engineers of the human soul: readers, writers, and their political education

ABSTRACTIn the light of recent attempts to construct ‘literature pedagogy’ for cosmopolitan, ‘globalizing’, political ends, this article provides here some stark reminders about the educational, not to say political, risks of confining the aims and purposes of literature to the aims and purposes of politics, or using a literary-political aesthetic as pedagogy. Such confinement occurs when literature pedagogy is put in the service of political doctrine. Even when this is undertaken through the guise of seemingly laudable moral intentions – to serve, for example, Enlightenment-derived goals of equality, fraternity, justice, or their modern guise of cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism – the well-intentioned ethical premises of such literature pedagogy, it is argued, limits political horizons, narrows educational outlooks and reduces aesthetics to ideology. Drawing on a variety of historical exemplars, the article details a range of attempts politically to educate and influence readers and writers through literature. Deriving its title from Stalin’s diktat that artists should be ‘engineers of the human soul’, the article argues for an opening out not a closing down of hermeneutical horizons.

Treatment of various avian influenza virus based on comparison using decision tree algorithm

Recently, the world is full of anxiety about AI(Avian Influenza). Among Avian Influenza virus subtypes, H5N1 is considered the most threatening to not only birds, but also humans as numerous human cases with high mortality have been reported. Unlike H7N9, which has not been reported infect humans, H5N8 also became infectious to humans due to dramatic mutation. As human infection cases of AI have increased, numerous researchers have been trying to develop an effective treatment against them. Thus, our project group decided to analyze the similarity and difference of H5N1, H5N8, and H7N9, since it would be useful for finding effective treatment of AI, using Decision Tree Algorithm which figures out distinctive factors of given dataset for comparing protein sequences of each viruses. The comparison using Decision Tree Algorithm, which indicates correlation among H5N1, H5N8, and H7N9, will be effective on narrowing the range of attempts on developing treatment for Avian Influenza virus.

Fundamental Debates and Policy Choices for Supporting Innovation in Africa

Over the past three decades, a range of attempts have been made to raise the importance of science, technology and innovation on the policy agenda in Africa. This article explores four themes along which growth paths and patterns may be realized, namely regional and global integration, inclusive innovation, priorities and approaches to diversify African economies, and the role of the state. The outcome of a survey highlighted an overwhelming consensus on the importance of education, functioning institutions and good framework conditions but also on the importance of a more inclusive approach to innovation both as a necessity and a significant opportunity for Africa.

When Transformation Fails: Twelve Case Studies in the American Automobile Industry

The demise of 12 American automobile brands over the past century is discussed. Companies can respond to various difficulties by making decisions on their automobile offerings. These decisions are central to relationships between companies and consumers. These decisions included broadening their offerings to address a larger portion of the automobile market, narrowing their offerings to address the company's financial situation, focusing on current offerings to keep them successful, or switching to other offerings to achieve greater profits. A case-based approach is used to explore the detailed nature of this range of attempts to change. Due to a variety of factors characterized in terms of four levels of explanation, these brands failed. Consequently, these companies' attempts to transform via offering-related decisions failed. These failures reflect, to a great extent, inabilities to balance the tension between differentiated offerings and economies of scale or market demands.

Beyond Market Hegemony: Re-Thinking the Relationship between Market and Non-Market Economic Practices

Conventionally, non-market economic practices have been represented as a residue or leftover from pre capitalist formations and as disappearing as the market becomes hegemonic. Recently, however, recognition that non-market economic practices are surviving and even expanding has led to a range of attempts to re-articulate the relationship between market and non-market work more generally. These have variously depicted non-market practices as a chosen alternative to the market, an involuntary survival practice for those decanted from the market sphere or as a realm operating as a complement rather than substitute for market practices. To evaluate these rival representations of the relationship between market and non-market work, a survey is here reported of the work practices of 313 households in Moscow conducted during late 2005 and early 2006. Finding that non-market work is a central feature of the livelihood practices of many households and that there is a complementary relationship between market and non-market economic practices in the sense that households benefiting most from the market realm also benefit most from the non-market realm, a tentative call is made to move non -market work out of the margins more centre-stage in economic studies and for a wider re -evaluation of its relationship to market work.

Magyar Denim: Metamorphoses in the Clothing Factory

In this article, based on contemporary press coverage analysis and my interviews with retired industry workers and leaders, I outline the initial phase of the production of denim jeans in Hungary in the late 1970s. This process involved a range of attempts to set conditions for mass manufacturing of denim jeans, which often collided with everyday realities in the non-market-driven economic circumstances prevailing in the Eastern Bloc. Whether it was the production of a heavy cotton twill of standard quality, or the dyeing that makes the worn jeans look as they should, or a marketing practice that could make Eastern-made jeans appealing to consumers—these goals often turned out to be difficult for Hungarian manufacturers. In my analysis of three companies’ attempts to produce jeans I outline some problems in establishing a production practice with technological and management standards set by Western-branded jeans—all well known by Hungarian customers—in the regulatory and technological environment of a socialist planned economy. These attempts to produce jeans—some of which were, in fact, quite successful—in retrospect served a variety of objectives for those involved, whether they were the technocratic reform agendas of socialist industry chiefs or a meaningful life for shop-floor workers.

Working with sexually abused children: Insights from adult survivors

In a qualitative study of adult women's experiences of having been sexually abused as children, research participants reported their recollections of their responses, as children, to sexual abuse and of their relationships with mothers and peers.Childhood responses to sexual abuse included attempts to escape, fear, guilt and shame. Attempts to escape encompassed physical resistance as well as mental processes, such as daydreaming and dissociation. Despite numerous such attempts to escape, in the context of immobilising fear, many still blamed themselves for the sexual abuse. Many also experienced shame, a profound sense of exposure and humiliation. Relationships with mothers were dominated by feelings of loss and betrayal which, in several cases, had persisted into adulthood. Relationships with peers were characterised by isolation, with underlying fear of rejection and humiliation. Physical and verbal abuse, by a wider range of perpetrators, was common.Several conclusions for therapy with sexually abused children are drawn: Attention to the full range of attempts to escape sexual abuse, in the context of immobilising fear, could help dispel children's sense of guilt about sexual abuse. The experiences of guilt and shame should both be addressed. In not blaming mothers for sexual abuse, any negative aspects of the child's experience of his or her relationship with mother should not be inadvertently minimised. The fear of exposure or rejection underlying poor peer relationships should be addressed as part of attempts at improving peer relationships. Isolation accruing from other forms of child abuse by a wider range of perpetrators needs to be addressed.

Evaluation

Synthesis and evaluation are the natural driving couple within design work. This is shown by experience as well as by field and laboratory study. Attempts have been made to derive a foundation for evaluation in terms of objectives or procedures. Such attempts range from Aristotle to Hall, the latter arguing for systems engineering. Although he made an apparently comprehensive approach he did not cover some possible sources of insights nor did he make useful suggestions about the application of principles to the detailed work of design. Design has now to deal with even more complex situations and perhaps there should be a policy for evaluation. Possible policies are discussed.