Random Phase Encoding Research Articles

Embedding Quantum Random Phase Encoding Arnold Transform for Advanced Image Security

Purpose: This research proposes an improvised version of the image encryption technique by incorporating Quantum Random Phase Encoding with the Arnold Transform to help enhance the strength and non-predictability of the encryption process. In this research work, some ideas gained from quantum-based methods have been brought to use with conventional approaches in image encryption techniques for enhancing their security. Methods: This model represents the basic methodology that underlies the Arnold Transform for scrambling the arrangement of image pixels to mask recognizable structures within quantum random phase encoding to introduce complexity through quantum-generated random phases. Result: The experimental results show much improvement in encryption efficiency. For example, in the case of "Cameraman" and "Lena", MSE parameters are 98.134 and 104.76, respectively; these now go up to 832.01 and 888.78. This implies that the higher decrement of these values 21.17 dB and 23.98 dB to 13.41 dB and 13.33 dB translates into higher distortion with higher security. Meanwhile, UACI and NPCR are also very steady and the mean value is about 0.3356 to 0.3358 and 99.60 to 99.61, which proves that this method has been effective in changing the pixel's value, and sensitive input changes. Novelty: This work is novel due to the introduction of quantum technologies in the classical methodology of image encryption. While classical techniques make use of conventional transforms for scrambling, like the Arnold Transform, this work embeds quantum randomness and intricacy in the process as a means of encoding namely, Quantum Random Phase Encoding.

Double-image encryption and authentication scheme based on compressed sensing and double random phase encoding

To enhance the security of image information, a double-image encryption and authentication scheme combining compressive sensing (CS) and double random phase encoding (DRPE) is proposed. First, two plaintext images are taken as real and imaginary parts to form a complex-valued image, which is then encoded using DRPE. Next, extract the phase of the encrypted complex-valued image and encode it into authentication information. Simultaneously, the complex-valued image is sampled using the measurement matrix, which is optimized by Schmidt orthogonalization, and then quantized to form a compressed image. Subsequently, the authentication information is embedded into the compressed image, and by applying the permutation and diffusion algorithm to it, the ciphertext image is obtained. At the receiving end, the ciphertext is decrypted using inverse permutation and inverse diffusion algorithms, and the authentication information is decoded to acquire the authentication image. Finally, synchronous authentication of the two reconstructed images is achieved using a nonlinear cross-correlation method. Additionally, the keys in the proposed scheme are generated using high-dimensional chaotic systems, effectively reducing the required storage space and transmission bandwidth. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high image reconstruction performance at different compression ratios and possesses outstanding security and authentication capabilities.

Optical Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Quantum Walking

The double random phase encoding (DRPE) image encryption method has garnered significant attention in color image processing and optical encryption thanks to its R, G, and B parallel encryption. However, DRPE-based color image encryption faces two challenges. Firstly, it disregards the correlation of R, G, and B, compromising the encrypted image’s robustness. Secondly, DRPE schemes relying on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform (DFRFT) are vulnerable to linear attacks, such as Known Plaintext Attack (KPA) and Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA). Quantum walk is a powerful tool for modern cryptography, offering robust resistance to classical and quantum attacks. Therefore, this study presents an optical color image encryption algorithm that combines two-dimensional quantum walking (TDQW) with 24-bit plane permutation, dubbed OCT. This approach employs pseudo-random numbers generated by TDQW for phase modulation in DRPE and scrambles the encrypted image’s real and imaginary parts using the generalized Arnold transform. The 24-bit plane permutation helps reduce the R, G, and B correlation, while the generalized Arnold transform bolsters DRPE’s resistance to linear attacks. By incorporating TDQW, the key space is significantly expanded. The experimental results validate the effectiveness and security of the proposed method.

Multi-channel polarization manipulation based on graphene for encryption communication

Wave-based cryptography, at the vanguard of advancing technologies in advanced information science, is essential for establishing a diverse array of secure cryptographic platforms. The realization of these platforms hinges on the intelligent application of multiplexing techniques, seamlessly combined with appropriate metasurface technology. Nevertheless, existing multi-channel encryption technologies based on metasurfaces face challenges related to information leakage during partial channel decoding processes. In this paper, we present a reprogrammable metasurface for polarization modulation. This metasurface not only allows for the arbitrary customization of linearly polarized reflected waves but also enables real-time amplitude modulation. Here, relying on polarization amplitude control, a fully secure communication protocol is developed precisely in the terahertz (THz) spectrum to achieve real-time information encryption based on polarization modulation metasurfaces where access to information is highly restricted. The proposed metasurface employs the double random phase encryption (DRPE) algorithm for information encryption. It transmits the encrypted data through different polarization channels using two graphene nanoribbons, exclusively controlled by external biasing conditions. Various encryption scenarios have been outlined to fortify information protection against potential eavesdroppers. The simulated results show that this unique technology for hiding images by manipulating the polarization of the reflected wave provides new opportunities for various applications, including encryption, THz communications, THz secure data storage, and imaging.

Security augmenting of optical cryptosystem based on linear canonical transform domain using a full phase encoding technique

For the purpose of alleviating the vulnerability of double random phase encryption system in the linear canonical transform domain, a novel approach for optical security and cryptographic systems is presented. This proposed system uses a fully phase encoding technique to augment the security of encryption system in the linear canonical transform. The first step in this system involves phase encoding of the initial amplitude image to be ciphered and then modulated by the phase masks. The decryption process of image is the reversal operation of the encryption method. The effectiveness and sensitivity of our proposed cryptosystem for the encryption secret keys are verified. The resistance of our method against occlusion attacks is investigated. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the fully phase-based optical cryptosystem is more secure and robust than the amplitude-based scheme in a linear canonical domain.

Three-Dimensional Single Random Phase Encryption.

In this paper, we propose a new optical encryption technique that uses the single random phase mask. In conventional optical encryptions such as double random phase encryption (DRPE), two different random phase masks are required to encrypt the primary data. For decryption, DRPE requires taking the absolute value of the decrypted data because it is complex-valued. In addition, when key information is revealed, the primary data may be reconstructed by attackers. To reduce the number of random phase masks and enhance the security level, in this paper, we propose single random phase encryption (SRPE) with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and volumetric computational reconstruction (VCR) of integral imaging. In our method, even if key information is known, the primary data may not be reconstructed. To enhance the visual quality of the decrypted data by SRPE, multiple observation is utilized. To reconstruct the primary data, we use VCR of integral imaging because it can remove AWGN by average effect. Thus, since the reconstruction depth can be another key piece of information of SRPE, the security level can be enhanced. In addition, it does not require taking the absolute value of the decrypted data for decryption. To verify the validity of our method, we implement the simulation and calculate performance metrics such as peak sidelobe ratio (PSR) and structural similarity (SSIM). In increasing the number of observations, SSIM for the decrypted data can be improved dramatically. Moreover, even if the number of observations is not enough, three-dimensional (3D) data can be decrypted by SRPE at the correct reconstruction depth.

Interrupted‐sampling repeater jamming suppression based on block sparse recovery and random phase encoding

AbstractThe interrupted‐sampling repeater jamming (ISRJ) is an effective kind of intro‐pulse coherent jamming based on digital radio frequency memory. It appears as a group of false targets that are difficult to distinguish on the range profile after pulse compression, which seriously affects the target identification and tracking. According to the coherence between ISRJ and real target echo and the waveform discontinuity caused by intermittent interception, a new method is proposed for ISRJ parameter estimation and jamming suppression based on block sparse recovery. To ensure the effectiveness of sparse recovery, the transmitted signal is divided into several random phase‐encoded sub‐pulses. Firstly, the pulse‐number and time‐delay of the received echo are estimated by block orthogonal matching pursuit. Then, the jamming slices are identified based on the sampling duty ratio and the Doppler frequency is estimated through matching. Finally, according to the parameter estimation results, the jamming slices are reconstructed to eliminate ISRJ. Numerical experiments in two typical scenarios have shown that this method can effectively suppress ISRJ. Especially in the scenario of high jamming duty ratio, this method exhibits good anti‐jamming performance.

Robustness of single random phase encoding lensless imaging with camera noise.

In this paper, we assess the noise-susceptibility of coherent macroscopic single random phase encoding (SRPE) lensless imaging by analyzing how much information is lost due to the presence of camera noise. We have used numerical simulation to first obtain the noise-free point spread function (PSF) of a diffuser-based SRPE system. Afterwards, we generated a noisy PSF by introducing shot noise, read noise and quantization noise as seen in a real-world camera. Then, we used various statistical measures to look at how the shared information content between the noise-free and noisy PSF is affected as the camera-noise becomes stronger. We have run identical simulations by replacing the diffuser in the lensless SRPE imaging system with lenses for comparison with lens-based imaging. Our results show that SRPE lensless imaging systems are better at retaining information between corresponding noisy and noiseless PSFs under high camera noise than lens-based imaging systems. We have also looked at how physical parameters of diffusers such as feature size and feature height variation affect the noise robustness of an SRPE system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate noise robustness of SRPE systems as a function of diffuser parameters and paves the way for the use of lensless SRPE systems to improve imaging in the presence of image sensor noise.

An asymmetric hybrid cryptosystem based on triple random phase encoding using polar decomposition, QZ modulation, and gyrator domain

This paper introduces an asymmetric cryptosystem utilizing Triple Random Phase Encoding (TRPE), incorporating polar decomposition (PD) and QZ modulation. The utilization of keys generated through polar decomposition and QZ modulation enhances the security of the cryptosystem. The decryption of the image is achieved by employing all the possible correct keys and ensuring the proper angle of the gyrator transform. Simulation results have been obtained and the effectiveness of the scheme is tested using MATLAB R2022a. Security evaluation metric used includes; mean-square-error-, pixel-correlation-, 3-D mesh plots, histogram-, key sensitivity-, and entropy analysis. Noise attack-, and occlusion attack are also evaluated to check the robustness of the proposed cryptosystem. Keys generated using polar decomposition and QZ modulation make the cryptosystem asymmetric and robust. Cryptanalysis of a previously published TRPE is carried out to prove its vulnerability, and it has been shown that the system presented by us overcomes this weakness.

Enhancing image security and privacy with hybrid double random phase encoding, lorenz maps, and compressed sensing

The resilient and secure image encryption method presented in this research combines the benefits of Lorenz maps and double random phase encoding (DRPE) with compressed sensing. The suggested method attempts to maximize the use of storage resources while maintaining the security and integrity of sensitive image data during transmission and storage. Utilizing the energy compaction characteristics of the original image, compressed sensing with discrete cosine transform (DCT) is used in the encryption process to effectively represent and transmit the encrypted data. Lorenz maps are also used to create double random phase masks, adding high unpredictability and key sensitivity to strengthen the encryption scheme’s security. Utilizing a variety of performance indicators, including the PSNR, NPCR, MSE, and SSIM, experimental investigations demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested strategy.

Adaptive transfer learning-based cryptanalysis on double random phase encoding

Adaptive transfer learning-based cryptanalysis on double random phase encoding

A double-embedding hidden image encryption and authentication scheme based on compressed sensing and double random phase encoding

A double-embedding hidden image encryption and authentication scheme based on compressed sensing and double random phase encoding

Securing double random phase encoding using deterministic phase masks and Yang-Gu algorithm in Fresnel domain

In this paper, an encryption scheme, based on a double deterministic phase mask and the Yang-Gu algorithm, is proposed. It consists of double random phase encoding and the Yang-Gu algorithm in Fresnel and Fourier transform, respectively. The random phase masks are replaced with deterministic phase masks that are constructed using chaotic logistic and cubic maps. The encrypted image obtained by the scheme in one-way binary modulation is real and more convenient for storage and transmission. The validation of the proposed cryptosystem is carried out using numerical simulations on greyscale images of Man, DICOM and CUH binary images. The proposed scheme is investigated for its robustness through statistical analysis using histograms and correlation plots. The scheme is also tested for its resistance against occlusion, noise and cryptographic attacks. The proposed cryptosystem is found to be highly sensitive to its private key and Fresnel parameters and therefore secure.

Optical image encryption algorithm based on a new four-dimensional memristive hyperchaotic system and compressed sensing

Some existing image encryption schemes use simple low-dimensional chaotic systems, which makes the algorithms insecure and vulnerable to brute force attacks and cracking. Some algorithms have issues such as weak correlation with plaintext images, poor image reconstruction quality, and low efficiency in transmission and storage. To solve these issues, this paper proposes an optical image encryption algorithm based on a new four-dimensional memristive hyperchaotic system (4D MHS) and compressed sensing (CS). Firstly, this paper proposes a new 4D MHS, which has larger key space, richer dynamic behavior, and more complex hyperchaotic characteristics. The introduction of CS can reduce the image size and the transmission burden of hardware devices. The introduction of double random phase encoding (DRPE) enables this algorithm has the ability of parallel data processing and multi-dimensional coding space, and the hyperchaotic characteristics of 4D MHS make up for the nonlinear deficiency of DRPE. Secondly, a construction method of the deterministic chaotic measurement matrix (DCMM) is proposed. Using DCMM can not only save a lot of transmission bandwidth and storage space, but also ensure good quality of reconstructed images. Thirdly, the confusion method and diffusion method proposed are related to plaintext images, which require both four hyperchaotic sequences of 4D MHS and row and column keys based on plaintext images. The generation process of hyperchaotic sequences is closely related to the hash value of plaintext images. Therefore, this algorithm has high sensitivity to plaintext images. The experimental testing and comparative analysis results show that proposed algorithm has good security and effectiveness.

Novel Duffing chaotic oscillator and its application to privacy data protection

Traditional Compressive Sensing (CS) achieves both compression and encryption of digital data. However, most existing compressive sensing methods present some shortcomings, including weak resistance to chosen-plaintext attacks and heavy key management burden. To overcome these shortcomings, this work presents a new combination of CS with optical transformation for digital image compression and encryption. The proposed compression-encryption scheme utilizes the interesting properties of CS and permutation-diffusion techniques to reduce the image size and encrypt the image data. A Novel Duffing Oscillator (NDO) is proposed, its dynamics is deeply analyzed, and its sequences are exploited to build a hardware-friendly measurement matrix for the CS process. This also contributes to reducing the total size of secret key sent to the receiving end. In addition, the final image compression-encryption output is obtained by applying one of the most significant optical encryption methods, namely Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE). This contributes to further strengthen the security of the proposed scheme. Eventually, the experimental results imply that our scheme is effective in improving the resistance against various attacks, while guaranteeing good imperceptibility and reconstruction performance. It can then be employed in the information security communication field.

An image decryption technology based on machine learning in an irreversible encryption system

In this paper, a hidden image decryption system based on neural network is proposed. Hidden images converted into phase information are encoded and weighted to overlay the host image by the principles of double random phase encryption. Because the hidden image is phase information, it will be converted into intensity image after being encrypted and received by the image sensor, which makes the system unable to retrieve the image information using the phase recovery algorithm and the conventional decryption method, so this is an irreversible coding system. However, by using a convolution neural network to process a large number of ciphertext and its corresponding plaintext, a neural network model can be trained, by which ciphertext can be directly converted to the corresponding plaintext, and the successful decryption of conventional irreversible encryption systems can be achieved. Moreover, the decryption process of the system does not need to provide the host image, so it is a blind watermarking technology. Computer simulation results show that the encryption system proposed in this paper based on machine learning decryption has high security and accuracy.

Assessment of lateral resolution of single random phase encoded lensless imaging systems.

In this paper, we have used the angular spectrum propagation method and numerical simulations of a single random phase encoding (SRPE) based lensless imaging system, with the goal of quantifying the spatial resolution of the system and assessing its dependence on the physical parameters of the system. Our compact SRPE imaging system consists of a laser diode that illuminates a sample placed on a microscope glass slide, a diffuser that spatially modulates the optical field transmitting through the input object, and an image sensor that captures the intensity of the modulated field. We have considered two-point source apertures as the input object and analyzed the propagated optical field captured by the image sensor. The captured output intensity patterns acquired at each lateral separation between the input point sources were analyzed using a correlation between the captured output pattern for the overlapping point-sources, and the captured output intensity for the separated point sources. The lateral resolution of the system was calculated by finding the lateral separation values of the point sources for which the correlation falls below a threshold value of 35% which is a value chosen in accordance with the Abbe diffraction limit of an equivalent lens-based system. A direct comparison between the SRPE lensless imaging system and an equivalent lens-based imaging system with similar system parameters shows that despite being lensless, the performance of the SRPE system does not suffer as compared to lens-based imaging systems in terms of lateral resolution. We have also investigated how this resolution is affected as the parameters of the lensless imaging system are varied. The results show that SRPE lensless imaging system shows robustness to object to diffuser-to-sensor distance, pixel size of the image sensor, and the number of pixels of the image sensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to investigate a lensless imaging system's lateral resolution, robustness to multiple physical parameters of the system, and comparison to lens-based imaging systems.

IMAGE SECURITY ENHANCEMENT USING CRYPTOGRAPHY

In the recent years, the trends in technology have come up with a solution to share digital media in an easier and rapid manner which leads to the use of media in an illegitimate manner. In order to make this problem less severe, various cryptographic techniques can be used to secure the digital media by encrypting them. The following article presents a technique that enables the implementation of image security through three different techniques namely Double random phase encoding, Chaos based encryption and steganography methods. Key Words: Cryptography, Double Random Phase, Steganography, Chaos encryption, image security.

Double Image Encryption System Using a Nonlinear Joint Transform Correlator in the Fourier Domain.

In this work, we present a new nonlinear joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture in the Fourier domain (FD) for the encryption and decryption of two simultaneous images. The main features of the proposed system are its increased level of security, the obtention of a single real-valued encrypted signal that contains the ciphered information of the two primary images and, additionally, a high image quality for the two final decrypted signals. The two images to be encrypted can be either related to each other, or independent signals. The encryption system is based on the double random phase encoding (DRPE), which is implemented by using a nonlinear JTC in the FD. The input plane of the JTC has four non-overlapping data distributions placed side-by-side with no blank spaces between them. The four data distributions are phase-only functions defined by the two images to encrypt and four random phase masks (RPMs). The joint power spectrum (JPS) is produced by the intensity of the Fourier transform (FT) of the input plane of the JTC. One of the main novelties of the proposal consists of the determination of the appropriate two nonlinear operations that modify the JPS distribution with a twofold purpose: to obtain a single real-valued encrypted image with a high level of security and to improve the quality of the decrypted images. The security keys of the encryption system are represented by the four RPMs, which are all necessary for a satisfactory decryption. The decryption system is implemented using a 4f-processor where the encrypted image and the security keys given by the four RPMs are introduced in the proper plane of the processor. The double image encryption system based on a nonlinear JTC in the FD increases the security of the system because there is a larger key space, and we can simultaneously validate two independent information signals (original images to encrypt) in comparison to previous similar proposals. The feasibility and performance of the proposed double image encryption and decryption system based on a nonlinear JTC are validated through computational simulations. Finally, we additionally comment on the proposed security system resistance against different attacks based on brute force, plaintext and deep learning.

Secure Optical Image Communication Using Double Random Transformation and Memristive Chaos

The issue of information security in photonics environment has attracted more and more attention, especially when the secure communication of optical digital images has become a research hotspot. In this paper, we propose a hybrid encryption scheme for color images in the frequency and spatial domains based on double random transform and memristor hyperchaotic system. Firstly, we decompose the color image into RGB channels and then perform fast fourier transform (FFT) to transform the digital image from the spatial domain to the frequency domain. Secondly, two-phase masks are generated using the memristor hyperchaotic system, and the Fresnel diffraction optical transformation method is performed twice for encryption. Thirdly, the transformation from the frequency domain to the spatial domain is completed using inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT). Finally, the image is permuted and diffused using the chaotic sequences to obtain the final cipher image. Double random phase encryption expands the key space, while the combination of spatial and frequency domains improves the resistance to attacks. Based on cryptanalysis theory, we introduce a dynamic key associated with plain image, which can effectively resist plain attack. The experimental results show that the optical digital image encryption scheme has a large key space, excellent comprehensive performance, and can resist common attacks. In addition, we verify the hardware feasibility and ease of implementation of the proposed algorithm in an embedded optical communication network experimental platform. Therefore, our proposed scheme in this paper is a preferred optical digital image secure communication technology scheme with good application prospects.