Random Blood Glucose Measurements Research Articles

Hyperglycemia in hospital: an independent marker of infection, acute kidney injury & stroke for hospital inpatients.

Hyperglycemia in hospital inpatients without pre-existing diabetes is associated with increased mortality. However, the independent contribution of hyperglycemia to healthcare-associated infection (HAI), acute kidney injury (AKI), and stroke is unclear. To investigate the relationship between hyperglycemia and adverse clinical outcomes in hospital for patients with and without diabetes. Diabetes IN-hospital: Glucose and Outcomes (DINGO) was a 26-week (October 2019 - March 2020) prospective cohort study. Clinical and glucose data were collected up to the 14th day of admission. Primary stratification was by hyperglycemia, defined as ≥2 random capillary blood glucose (BG) measurements ≥11.1 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL). Propensity weighting for nine clinical characteristics, was performed to allow interrogation of causality. To maintain the positivity assumption, patients with HbA1c > 12.0% were excluded and pre-hospital treatment not adjusted for. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, a quaternary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Admissions with at least two capillary glucose values and length of stay >24 hours were eligible, with half randomly sampled. HAI, AKI, stroke, and mortality. Of 2,558 included admissions, 1,147 (45%) experienced hyperglycemia in hospital. Following propensity-weighting and adjustment, hyperglycemia in hospital was found to, independently of nine covariables, contribute an increased risk of in-hospital HAI (130 [11.3%] vs.100 [7.1%], adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.01-1.05, p = 0.003), AKI (120 [10.5%] vs. 59 [4.2%], aOR 1.07, 95%CI 1.05-1.09, p < 0.001), and stroke (10 [0.9%] vs. 1 [0.1%], aOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.04-1.06, p < 0.001). In hospital inpatients (HbA1c ≤ 12.0%), irrespective of diabetes status and pre-hospital glycaemia, hyperglycemia increases the risk of in-hospital HAI, AKI, and stroke compared with those not experiencing hyperglycemia.

Change in HbA1c post-transfusion is correlated to pre-transfusion HbA1c result

Abstract Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) results are used to diagnose and monitor patients with diabetes mellitus. As such, they have a direct impact on patient care and treatment decisions. While within the laboratory community, there is the assumption that recent red blood cell (RBC) transfusion would interfere with HbA1c measurement, there is limited published evidence regarding whether HbA1c results provide an accurate estimate of long term glycemic control in patients who have received a RBC transfusion. This retrospective laboratory information system record review aims to address this gap in the literature with a retrospective analysis of patient results. Retrospective data was obtained from the laboratory information system. The study population included all patients over 18 years of age, both inpatients and outpatients, who had at least one HbA1c result during the study period (January 2018 – December 2020), and record of a RBC transfusion in the three months prior to the A1c result. Data collected included relevant laboratory results and transfusion information. 1,752 pre- and post-transfusion HbA1c pairs were analyzed. The average age of patients at transfusion was 66.0 years. Men comprised 51.7% of subjects (n=905). Most patients were White (64.0%; n=1,104), with Black (29.7%; n=513) and Multiracial / Multicultural (4.1%; n=71) subjects making up the largest minority. Most patients had diagnoses of anemia (93.0%; n=1,629) and/or diabetes (86.2%; n=1,511), with a minority having a diagnosis of any type of cancer (40.6%; n=712). Rarely, patients had hemoglobin disorders (3.1%; n=54). Most patients were treated with some form of glycemic control medication (91.5%; n=1,603). Average pre-transfusion HbA1c for all subjects was 7.0% ± 1.9 (1 sd). Average post-transfusion HbA1c for all subjects was 6.3% ± 1.3 (1 sd). The average change in HbA1c from pre- to post-transfusion was -0.7% ± 1.5 (1 sd). In contrast, the mean change in the random blood glucose measurement closest to the pre- or post-transfusion HbA1c was only -11.5 mg/dL (CI: -16.7 mg/dL to -6.2 mg/dL; p&amp;lt;0.001). The median time between the pre-transfusion HbA1c and transfusion was 20.0 days; the median time between transfusion and the post-transfusion HbA1c was 38.0 days. There was a larger decrease in pre- to post-transfusion HbA1c in patients with diabetes (p&amp;lt;0.001), patients without anemia (p=0.040), patients without hemoglobin disorders (p=0.045), patients without cancer (p=0.005), and patients on any glycemic control medication (p&amp;lt;0.001). Overall, pre-transfusion HbA1c level was strongly associated with post-transfusion HbA1c level, with the greatest degree of negative change seen in patients with a pre-transfusion value &amp;gt; 9.0%. In contrast, patients with a pre-transfusion value of &amp;lt; 5.7% saw an average increase in HbA1c (p&amp;lt;0.001). This study provides insight into the influence of transfusion on HbA1c results and reinforces the important role that pre-analytical factors play in laboratory testing.

Susceptibility to car accidents due to sudden illness with truck drivers in northern Brazil

The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among truck drivers is closely related to the quality of life of this population and poses a significant vulnerability to the occurrence of car accidents. Objective: to identify the prevalence of these clinical conditions in drivers, as well as the correlation of their existence with emergency situations involving this population and the mechanisms of public health care. Methods: The QVS-80 questionnaire was applied to a sample population of 100 truck drivers in the municipality of Paraíso do Tocantins, located on the banks of the BR-153, to verify information related to quality of life and the presence or absence of Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, and calculation of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to determine obesity according to the Brazilian Obesity Guidelines - ABESO (2016). In addition, blood pressure measurement and classification of individuals as hypertensive according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines for Arterial Hypertension of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (2020), and as diabetics through random capillary blood glucose measurement in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Diabetes (2020) were performed. Results: The occurrence of car accidents involving trucks is directly related to the quality of life of their drivers, which was shown to be very poor due to the preexistence of chronic diseases such as obesity (41%), overweight (36%), diabetes (6%), and hypertension (60%). Conclusion: The work environment of truck drivers is ideal for sudden-onset events during driving and consequently the occurrence of accidents.

Artificial intelligence-reported chest X-ray findings of culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in people with and without diabetes

ObjectivesWe applied computer-aided detection (CAD) software for chest X-ray (CXR) analysis to determine if diabetes affects the radiographic presentation of tuberculosis. MethodsFrom March 2017-July 2018, we consecutively enrolled adults being evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis in Karachi, Pakistan. Participants had same-day CXR, two sputum mycobacterial cultures, and random blood glucose measurement. We identified diabetes through self-report or glucose >11.1mMol/L. We included participants with culture-confirmed tuberculosis for this analysis. We used linear regression to estimate associations between CAD-reported tuberculosis abnormality score (range 0.00 to 1.00) and diabetes, adjusting for age, body mass index, sputum smear-status, and prior tuberculosis. We also compared radiographic abnormalities between participants with and without diabetes. Results63/272 (23%) of included participants had diabetes. After adjustment, diabetes was associated with higher CAD tuberculosis abnormality scores (p < 0.001). Diabetes was not associated with frequency of CAD-reported radiographic abnormalities apart from cavitary disease; participants with diabetes were more likely to have cavitary disease (74.6% vs 61.2% p = 0.07), particularly non-upper zone cavitary disease (17% vs 7.8%, p = 0.09). ConclusionsCAD analysis of CXR suggests diabetes is associated with more extensive radiographic abnormalities and with greater likelihood of cavities outside upper lung zones.

Diagnostic accuracy of two confirmatory tests for diabetes mellitus in adult Ugandans with recently diagnosed tuberculosis.

The optimal confirmatory tests for diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with tuberculosis (TB) vary across populations. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two confirmatory tests for DM against the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the reference test in adult Ugandans with recently diagnosed TB. A total of 232 adult participants receiving TB treatment underwent initial screening for DM with random blood glucose (RBG) measurement. Participants with a RBG level ⩾6.1 mmol/l received additional screening with fasting blood glucose (FBG), laboratory-measured glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and an OGTT. Using the latter as the gold standard and reference test, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory-measured HbA1c and FBG. Of the 232 participants initially screened for DM using RBG measurement, 117 participants (50.4%) had RBG level ⩾6.1 mmol/l and were scheduled to return for additional blood glucose testing. Of these, 75 (64.1%) participants returned for FBG and HbA1c measurements. A diagnosis of DM was made in 32 participants, corresponding to a prevalence of 13.8% [95% CI 9.9-18.9].The areas under the curve (AUC) for FBG and laboratory-measured HbA1c were 0.69 [95% CI 0.47-0.90] and 0.65 [95% CI 0.43-0.87], respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a FBG level of ⩾7 mmol/l were 57.1% [95% CI 18.4-90.1] and 74.6% [95% CI 62.5-84.5], respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for laboratory-measured HbA1c of ⩾6.5 mmol/l (48 mmol/mol) were 14.3% [95% CI 0.40-57.9] and 95.3% (86.9-99.0%), respectively. FBG may be better than laboratory-measured HbA1c in confirming DM in adult Ugandans with recently diagnosed TB. However, because of the small study sample size, larger studies evaluating the diagnostic utility of these diabetes screening tests in adult Ugandans with TB are needed to confirm these findings.

Correlation between visceral fat, muscles mass, and blood sugar levels in adults

The correlation between visceral fat levels (VF) or muscle mass and insulin resistance or type-2 diabetes mellitus has been studied extensively elsewhere, particularly in the urban-dwelling populations. The current study aimed to evaluate the association of VF or muscle mass with random blood glucose (RBG) among the rural population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Buleleng Regency. A total of 105 samples were enrolled in the study and obtained through a systematic interview, random blood glucose measurement, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Spearman’s correlation test was used to determine the correlation between visceral fat levels (VF) or muscle mass with RBG levels. A partial correlation test was used to control confounding variables (age, muscle mass, body mass index, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference). Most of the samples (61.9%) were female, with a mean age was 53,48 ± 13,03. The statistical analysis results show VF had a significant correlation with RBG (r= 0.363, p&lt;0.001 but neither as role of muscle mass in which the r= -0.073, p=0.461). There was no significant correlation found on the partial correlation test, between VF and RBG. In conclusion, although the correlation between VF levels and RBG was weak, the clinician should aware of the role of VF in the development of insulin resistance or diabetes mellitus type-2.

The effect of D-chiro-inositol on renal protection in diabetic mice.

D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) exerts a hypoglycaemic effect, participates in lipid metabolism and reduces kidney damage. In this study, we preliminarily explored the protective effect of DCI on renal injury in diabetic mice. Male db/db mice were used in this study. After treatment with DCI (35 and 70 mg/kg/d) for 6 consecutive weeks, random blood glucose (RBG) measurements were conducted at 0 and 6 weeks. Creatinine (Cr) and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured using assay kit, and morphological changes in the kidneys were observed by HE staining, Masson staining and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical and Western blot experiments were used to examine the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). We discovered that the increased RBG levels were alleviated after treatment with DCI. Moreover, the Cr and BUN levels were reduced, glomerular mesangial hyperplasia was alleviated, and the degree of renal fibrosis was reduced. In addition, DCI improved the protein expression of MMP-9 and PPAR-γ in kidney tissue, which in turn inhibited NF-κB protein expression, as shown by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our findings showed that DCI ameliorated the renal injury induced by diabetes by upregulating MMP-9 and PPAR-γ expression and downregulating NF-κB expression. We preliminarily concluded that the renal protective effect of DCI on diabetic mice may occurs through the MMP-9/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 in Rats with Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Ginsenosides play an important role in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Our group predicted that ginsenoside Rb1 combined with insulin would have a protective effect in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetic model was established by high fat feeding combined with intraperitoneal injection of 70 mg/ kg streptozotocin in 8 w old male Sprague-Dawley rats. One rat was sacrificed at 8 w, 12 w and 14 w, respectively. The cardiac function and pathological structure of the myocardium were observed. It was concluded that the model of the diabetic cardiomyopathy group was successful. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and treated with different doses for 6 w. During this period, all rats received regular blood from the tail vein, had regular random blood glucose measurements and had regular fasting body weight measurements. After 6 w of intervention, cardiac ultrasonography was performed to evaluate cardiac function in all groups. Blood samples of aorta were collected for biochemical detection and pathological staining, immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were taken from heart tissue samples for detection. Compared with the normal group, diabetic cardiomyopathy rats displayed severe hyperglycemia, lower body weight, poorer cardiac performance, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac inflammation. Diabetic cardiomyopathy rats suffered obvious effects from over-activation of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor pathway. Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment attenuated hyperglycemia, body weight loss and cardiac injury as well as heparin-binding epidermal growth factor activation induced by diabetic cardiomyopathy. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rb1 had no obvious toxicity or side effects in the heart, liver or kidneys. Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment in diabetic rats can inhibit the over-activated heparin-binding epidermal growth factor signaling pathway, attenuate fibrosis of myocardial tissue and improve cardiac function, and has no obvious toxicity or side effects. It is a potential drug for diabetic heart disease.

Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension Among King Abdulaziz University Employees: Data From First Aid and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training Program.

ObjectivesSaudi Arabia has a very high rate of chronic illnesses, especially hypertension (HTN) and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and control of diabetes and hypertension among employees at a university in Saudi Arabia, including the associated risk factors, and to evaluate the need for early screening among these individuals.MethodsThis retrospective study used data from the first aid training program. In total, there were 3964 employees who completed the program, and only 1000 employees were enrolled. The program was conducted at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Blood pressure (BP), random blood sugar, and body mass index (BMI) were measured in all employees. Descriptive data, including mean, standard deviation (SD), crosstab, chi-square, and linear regression, were analyzed. Categorical variables were described using frequencies and percentages.ResultsThe prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was 31% and 5%. There were 365 males and 635 females. Employees with risk factors such as gender, age, and body mass index had significant effects on having high blood pressure and random blood glucose measurements. Of the employees who reported being free from chronic diseases, 2.9% had abnormal random blood glucose readings (prediabetic and diabetic ranges), while 37.4% had abnormal blood pressure readings (prehypertensive and hypertensive ranges).ConclusionThe high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes reflects the crucial role of early screening in diabetes and hypertension protocols and raising awareness regarding protocol implementation in Saudi Arabia to improve quality of life (QoL) at the individual and community levels.

Molecular Diagnosis of Monogenic Diabetes and Their Clinical/Laboratory Features in Turkish Children

Objective:Monogenic diabetes is a heterogeneous disease that causes functional problems in pancreatic beta cells and hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and laboratory features, the admission characteristics and distribution of monogenic form of diabetes in childhood in Turkey.Methods:Patients aged 0-18 years, who were molecularly diagnosed with monogenic diabetes, and consented to participate, were included in the study.Results:Seventy-seven (45.6%) female and 92 male cases with a mean age of 8.18±5.05 years at diagnosis were included. 52.7% of the cases were diagnosed with monogenic diabetes by random blood glucose measurement. The reason for genetic analysis in 95 (56.2%) of cases was having a family member diagnosed with diabetes under the age of 25. At the time of diagnosis, ketone was detected in urine in 16.6% of the cases. Mean hemoglobin A1c on admission, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and c-peptide values were 7.3±2.1%, 184.9±128.9 mg/dL, 9.4±22.9 IU/L, 1.36±1.1 and ng/L respectively. GCK-MODY was found in 100 (59.2%), HNF1A-MODY in 31 (18.3%), and variants in ABCC8 in 6 (3.6%), KCNJ11 in 5 (3%), HNF4A in 2 (1.2%), and HNF1B in 2 (1.2%).Conclusion:Recent studies have indicated HNF1A-MODY is the most frequent of all the MODY-monogenic diabetes cases in the literature (50%), while GCK-MODY is the second most frequent (32%). In contrast to these reports, in our study, the most common form was GCKMODY while less than 20% of cases were diagnosed with HNF1A-MODY.

Assessment of diabetes knowledge, screening and uptake of community diabetes programs in a peri-urban region in Australia

AimsThe Wollondilly Diabetes Program (WDP) is testing ways to improve uptake of diabetes prevention services. This project evaluated the reach of WDP in diabetes promotion while assessing diabetes knowledge and risk among residents. MethodsA WDP member travelled in the DW weekly to community events including outreach programs between October 2016 and June 2019. Data from diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ), the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK), HbA1c and Random Blood Glucose (RBG) measurements obtained from participants who attended community events and road shows. ResultsOver the 32 months period, WDP attended 32 community events reaching 1415 people (∼3% of the Wollondilly adult population). DKQ was completed by 154 people (52.9% females, 78% Australian born, median age 69 years), 39% had diabetes and their mean score (25.0 ± 3.1, maximum possible score = 31) was similar to those without diabetes (24.0 ± 4.6, p = 0.093). AUSDRISK assessment was completed by 166 people with 85% at intermediate or high risk of diabetes. There were 65% results above range for RBG (≥5.5 mmol/l) and/or HbA1c (≥5.7%,39 mmol/mol). ConclusionA community outreach team set up in partnership with local stakeholders that offers opportunistic diabetes screening, is an effective way of engaging with the community to increase diabetes awareness and knowledge.

27337 Characterizing Temporal Patterns in Glucose Dysregulation Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Understanding the longitudinal glucose changes following SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform point-of-care guidelines and elucidate the viral hypothesis of diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Hyperglycemia has emerged as an important manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Whether clinically-detectable glycemic changes persist following SARS-CoV-2 infection remain to be elucidated. This work aims to characterize temporal patterns in glucose dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Electronic health records of patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19, positive laboratory test for SARS-CoV-2, and negative history of Diabetes Mellitus prior to infection were extracted from the TriNetX database. 7,502 patients with at least one blood glucose value 2 years to 2 weeks before, 2 weeks before to 2 weeks after, and 2 weeks after to 1 year after COVID-19 diagnosis were used for analysis. Temporal patterns are characterized by training state-of-the-art clustering algorithms, including fuzzy short time-series clustering, k-means for longitudinal data, and spectral clustering. Clustering performance is evaluated using internal evaluation metrics of the Silhouette coefficient, Calinski-Harabasz score, and Davies Bouldin index. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on the success of prior clustering methods with random blood glucose measurements, we anticipate that the proposed time-series clustering algorithms will appropriately characterize temporal patterns of glycemic dysregulation. The best performing algorithm based on interval evaluation metrics will be selected for further analysis. Associations between blood glucose values and cluster membership will be evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and effect size will be calculated using unbiased Cohen’s d. Clinical phenotypes for each cluster will be characterized in terms of current diagnoses, prior medication use, pertinent laboratory tests, and vital signs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: A clearer understanding of the longitudinal glucose changes following SARS-CoV-2 infection can elucidate clinically-detectable patterns of glycemic dysregulation, identify sub-phenotypes of patients who are more susceptive to glycemic dysregulation, and inform appropriate point-of-care guidelines.

High prevalence of diabetes in young people in Bangalore, India

Background and aims: The burden of diabetes in India is increasing, especially in cities. We conducted a cross- sectional survey of the prevalence of diabetes and a measure of prediabetes in an urban population in Bangalore, India.Methods: Screening was conducted free of charge and without need for a prior appointment in 32 screening sites throughout Bangalore. Diabetes was defined either on the basis of a self-reported prior diagnosis or as undiagnosed diabetes on the basis of a random blood glucose measurement of &gt;11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL). A second index of dysglycaemia, termed prediabetes, was defined as a random blood glucose measurement of &gt;7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) but less than 11.1 mmol/L.Results: The study population comprised 3,691 subjects, screened over a period of 15 months. Previously diagnosed diabetes was present in 818 patients (22.2%), previously undiagnosed diabetes in 67 patients (1.8%) and the additional measure of prediabetes in 221 patients (6%). Accordingly, almost one-third of subjects (30%) had diabetes or prediabetes by our criteria. Diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) and prediabetes were more common in older subjects than younger subjects, as would be expected.Conclusions: We observed high rates of dysglycaemia in a large urban population in Bangalore. Our data add to previous reports of a substantial burden of abnormal glucose regulation in this setting. Additional public health initiatives are required to protect the citizens of Bangalore from diabetes and its future complications.

Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in tribal population of Kashmir: Lessons for the future

AimsConsidering a surge in the incidence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) across all ethnic groups and lack of any representative data from the tribal communities of Jammu and Kashmir, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of DM and prediabetes in them. MethodsSubjects were recruited from five districts of Kashmir valley using multistage cluster sampling by probability proportional to size (PPS) technique. Data collection included recording of socio-demographic, medical facts, assessment of anthropometric parameters and biochemical evaluation HbA1c and random blood glucose measurements as per the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria were used for diagnosis of DM. ResultsA total of 6808 subjects were recruited in this study including 2872 (42%) men and 3936 (58%) women with mean age of 39.60 ± 20.19 years and 35.17 ± 16.70 years, respectively. Around 8.60% subjects were obese, 38.9% were found to be hypertensive, 73% had dyslipidemia and 3.75% had metabolic syndrome. About 1.26% (0.5% males and 0.9% females) had DM and 11.64% had prediabetes based on HbA1c cut offs. Increasing age, body mass index and family history portend significant risk factors while smoking and sedentary lifestyle increased the risk marginally. ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of DM among tribals of Kashmir valley is lower than general population, the higher prediabetes to DM ratio may indicate a future trend of increasing DM prevalence in this disadvantageous subpopulation.

Screening at the dental office: An opportunity for bridging the gap in the early diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes in Ghana.

Background:The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes is increasing in Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Screening is a useful tool in improving the early detection of both diseases to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with the conditions. This study set out to determine the prevalence of patients with hypertension and hyperglycemia attending a dental clinic in Accra.Methods:A cross-sectional study, modeling a screening exercise, was conducted in a major dental clinic in Accra. Hypertension and diabetes were screened for with serial blood pressure checks at rest and random blood glucose measurements, respectively. Other variables were the pulse rate, the respiratory rate, and the background characteristics of respondents. Data were analyzed with Stata Version 14, and descriptive statistics were generated and reported.Results:There were a total of 175 participants in the study, comprising 76 males (43.4%) and 99 females (56.6%). This represented a male-to-female ratio of 0.8:1. The ages ranged from 18 to 86 years, with the median and mean ages of 40 years and 43.1 years (±16.9), respectively. This study found the prevalence of hypertension and hyperglycemia in the dental clinic to be 31.4% and 24.6%, respectively.Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrate the importance of the dental clinic in detecting both undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes, as well as those who have previously been diagnosed, but do not have their blood pressure and blood sugar under adequate control. With efficient referrals and follow-up systems in place at dental offices, they could be harnessed as a fertile place for hypertension and diabetes screening.

Promoting non-communicable disease risks in rural area: a Community and Family Health Care - inter professional education (CFHC-IPE) activity

Health is an aspect that could be viewed from various age groups and factors. Risk factors found during Community and Family Health Care-Inter Professional Education visits in Pondok 2, Widodomartani, Ngemplak are the habits of people who still lacking in controlling excessive consumption of sugar, salt, and oily foods. These may lead to many problems such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Based on the problem, our group held the community service activities focusing on health screening, particularly on the measurement of blood pressure, random blood glucose, and total cholesterol level. This activity aims to screen the community health condition and to raise health awareness and understanding. Therefore, people may start to take action improving their lifestyle in order to maintain their long term health status. This research is a retrospective study using secondary data obtained from health examination records at the time of community service. The health check-up was conducted on May 4, 2019. We utilize mannual mercury sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurement and automatic skin prick test device for random blood glucose and total cholesterol level. During the health examination, we also counsel the subjects about healthy lifestyle. Sixteen people from the targeted community attended the activity. Half of the people had normal blood pressure; 1 person pre-hypertension; 4 persons stage I hypertension, and 3 persons stage II hypertension. For random blood glucose measurement, only 1 resulted in high random blood glucose whilst others were within normal limit. Total cholesterol level was examined to 9 people with history of hypercholesterolemia with the following results; 2 people had high level, 2 people had borderline-high level ,and the rest had normal level. Most of the people within the community had good health status. This kind of activity can be routinely conducted not only to screen community health status but also to promote health awareness.

Nutritional status and Cardiometabolic health among adolescents; findings from southwestern Nigeria

BackgroundObesity has been associated with an increased risk for cardio-metabolic diseases. The prevalence of obesity among adolescents is increasing worldwide, including Nigeria, but only little data exist on the relationship of nutritional status with cardio-metabolic health among adolescents in Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the relationship of nutrition status, raised blood pressure, glucose intolerance and risk for metabolic diseases among adolescents in southwestern Nigeria.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted among 313 in-school adolescents in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria. The respondents were selected using multi-stage sampling technique, and data were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaires. Anthropometric, blood pressure and random blood glucose measurements were done using standard protocols. Nutritional assessment was done using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 reference. Pre-hypertension and hypertension were measured using percentiles for gender, age and height. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS and the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was 14.4 ± 2.0 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.2%, and it was significantly higher among females (12.5%) than males (7.0%). The prevalence of systolic and diastolic pre-hypertension was 10.9 and 11.5% respectively, while the prevalence for systolic and diastolic hypertension were 14.4 and 8.6% respectively. Using WHtR to assess cardio-metabolic risk, 7.3% of the respondents were at risk. There were statistically significant relationships between BMI, WHtR and blood pressure levels (< 0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity among the adolescents was relatively high, and this was significantly associated with elevated blood pressure and increased risk for cardio-metabolic diseases. There is need for more interest and intervention by stakeholders into the cardio-metabolic health of adolescents in Nigeria.

Risk factors for diabetes mellitus and hypertension among artisans in Ogun state, Nigeria

PurposeThis study was designed to assess the risk factors associated with hypertension (HTN) and diabetes among artisans in Ogun State, Nigeria. Evidences suggest increasing prevalence, incidences and morbidity of diabetes and HTN in Nigeria. However, the purpose of this study is to plan and prioritize effective intervention programs, there is need to provide data on the prevalence and risk factors for HTN and diabetes among local groups.Design/methodology/approachIn total 300 apparently healthy artisans who have never been diagnosed of diabetes or HTN were randomly selected from five communities. A structured questionnaire was used in obtaining information on the personal characteristics of the respondents. An adapted dietary habit and lifestyle questionnaire were used to assess the dietary habits and lifestyle of the respondents. The WHO global activity questionnaire was adapted and used to gather information on the physical activity level of the respondents. Random blood glucose, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard instruments. Chi-square (χ2), correlations and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed to identify significant determinants of diabetes and HTN.FindingsMean age was 34.8 ± 9.9 and prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes were 1 and 4.7 per cent, respectively, while HTN and pre-HTN were 48.0 and 30.3 per cent, respectively. About half (55.7 per cent) of the respondents skip at least a meal daily and 31 per cent snack daily. Most (61.4 per cent) consume alcohol and 65.7 per cent engage in high physical activity. Abdominal obesity was significantly higher among women (p = 0.004). Using the chi-square analysis, age, abdominal obesity and educational status were factors found to be significantly associated with diabetes (p = 0.002; p = 0.007; p = 0.004) while age, gender, abdominal obesity and alcohol consumption had significant association with HTN. Although not statistically significant, respondents were 0.8, 1.0 and 1.1 times more likely to be diabetic with increasing body mass index, waist circumference (WC) and age (odd ratio (OR) = 0.78; confidence intervals (CI): 0.51-1.18; OR = 1.04; CI: 0.89-1.21; OR = 1.06; CI: 0.96-1.18, respectively). Abdominal obesity was significantly associated with HTN (OR = 1.08; CI: 1.03-1.13; p = 0.001). Also, older respondents were 1.1 times more likely of becoming hypertensive (OR = 1.07; CI: 1.02-1.11; p = 0.003). Increased risk of diabetes and HTN was found among respondents with increasing age and WC.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was cross-sectional in design; it cannot be used to establish a cause-effect relationship between diabetes, HTN and the observed variables (anthropometric characteristics, dietary habits and lifestyle risk factors). Because of the few numbers (1 per cent) of respondents identified to be diabetic several important risk factors could not be included in the model.Practical implicationsAn understanding of the risk factors associated with diabetes and HTN among sub-groups in the population will help to plan effective interventions targeted at specific groups.Originality/valueThe findings of this study show the associated risk factors for diabetes and HTN among artisans in Ogun State.

Diabetes, its risk factors and readiness to change lifestyle behaviours among Australian Samoans living in Sydney: Baseline data for church-wide interventions.

To describe the current prevalence of type 2 diabetes (diabetes) and readiness to change diet and physical activity among Samoans associated with churches in Sydney. Residents aged ≥18years attending four Samoan churches in Sydney were invited to participate in a church-wide lifestyle intervention. Participants completed questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, provided a non-fasting blood sample for HbA1c and random blood glucose (RBG) measurement, and performed a 6-minute walk test. Obesity was defined using a Pacific body mass index (BMI) threshold ≥32kg/m2 and diabetes if HbA1c was ≥6.5%. In total, 131/187 (70%) of Samoans (mean age of 44.1±15years; Female 52%) participated. Diabetes was present in 33% of the population which included 20% previously diagnosed diabetes, duration 13.4±6.7years, (HbA1c 8.3±2.5% and RBG 10.2±4.1mmol/L) and 13% had undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c 8.1±2.7% and RBG 10.3±4.7mmol/L). The overall baseline prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure and meeting the physical activity recommendation of ≥150min/wk were 77%, 44% and 38% respectively. Over 90% of participants were contemplating, if not already taking action towards healthier diet choices and increasing physical activity. Prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors were high among Samoans in Sydney with a high proportion with undiagnosed diabetes. SO WHAT?: These findings highlight the need to prioritise the delivery of culturally appropriate interventions tailored to the needs of the Samoan community. The high level of healthy lifestyle contemplation suggests that the community would be receptive to such interventions.

212-LB: Reporting History of Diabetes Symptoms and Random Blood Glucose Testing to Detect Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in the General Pediatric Population

Objective: Detection of pre-symptomatic T1D by islet autoantibody (IA) screening prevents hospitalization and diabetic ketoacidosis at clinical onset. It is unknown if presence of diabetic symptoms and random blood glucose predict islet autoantibodies. We report the efficacy of random blood glucose (RBG) measurement, among those who reported multiple symptoms for T1D, for detecting T1D autoimmunity. Methods: In 2017-18, the Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) study screened 14,418 Denver children 1-17 y old for autoantibodies to insulin, GAD, IA-2, and ZnT8. At the time of screening, the parent and/or child were asked whether or not the child had increased urination, thirst, weight loss or vomiting in the last 3 months. If two or more symptoms were reported, RBG was tested using a glucometer and IA testing was fast-tracked with results available in &amp;lt;7 days. Results: Of the children screened, 0.9% were positive for multiple IA or a single high-affinity IA conferring, respectively, a 44% and 29% 5-year risk of clinical T1D. A fast-track protocol with RBG testing was applied to 501/12,726 children screened between 6/2017-12/2018, flagged for priority testing. Ten (2%) of the 501 fast-track participants had multiple or single high-affinity IA, compared to 91/12,050 (0.8%) IA in those with one or no symptoms (p=0.002). At screening, children found later to have multiple or high-affinity IA more often reported ≥2 symptoms: 9.6% (10/104) compared with low-affinity IA, 4.3% (11/254, p=0.05), or negative, 4.9% (602/12,368, p=0.03). Among those with increased thirst and polyuria, 16/358 (4.5%) had IA. For IA positive, none reported all symptoms (12 IA neg reported all symptoms). RBG&amp;gt;140 mg/dl was detected in 1/14 (7.1%) children with multiple symptoms and IA vs. 15/440 (3.4%) children with symptoms and no IA (p=0.5). None had RBG&amp;gt;200. Conclusions: Symptoms history is helpful but RBG is not, in finding children with pre-symptomatic T1D. Disclosure K. Waugh: None. B.I. Frohnert: None. M. Rewers: None. J. Baxter: None. C.R. Geno Rasmussen: None. Funding JDRF