Ramus Medialis Research Articles

3D render volume CT reconstruction of the bones and arteries of the hind digit of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

BackgroundThe 3D computed tomography produces detailed images of the digit bones in addition to the angiograph render volume 3D of the CT shows the relation between the arteries, bones, and tissues of the digit. Therefore, the present study used those imaging techniques to provide a complete description of the digit bones and arteries’ origin, distribution, and course and their relations with surrounding structures in the Dromedary Camel. Which would serve as a guide for surgeons and students in distinguishing normal digit structures. The study used eight hind limbs of four adult camels of both sexes (two males and two females), aged 9–15 years (Mean ± SD, 11.80 ± 2.59 years). The samples were injected with latex with lead oxide were undergone 3D render volume CT (128-slice multi-detector CT scanning protocol) and angiography x-rays.ResultsThe blood vessels and correlated structures such as bones, tendons, and ligaments were examined using 3D CT in all directions, which was easier to view than angiography and dissected specimens. The arterial supply to the camel’s hind foot was the A. digitalis plantaris communis III. The angiography render volume 3D of CT explained the blood supply of the bones and joints of digital regions and showed a good visualization of the many digit arteries. The metatarsals, the phalanges, and the sesamoid bones were visualized. A. plantaris medialis superficialis, A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris communis II and IV, A. interdigitalis, rami articularis medialis and lateralis to the fetlock joint, ramus medialis and ramus lateralis of the A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV abaxialis, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV axialis, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the first phalanx, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the second and third phalanges, and A. metatarsae plantaris III were visualized. The study discovered new blood vessel sources in dromedary camels, such as the ramus articularis to the fetlock and the ramus plantaris phalangis abaxialis proximalis and distalis of the first phalanx.ConclusionsThe digital circulation angiography investigates the circulatory pattern of the camel hind digit, which can assist clinicians in diagnosing digit region affections. 3D CT explained improved visualization of bones and arteries, including many small branches in relation to surrounding structures, in some views better than others.

Radiofrequency treatment of facet-related pain: evidence and controversies.

Pain originating from the lumbar facet joints is estimated to represent about 15% of all low back pain complaints. The diagnostic block is considered to be a valuable tool for confirming facetogenic pain. It was demonstrated that a block of the ramus medialis of the ramus dorsalis is preferred over an intra-articular injection. The outcome of the consequent radiofrequency treatment is not different in patients reporting over 80% pain relief after the diagnostic block than in those who have between 50% and 79% pain relief. There is one well-conducted comparative trial assessing the value of one or two controlled diagnostic blocks to none. The results of the seven randomized trials on the use of radiofrequency treatment of facet joint pain demonstrate that good patient selection is imperative for good clinical outcome. Therefore, we suggest one block of the ramus medialis of the ramus dorsalis before radiofrequency treatment.

10. Thoracic Pain

Approximately 5% of the patients referred to outpatient pain clinics suffer thoracic pain. Thoracic pain in this article is limited to thoracic radicular pain and pain originating from the thoracic facet joints. Thoracic radicular pain is characterized by radiating pain in the localized area of a nervus intercostalis. The diagnosis of thoracic facet pain should be considered if the patient complains of paravertebral pain that is aggravated by prolonged standing, hyperextension, or rotation of the thoracic spinal column. Based on the analyses of the results in the literature combined with experience in pain management, symptoms, assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment possibilities of thoracic radicular pain and thoracic facet pain are described and discussed. Conservative treatment consists of medications according to the World Health Organization pain ladder. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is an option. Physical therapy is usually applied in the form of manual therapy. Interventional treatment may be considered when conservative treatment fails. For thoracic radicular pain, the available evidence on efficacy and safety supports recommendation (2 C+) of pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion spinale (DRG). If this treatment has a short-lasting effect and the pain is segmental, then radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion spinale (DRG) can be performed. Recommendation (2 C+) is applicable. However, extensive skills are required to perform this procedure above the level of Th7. This treatment should take place in specialized centers. For thoracic facet pain, radiofrequency treatment of the ramus medialis of the thoracic rami dorsales is recommended (2 C+).

5. Cervical Facet Pain

More than 50% of patients presenting to a pain clinic with neck pain may suffer from facet-related pain. The most common symptom is unilateral pain without radiation to the arm. Rotation and retroflexion are frequently painful or limited. The history should exclude risk factors for serious underlying pathology (red flags). Radiculopathy may be excluded with neurologic testing. Direct correlation between degenerative changes observed with plain radiography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging and pain has not been proven. Conservative treatment options for cervical facet pain such as physiotherapy, manipulation, and mobilization, although supported by little evidence, are frequently applied before considering interventional treatments. Interventional pain management techniques, including intra-articular steroid injections, medial branch blocks, and radiofrequency treatment, may be considered (0). At present, there is no evidence to support cervical intra-articular corticosteroid injection. When applied, this should be done in the context of a study. Therapeutic repetitive medial branch blocks, with or without corticosteroid added to the local anesthetic, result in a comparable short-term pain relief (2 B+). Radiofrequency treatment of the ramus medialis of the cervical ramus dorsalis (facet) may be considered. The evidence to support its use in the management of degenerative cervical facet joint pain is derived from observational studies (2 C+).

7. Whiplash-Associated Disorders

Whiplash-associated disorders are comprised of a range of symptoms of which neck complaints and headaches are the most significant spine related. In the acute and sub-acute stage of the disorder, conservative treatment for minimally 6 months is recommended, active mobilization is slightly better than passive treatment. Thereafter, interventional treatment may be considered. The available evidence for injection of Botulinum toxin A (2 B-) and intra-articular corticosteroid injections (2 C-) supports a negative recommendation. Radiofrequency treatment of the ramus medialis (medial branch) of the ramus dorsalis is recommended (2 B+).

6. Cervicogenic Headache

Cervicogenic headache is mainly characterized by unilateral headache symptoms which arise from the neck radiating to the fronto-temporal and possibly to the supra-orbital region. Physical examination to find evidence of a disorder known to be a valid cause of headache encompasses movement tests of the cervical spinal column and segmental palpation of the cervical facet joints and soft tissues of the neck. Injection of the nervus occipitalis major is recommended after unsatisfactory results with conservative treatments (1 B+). In the case of an unsatisfactory outcome after injection of the nervus occipitalis major, radiofrequency treatment of the ramus medialis (medial branch) of the cervical ramus dorsalis can be considered (2 B+/-). If the result is unsatisfactory pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion spinale (dorsal root ganglion) of C2 and/or C3 can be considered in a study context (O).

Arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) in the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) living in Turkey.

This study aims to observe the morphological characteristics of the uropygial gland (Glandula uropygialis), specifically the arterial vascularization, in rock partridges (Alectoris graeca) living in Turkey. Coloured-latex-injected animals were dissected and the gland and related arteries were observed. Mostly, the fourth paired caudal segmental arteries (Aa. segmentales caudales) arising from the median caudal artery (A. mediana caudae) were specified as the uropygial gland arteries. These arteries, in turn, gave the following rami: the muscular ramus (Ramus muscularis) to the levator coccygeus and lateral caudal muscles, the lateral ramus (Ramus lateralis) to the lateral coccygeus muscle and a small ventro-lateral division of the caudal component of the gland, and the medial rami (Ramus medialis) to the dorsal surface of the gland.

Anatomy of the dorsal mid-hand arteries--anatomic study and review of the literature

By dissections of 20 cold-preserved hands, we investigated the dorsal metacarpal arteries (DMA) with regard to reliability, origin and anastomoses. The first dorsal metacarpal artery showed a trifurcation with three vessels: Ramus ulnaris (A. metacarpalis dorsalis I), Ramus medialis and Ramus radialis (A. ulnodorsalis pollicis). The DMA II to IV were observed medially in their respective intermetacarpal spaces. The A. metacarpalis dorsalis V was unreliable in reaching the skin of dorsal proximal phalanges as in the DMA IV. Most reliable for reaching the skin of dorsal proximal phalanges were the radial arteries--first, second and third dorsal metacarpal arteries. The dorsal digital arteries originate close to one another at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joints. There was an increase of epifascial position, from radial to ulnar. Irregular palmar intermetacarpal anastomoses were found proximal to the ligamentum metacarpale transversum profundum but nearly consistently in the web space.

Arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) in geese (Anser anser) and ducks (Anas platyrhynches).

In the present study, arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) of 10 adult geese (Anser anser) and 10 adult ducks (Anas platyrhynches) were studied. Takilon was injected into the median coccygeal arteries of six specimens from each species, and Latex (a natural rubber with ammonia) into those of four specimens. Takilon-injected specimens were corrosion casted, and arteries nourishing the gland were revealed via dissection. Vascularization of the uropygial glands of both the goose and the duck was observed to be the right (a. gl. uropygii dextra), left (a. gl. uropygi sinistra) and ventral (a. gl. uropygi ventralis) glandular uropygial arteries, arising from the median coccygeal (a. coccygea media) artery. Both the right and left glandular uropygial arteries were observed, divided into four branches as follows; muscular ramus (ramus muscularis), medial ramus (ramus medialis), ventral ramus (ramus ventralis) and lateral ramus (ramus lateralis). Of these, as the lateral, medial and ventral branches feed the gland, the muscular branch provides blood for the lateral coccygeal (m. coccygealis lateralis) and levator coccygeal (m. levator coccygealis) muscles, and the skin. Among the arteries mentioned above, anastomosis between the first and the second branches of the right ventral uropygial arteries in the five geese and five ducks was found.

Sistema excretor do fígado de veados f Manzana americana, Blastocerus bezoarticus e Manzana simplicicornis). I. sistematização do ramus principalis dexter

A sistematização do ramus principalis dexter do sistema excretor do fígado foi estudada em 06 veados mateiros (Manzana americana), 01 veado catingueiro (Manzana simplicicornis) e 01 veado do rabo branco (Blastocerus bezoarticus). Foi utilizado látex Neoprene corado para o preenchimento das vias biliares, e o método empregado para a evidenciação dos coletores foi o da dissecação, realizada após a fixação das peças com solução aquosa de formol a 10%. Nas três espécies estudadas o ductus choledocus resulta da reunião do ramus p rin cipa lis dexter e do ramus prin cipa lis sinister, sem a participação do ductus cysticus, pois estes animais não possuem vesíbula biliar. Nas três espécies, participam do sistema do ramus principalis dexter, sob diversos arranjos, o ramus medialis lobi dextri, o ramus dorsalis lobi dextri, o ramus processi caudati e o ramus lateralis lobi dextri.

Estudo anatômico do sistema excretor do fígado em animais silvestres. VI. Ductos bilíferos do tamanduá bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Neste trabalho são sistematizadas as vias bilíferas do tamanduá bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Os resultados demonstram: o ductos choledocus, livre de afluentes, origina-se da união do ramus principalis dexter e do ramus principalis sinister. O ramus principalis dexter é invariavelmente composto pelo ramus lateralis lobi dextri e pelo ramus medialis lobi dextri, enquanto o ramus principalis sinister está composto pelo ramus lateralis lobi sinistri, ramus medialis lobi sinistri e ramus lobi quadrati.

Activity of lateral line efferents in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)

Activity of efferent fibers was recorded from the ramus ophthalmicus superficialis of the head lateral line nerve and the ramus medialis of the trunk lateral line nerve of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. Baseline activity and activity evoked by sensory stimuli were examined. Electrical stimulation of selected branches was used to determine the conduction velocity and the branching pattern of efferent fibers. The influence of lesions at different levels in the CNS on efferent activity was studied.

Morphometric Comparison between Human and Rat Abducens and Oculomotor Nerves

A morphologic and morphometric comparison between normal human and rat extraocular muscle nerves was performed using a computer-assisted method to obtain scatter diagrams of relative sheath thickness (g ratio = quotient axon diameter/fiber diameter). Human and rat extraocular muscle nerves (nervus abducens and ramus medialis n. oculomotorii) were excised immediately before the nerve branching at the entering point into the muscle. There was no difference in the absolute number of myelinated fibers between the oculomotor and abducens nerves in both species. The distribution of myelinated fibers was classified according to their g ratios into a two-stage density cluster analysis. Two main populations of nerve fibers for human oculomotor and rat oculomotor and abducens nerves and three main populations for human abducens nerve were differentiated morphometrically and mathematically, differing in their relative sheath thicknesses. There are distinct differences between scatter diagrams of human and rat extraocular muscle nerves, in correlation with the basically different oculomotor functions of these two species. The morphometric differences between human and rat extraocular muscle nerves suggest a difference in the myelination process and the presence of functionally different nerve fibers, strongly indicated by the populations and subpopulations of myelinating nerve fibers peculiar to extraocular muscle. The existence of more than two different types of myelinated fibers in the human nerves implies that the traditional classification based on fiber caliber must be reviewed and a comparison of different classes of nerve and muscle fibers should be performed.

The lamina cribrosa of Ornithorhynchus (Monotremata, Mammalia).

A vestigial and transitory lamina cribrosa was found in nestling platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). The heads of two nest-young (180 and 333 mm length), one subadult and one adult Ornithorhynchus were serially sectioned and studied with special reference to the development of the nasal region. In nest-young Ornithorhynchus an irregularly shaped bar of cartilage develops at the foramen olfactorium advehens. In the subadult it is largely resorbed, and in the osseous skull of the adult it is completely lacking. Ontogeny and topographical relationships of this bar of cartilage indicate that it is part of a lamina cribrosa. It embraces the ramus medialis of the nervus ethmoidalis and the arteria ethmoidalis, as do the corresponding parts of the lamina cribrosa of Tachyglossus. Compared to other parts of the chondrocranium this bar develops late in ontogeny, as does the lamina cribrosa of other mammals. Therefore, it can be concluded that part of the lamina cribrosa is present for a short period during the ontogeny of Ornithorhynchus, contrary to earlier reports. As in many other water-adapted mammals, the olfactory system of Ornithorhynchus is reduced. This suggests that the rest of the lamina cribrosa of Ornithorhynchus is secondarily reduced. The common ancestor of Ornithorhynchus and Tachyglossidae most probably possessed a lamina cribrosa which can be traced back to the common mammalian stock. The lamina cribrosa developed only once in the phylogeny of mammals. Its lack in the adult Ornithorhynchus is not a "reptilian" character.

Contribuição ao estudo das vias bilíferas intra e extrahepáticas em ovinos (Ovis aries — Linnaeus, 1758). I. Comportamento do ductus choledocus. II. Sistematização do ramus principalis dexter

Studying the behaviour of the ductus choledocus of the ductus cysticus and the systematization of the ramus principalis dexter, in 50 livers of adult male ovines of the Merino race, the A. arrived to the following conclusions: 1 — the ductus choledocus always free from tributaries, is shown in 48 parts, being 96% of them constituted by the union of the ramus principalis dexter, and ramus principalis sinister (4.0% ), in two cases by the triplice convergence of dorso medialis and ventrolteralis roots of ramus principalis dexter plus the ramus principalis sinister. 2 —the ductus cysticus, free in of its preparations (84.0%) is seen when receives tributaries which come from the lobus quadratus. The eight (16.0%) which are left integrate themselves in the system of ramus principalis dexter. 3 — the system of ramus principalis dexter is formed by ramus medialis lobi dexter, ramus dorsalis lobi dextri, ramus processi caudati, ramus lateralis lobi dextri, ductus cysticus, rami intermedii lobi dextri and innominate ducts from the lobus dexter (medial, dorsal and lateral territories ), the lobus caudatus (pars supraportalis, processus papillaris, pons and processus caudatus) and lobus quadratus.

Contribuição ao estudo das vias biliferas intra e extra-hepáticas no Felis domestica. Sistematização do ramus principalis dexter e do ductus choledocus

A sistematização do ramus principalis do dexter e do ductus choledocus, motivo desta pesquisa, foi estudada em 50 fígados de gatos. Baseados na dissecção destes órgãos podemos informar que o ductus choledocus resulta: a) em 3 peças (68.0%), da fusão do ramus principalis dexter e ramus principais Sinistre; b) em 11 casos (22,0%), da reunião do ductus hepaticus ao ductus cysticus; c) em 3 preparações (6,0%), da tríplice confluência do ramus p rincipalis dexter, ramus principalis sinister e ductus cysticus; d) em 1 dissecção (2,0%), da tríplice convergência do ramus principalis dexter, ramus principalis sinister e ramus medialis lobi dextri; e) em 1 fígado (2.0%), da junção do ductus hepaticus e ramus lobi quadrati. No que tange ao sistema do ramus principais dexter, conforme verificamos, mostra-se constituído pela associação dos seguintes duetos conspícuos: ramus lateralis lobi dextri, ramus processi caudati, ramus medialis lobi dextri, ramus processi papillaris,ramus lobi quadrati e ductus cysticus.

Contribuição ao estudo das vias bilíferas intra e extra-hepáticas em capra hircus; sistematização do ramus principalis sinister

The A. has analised the sistematization of the ramus principalis sinister of the liver, in 30 goats (Capra hircus), 17 males and 13 females. The system of the ramus principalis sinister holds the ramus medialis lobi sinistri, ramus lateralis lobi sinistri, ramus lobi quadrati, ramus processi papillaris, and two stams: one including the medial group of the rami intermedii lobi sinister, and other, the lateral one of them; the A. also identifies contributions from the lobus caudatus (pars supraportalis and pons) and lobus quadratus.