Rajshahi District Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Drought Assessment and Monitoring for Rajshahi District Using Meteorological Drought Indices

An analysis for drought condition has been made in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. The assessment of drought for the country has become an urgent need. The agriculture of the country is dependent on the amount of precipitation. As drought and precipitation are inversely related so it is desired to know the condition of Rajshahi. The main characteristics that define drought are the absence of precipitation for a lengthy period and a low distribution of rainfall in contrast to the normal climatic condition. The monthly maximum average temperature data, monthly minimum average temperature data and total monthly precipitation data for the last 48 years (1971-2019) from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) are utilized for the analysis process. An online software named DrinC is preferred due to its open-source platform and its user-friendly interface. The meteorological data serve as inputs for the software. The Deciles Index (DI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) have been used to identify the drought condition of Rajshahi. The values of the DI and SPI are generated from the precipitation data. However, for the generation of the RDI, the precipitation data as well as the potential evapo-transpiration (PET) data, which is an intermediate data that is generated from the two different types of temperature data via DrinC software are used. The values of SPI, RDI and DI values are presented in a tabular as well as in graphical form. From the comparison of these data and from the study of the recurrence interval the state and the repetition of drought in Rajshahi district can be determined.

Assessment of biosecurity measures in commercial poultry farms of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh.

The application of biosecurity measures in the poultry sector are essential. Developing and implementing daily biosecurity activities are considered effective methods to prevent infectious diseases on poultry farms. Appropriate farm settings and management reduce the possibility of disease transmission between farms. This study aimed to assess the current biosecurity status of commercial poultry farms in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2021, involving 204 poultry farmers in the Rajshahi district, using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The statistically significant (p<0.05) results found were: most farmers reported that the visitors could not access their farms (broiler vs. layer: 68.1%, 77.0%). A higher proportion of broilers compared to layer farms used company's supplied feed (81.2% vs. 66.7%). A higher proportion of layer (97.8%) farms cleaned the farm's litter within 24h compared to broiler farms (72.5%). Broiler farms had better records animal mortality than layer farms (76.8% vs. 60.0%). More layer (96.3%) farms compared to broiler (87.0%) farms implemented a vaccination program. The findings of this study revealed that biosecurity measures are well-practiced and implemented in most broiler and layer farms in this region except in a small number of farms. Government authorities should strictly enforce and monitor biosecurity measures in farms that do not practice essential biosecurity measures.

Changes in Fuel Use at Domestic Level in Rural Life: The Context of a Village in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

Fuel is a burning issue in Bangladesh as well as in today's world. Domestic is one of the main sectors of fuel consumption. There is no denying that much research is being conducted on fuels. However, changes in fuel use and fuel use at the domestic level have not been studied yet, although changes in many other aspects of culture have been studied. As a result, we do not have enough information to make policy recommendations in this area. Basically, research regarding how fuel use changed over time is important in the current fuel crisis situation since, to cope with the present or upcoming fuel crisis, it is important to know how a group of people collected fuel in their different ecological and socio-economic conditions. Given the significance of past coping strategies in fuel collection, this study sought to identify fuels and fuel use dynamics at the domestic level in rural Bangladesh. Applying qualitative research methods, this research found that changes in fuel use at the domestic level occur as soon as the agricultural technology, cultivation system, and market demand of any crops change. Also, changes in livelihoods and lifestyles, urbanization, and the globalization of technology create noticeable changes in domestic fuel use in Bangladesh. This research invites researchers from universities and development agencies to conduct future long-scaled research with a huge number of respondents from diversified backgrounds to produce knowledge regarding changes in fuel use at the domestic level in rural and urban areas of the country.

CT Measurement of Maxillary Sinus Volume Among the Population of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh

Background: The volumetric measurement of the maxillary sinuses is essential in assessing the incidence of sinusitis and cancer and measuring the intimate relationship between teeth and maxillary sinuses. There have been reports in multiple studies that there is racial variation concerning age and gender. This study aims to determine whether the sinus volume of males and females differ and its relation to age.&#x0D; Methods: This descriptive observational study was carried out among 100 respondents between the age of 11- 60 years who were residing in Rajshahi during the study period of one year, i.e., January 2018 to December 2018. The data has been collected from the Department of Radiology and Imaging of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH) from the patients who had undergone CT scan examinations. The measurements were directly taken from a computer provided with an electronic caliper. After that, the sinus volume was calculated manually using the following formula (height x width x depth x 0.5). The quality of the data was obtained diligently, and ethical issues were properly maintained in all the steps of this study.&#x0D; Results: There were 50 males and 50 females, ranging from 11 – 60 years of age, where the mean (± SD) age was 36.7 (± 14.8) years. The mean (± SD) volume of the maxillary sinus in the male group was 17 (± 4.6) cm3 for the right side and 17.5 (± 4.7) cm3 for the left side, which was significantly more than the female group, 14.7 (± 3.7) cm3 for the right side and 15.1 (± 3.7) cm3 for the left side (p = 0.031). Concerning age, the distribution of maxillary sinus volume showed the highest values between 21-30 years of age, and then it decreased both on the right and left side; this finding was found to be statistically significant (p = 0 .018).&#x0D; Conclusion: This study provides salient information regarding maxillary sinus volume among the people of the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. This study's results will help establish a reference dataset regarding anatomical measurements of the maxillary sinus.&#x0D; TAJ 2022; 36: No-1: 83-87

Growth, Survival and Cost-benefit Analyses of Nutrient Rich Small Indigenous Species in Carp Polyculture System under Barind Area in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

This study was conducted in Tanore upazila (sub district) of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh for a period of six months from July 2019 to December 2019. Investigation was carried into the economics of polyculture of Indian major carps with small indigenous fish species (SIS) Shing (H. fossilis), Magur (C. batrachus), and Pabda (O. pabda). The species composition was carps with shing (T1), carps with Magur (T2), carps with Pabda (T3) and only carps (T4). The economic feasibility of four different combinations was analyzed on the basis of the expenditure incurred and total return from sale price of fish in the local market. The net benefits per hectare from 6 months culture period for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Bangladesh currency (Taka) as BDT. 635730.42, 805548.25, 580948.95 and 291489.07, respectively which largely reflected the gross fish production levels of 7680.42 ± 6.68, 8324.94 ± 16.64, 7581.13 ± 24.94 and 6344.55 ± 10.30 kg ha-1. However, carp polyculture with Magur (T2) provided highest benefit (BDT. 805548.25 ha-1), followed by carps-shing polyculture (BDT. 635730.42/ha-1), carps-Pabda polyculture (BDT. 580948.95 ha-1) and only carps (BDT. 291489.07 ha-1). BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) was obtained highest in Carp-Magur polyculture, followed by carp-shing and carp-Pabda polyculture systems. So, Carp-Magur polyculture may be better as it has ensured better production of protein enriched SIS Magur and also economic point of view and this system is encouraging for rural people because they would get Magur regularly for consumption and carps as a cash crop.

Livelihood status of fishermen in Paba, Mohonpur and Durgapur at Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

Livelihood status of fishermen in Paba, Mohonpur and Durgapur at Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

Are Rural People Liberal toward Their Family and Societal Responsibilities? Evidence from Bangladesh

Gender ideology has long been a discussed issue in the field of social science, particularly gender studies. This study aims to explore the category of people's gender ideology toward their family and societal responsibilities in rural Bangladesh. Following a mixed-methods approach, this study interviewed 400 rural people (200 men and 200 women, between 18 and 50 years) and conducted two FGDs from eight cluster villages at Paba Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. The result shows that people were liberal in the context of household chores and decisions (strongly agreed to share taking care of an infant, housekeeping/cooking, and freedom of choice in taking matrimonial decisions) but traditional and transitional in acceptance of male privilege and preferences for female privilege respectively. This study argues that patriarchal adherence is reflected in people’s gender ideology. Our study results suggest better awareness of rural people to transform their traditional gender ideology in the family and societal responsibilities in Bangladesh. These findings add new knowledge about the gender ideology of rural people and contribute as a prior field to promote liberal attitudes among both men and women in Bangladesh.

Consumption Pattern and the Factors of the Handloom Weavers in Charghat Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh

This study investigates production culture and consumption pattern of handloom weavers in Charghat Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh and also finds the factors affecting their consumption pattern. For this purpose, from the Charghat Upazila, the study selects 51 handloom weavers randomly to collect data. To describe the production culture, the study adopts case study approach and the socio-economic conditions and consumption patterns are described by the descriptive Statistics. A multiple regression model is also applied to find out the factors affecting consumption pattern of handloom weavers. The case study finds that the traditional handloom production culture is dominated by women and sustainable products in terms of hand technology. The descriptive statistics analysis finds that handloom weavers have long experiences in this sector but their consumption levels are at minimal level below the national average without sufficient nutrition and non-food consumption. The regression results find that family size, working hours in the handloom-weaving industry, factory ownership, and monthly income has positive and significant impact on the consumption pattern of the families related with handloom-weaving industry. Therefore, the policies regarding adjusted salaries with working hours and marketing facilities should be initiated for improving the consumption pattern of handloom weavers.

Economic Assessment of Vegetable Seeds Marketing in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

An efficient seed marketing system is very crucial for boosting vegetable production in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the vegetable seed marketing channels in Bangladesh including profit margins of various traders and different problems faced by them. Primary data from 45 vegetable farmers and 30 seed traders in Rajshahi district were collected by face-to-face interview. Descriptive and profitability analysis were employed, while problem confrontation index (PCI) was used to rank the problems. The findings revealed that vegetable seeds were traded through six major marketing channels. Private agents supply the majority of seeds where dealers, wholesalers, retailers and farmers were the key actors in the channels. However, rural market traders had the highest marketing margin and terminal market traders had the lowest. BCR for terminal market traders was 1.53 that is highest among the traders’ categories where BCR for rural market traders was lowest (1.36). Lack of bank loan facilities, inadequate capital, lack of separate market place, and lack of technical know-how were the major ranked problems faced by traders. The study recommends providing credit facilities to the traders, arranging a separated market place and proper training to increase technical knowledge.

Effect of Traditional Cooking Method on the Heavy Metal Content of Four Selected Farmed Carp Species And Assessment of Possible Human Health Risk

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of traditional Bengal culinary practice on the heavy metal content of four carp species (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fish samples were collected from seven different farms located in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. The collected samples were processed and cooked in a traditional currying method and concentrations of five heavy metals (Pb, Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni) were assessed in raw and cooked fish using a flame atomic spectrophotometer. Heavy metal concentrations were significantly reduced in the cooked samples with a few exceptions. The metal pollution index (MPI) indicated that the most amount of heavy metals was lost in C. cirrhosus followed by H. molitrix, L rohita, and C. catla. Pb was the most abundant and consumed of the tested heavy metals in the cooked fish followed by Co, Ni, Cd, and Cr respectively. Health risk index (HRI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) revealed that individual heavy metal intake from cooked fish does not pose any threat to human health. However, the hazard index (HI) of the accumulated heavy metals in the cooked fish suggested that the long-term effect of consuming heavy metal contaminated fish could collectively lead to possible non-carcinogenic health complexities. Additionally, HI also implied that the highest degree of health risk is associated with the consumption of H. molitrix and the least with L. rohita.&#x0D; Vol. 9, No. 3, December 2022: 367-376

Lifestyle and Immunity Boosting Practices During COVID-19 Pandemic Among the Population of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents a massive impact on human health, causing sudden lifestyle changes, through social distancing and isolation at home, with social and economic consequences. The aim of the study was to determine both of community and gender-based distribution of perception, attitude, preventive measures, changing lifestyle regarding COVID-19 and to help the Government and policymakers to take indispensable steps. This cross-sectional survey self-administered online-based study was carried out after the declaration of strict initial lockdown enforced in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in Rajshahi district from 30 March 2020 to 31 August 2020, a very critical time of mental suffering and lockdown. A total of 651 respondents from Rajshahi district in Bangladesh participated in the survey, and by a self-administered questionnaire, designed in the language of English. Among the collected responses, 535 were considered for the analysis, which largely belonged to Rajshahi’s middle to upper socio-economic status (SES). The data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS version 25.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic, chi-square test and z-proportional test. In this empirical study, 278 males and 257 females participated. More than one-tenth of males and 35% of females were not conscious of the type of Coronavirus. A lot of misperception about the incubation period of COVID-19 existed among participants. The research observed that 34.2%, of males and 25.3% of the female study population had no opinion about the treatment of COVID-19 and 27.3% of males and 21.8% of females gave a verdict that COVID-19 had no available treatment. The study discovered more surprisingly that females (67.3%), greater than males (65.5%) did not want to stay at home during the lockdown. Positively 87.8% of males and 70.4% of females washed their hands with soap or used sanitizer after coming back from outside. The consumption of a balanced diet increased by males and females was 13.3% and 6.7% respectively. Z-proportional test showed that regarding COVID-19, there were significant difference between male and female’s conception and precaution (p&lt;0.0001). The study has used the first-time data based on the population’s lifestyle and eating habits during the COVID-19 lockdown, which will give assistance to the policy makers to develop the situation. J Bio-Sci. 30(1): 33-48, 2022 (June)

Food policy and food security in Northern Bangladesh: An empirical study of the impact of food policy on household food security

Food insecurity is an ongoing national concern both in developing and in developed countries. Well-designed food policies, including aspects such as food production, distribution, consumption, availability, purchasing procedures, techniques of food processing and marketing, and food support, may contribute to solving the problem of food insecurity at household level. We study the impact of government provided food support on the households’ daily calorie intake, as well as on the food security index by using survey data from three sub-districts (Puthia, Paba and Charghat) of the Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. The survey was conducted using 160 households out of which 41.9 percent were food support receivers and 58.1 percent were food support non-receivers. The extent of food insecurity among the respondents was estimated by calculating the daily mean calorie intake and the food security index. The PSM (propensity score matching) technique was used to assess the effects of government food support on rural households’ food insecurity. The results have shown that dissimilarities exist in unobserved characteristics between the two groups, as food prices and own agricultural production may influence the households’ decision to receive or not government food support. This has influenced the calorie intake and the food security index of the sample respondents. A comparison of the means of the matched sample showed that the two groups did not differ in food expenditure. Therefore, the impact of government food support on the calorie intake or the food security index may not be underestimated. The study concluded that food policy in the form of government food support can be efficiently implemented in a well-functioning socio-economic system.

Access to and Quality of Primary Education of the Children of Santal, an Ethnic Minority: An Exploratory Study in Godagari Upazila Under Rajshahi District in Bangladesh

Access to and Quality of Primary Education of the Children of Santal, an Ethnic Minority: An Exploratory Study in Godagari Upazila Under Rajshahi District in Bangladesh

Trematode infections in cattle and their vector snails in Rajshahi district in Bangladesh

The prevalence of snail-borne trematodes (SBTs) of cattle and their vector snails in Rajshahi district in Bangladesh were determined. A total of 380 faecal samples of cattle were collected and examined using Modified Stoll’s Ova Counting Technique. Of the smaples examined, 130 (34.2%) animals were found affected with SBTs, and the mean egg per gram of faeces (EPG) was 180.3 ± 0.8. The trematodal infections by Fasciola gigantica (1.1%), different amphistomes (32.9%), and Schistosoma spindale (0.8%) were detected among the infected cattle. The effects of age, sex, breed, and body condition of the cattle on the prevalence of SBTs were determined. The infection rate was higher in young (&gt; 2- 4 years) cattle (46.5%), followed by calves of ≤ 2 years (35.3%), and the lowest in older (&gt; 4 years) cattle (20%). The prevalence of trematode infections was significantly (P&lt;0.0001) higher in females (36.5%) than in male (28.3%) cattle. The prevalence was higher in cattle with poor body condition (48.7%) than in cattle with normal body condition (24.8%). Significantly (P&lt;0.008) higher prevalence of trematode infection was recorded in indigenous cattle (41.2%) than in cross-bred cattle (26.9%). It is suggested that SBT infection is a common problem in cattle in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. Particular emphasis should be given to proper management and regular deworming, and sustainable control measures should be developed for the prevention of SBT infection in cattle.&#x0D; Bangl. vet. 2021. Vol. 38, No. 1-2, 24–32

Widespread Use of Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Aqua-Chemicals in Finfish Aquaculture in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing, most dynamic, and vital food-producing sector compared to other food-producing industries. However, aquaculture production is hampered by a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases. Fish farmers routinely apply various types of aqua-chemicals, particularly antibiotics and pesticides, to reduce the disease burden. Antibiotics and pesticides are widely used to increase fish production around the world, including Bangladesh. Between March 2020 and February 2021, a survey was conducted via face-to-face interviews with fish farmers in the Rajshahi district, Bangladesh, to determine the current status of the use of antibiotics, pesticides, and other aqua-chemicals in the rearing of freshwater finfishes. Nine active antibiotics ingredients belonging to 11 trade names of antibiotics, various pesticides, numerous disinfectants, and aqua-chemicals were found to be used in finfish rearing. The renamycin (active ingredient: oxytetracycline) was most commonly used antibiotics by freshwater finfish farmers in the study areas. In case of pesticides, sumithion and timsen were found to be used mostly by fish farmers. In addition, four distinct probiotics were found to be used in aquaculture in the study areas. The present study revealed several issues related to the use of aqua-drugs in the study areas. For instance, the majority of fish farmers (88%) lacked knowledge in the use of aqua-chemicals and antibiotics, and 81% of fish farmers were unaware about the effective dosages of chemicals in fish farming. Thirty seven percent of fish farmers in the study areas reported the indiscriminate use of chemicals. Furthermore, a considerable proportion of fish farmers (72%) reported ignorance about the residual effects of the aqua-chemicals on the aquatic environment and human health. As a result, this preliminary study suggests that the use of antibiotics, pesticides, and other aqua-chemicals in aquaculture should be strictly monitored and controlled by the responsible authorities of Bangladesh. Moreover, further research needs to be expanded on the detection of residues from aqua-drugs and antibiotics in the aquaculture system, and their consequences on the ecosystem and human health.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial usage, spread and resistance emergence in commercial poultry farms of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh.

Inappropriate and injudicious use of antimicrobials in broiler and layer farms has become a common practice in lower and middle-income countries including Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess poultry farmers' knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding antimicrobial usage (AMU), and their beliefs in factors that affect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spread and emergence in humans through commercial poultry farms in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 204 farmers (95.6% male; meanage = 35.14 ± 10.25 years) in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh who were recruited from three upazilas (sub-districts) through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected from June to November 2021 via face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The proportion of farmers who reported having received information regarding AMU from veterinarians was higher in layer compared to broiler farms (65.9% vs. 44.9%, p &lt; 0.001). A higher proportion of layer compared to broiler farmers believed that antimicrobial residues and pathogens in poultry can pass to humans through the consumption of contaminated eggs (28.1% vs. 5.8%, p &lt; 0.05). The mean score of the farmers' attitude towards addressing AMU was 4.49 (SD = 1.37) out of 7, with the higher score indicating a better attitude. The mean score of better attitudes towards addressing AMU was significantly higher among educated participants (bachelor's or higher levels of education (p = 0.006). A higher proportion of layer (56.3%) farmers did not keep a record of AMU when compared to broiler farmers (37.7%) (p = 0.012). More broiler (50.7%) compared to layer (38.5%) farmers continued using the full dose of antimicrobials (p = 0.042). The most frequently used antimicrobials in broiler and layer poultry farms were Colistin (broiler vs layer: 73.9% vs. 86.75%; p = 0.024), and Ciprofloxacin (broiler vs. layer: 95.7% vs. 84.4%; p = 0.021). Farmers' beliefs were significantly associated with the spread of AMR pathogens from contaminated eggs to humans (p &lt; 0.001). The findings reflected that majority of farmers had inadequate knowledge of AMU, less knowledgeable beliefs aboutAMU, and inappropriate AMU (e.g., poor record keeping, incomplete doses) in chicken production systems. The government should ensure education or advisory services for poultry farmers on proper AMU, enforce current veterinary laws and regulations on antimicrobials, and implement AMU surveillance systems.

ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL SPECIES PREFERENCE IN DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS IN RAJSHAHI DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

Different types of annual and perennial crop species have been detected in cropland agroforestry (CAF), homestead agroforestry (HAF) and annual cropping (AC) system in four Upazilas (Bagha, Charghat, Puthia and Tanore) under Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. The objectives of the study were to assess and compare farmer’s preference to different types of annual and perennial species in homestead agroforestry, cropland agroforestry and annual cropping systems, and to find out the financial values of the species among different cropping systems. The sample size was 150 small agroforestry farmers of which 50 were from cropland agroforestry, 50 from homestead agroforestry and 50 from annual cropping system. Banana (BCR = 3.85) was found as the most financially profitable species in AC system in the study area. However, four types of paddy (41% of total preference) were identified as the most preferred species in AC system. Farmers usually grew 25 different annual crop species on their croplands. Blackgram was the most profitable (BCR = 4.02) annual crop species in CAF system. Sugarcane was the most financially profitable species as a crop combination and also as sole crop. For getting quick return farmers grow sissoo in their croplands. Among 19 HAF species, sweet gourd (27%) was the most preferred species (14%) and financially beneficial annual crop. Out of total 21 tree species in HAF system, mahogany was planted by 21% farmers 21%. However, mango was recorded as the most planted and profitable species in respect to the plot number (90%).

Prevalence of Dental Caries, Oral Hygiene Status, and Associated Risk Factors Among Schoolgoing Children of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and chronic oral diseases, particularly in childhood, associated with multifactorial causation.&#x0D; Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, and associated risk factors among school-going children of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional design type of descriptive study was carried out among primary school-going children of 5-13 years of age in the Rajshahi district. The sample size was 2000, and that was selected purposively. Data were collected through a partially structured questionnaire. Descriptive variables were explained with mean and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was applied to see the relationship with qualitative variables. Statistical significance was found by applying relevant statistical tests at an appropriate probability level (p&lt;0.05 or &lt;0.01).&#x0D; Results: A total of 2000 children between 5-13 years of age participated in this survey. The study findings showed a high prevalence of dental caries among 8–10-years old school children. Most (56.9%) of the respondents' fathers were workers, and most (86.3%) of the respondents' mothers were homemakers. It was found that 64.2% of the respondents' fathers and 74.05% of the respondents' mothers had below SSC level of education. About 60% of the respondents brushed their teeth twice a day, and a good number (81.0%) brushed their teeth before breakfast. The majority (68.80%) of the respondents had a family history of dental problems, and 45.6% had average oral hygiene. A large number (49.6%) of the respondents' favorite food was junk food. The relationship of age of the respondents with oral hygiene status was found to be statistically significant (p &lt;0.001) but not with sex, parents' education, and occupation (p &gt;0.05 each). The relationship of oral hygiene status of the respondents was found to be statistically significant with the frequency of tooth brushing (p &lt;0.05), time of tooth brushing (p &lt;0.01), family history of dental problems (p &lt;0.05), most favorite food (p &lt;.001), dental plaque index (p &lt;0.001) and dental caries index (p &lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries was higher among school-going children in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh.&#x0D; TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 125-136

Assessment of soil quality in relationship with aluminium phosphide (ALP) and rotenone in selected fish ponds of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh

The aim of this research was to assess the soil quality parameters in relationship with two fish killer chemicals, aluminium phosphide (AlP) and rotenone in some selected fish ponds at Taherpur Municipality under Bagmara Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh from July 2018 to December 2018. AlP and rotenone are frequently used in the water of the study area to remove all kinds of fish species to prepare a pond before start-up. At this time, a total of 10 different soil quality parameters viz., pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) were examined against the fish killer chemical with control. Analyzing the results obtained, only mean values of pH (7.22±0.31) and Mg (1.46±0.18 meq/100 g) were increased in case of application of AlP compared to the control, and the mean values of the other eight properties were decreased. The mean values of pH, OM, TN, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Zn and Fe were 7.02±033, 1.27±0.13, 0.07±0.01%, 1.05±0.22 meq/100 g, 7.70±0.54 meq/100 g, 1.64±0.17 meq/100 g, 55.89±4.89 µg/g, 127.44±26.15 µg/g, 1.66±0.32 µg/g and 135.96±9.67 µg/g respectively after rotenone application which were higher than control values except for TN. These results suggested that the application of rotenone was suitable for use in fish ponds instead of the AlP. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that only potassium and iron showed significant differences in respect of control and treatments (AlP and rotenone) at the level of p

The Rights to Marry, Property and Be Free from Torture: A Study on the Elderly of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh

Everybody deserves the right to marry, the right to property, and the right to be free from torture as fundamental rights. These rights are preserved by the state and have been incorporated in the constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. These are also recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as fundamental rights. This study is an endeavor to depict a clear picture of human rights violation of the elderly people of a northern district of Bangladesh in the aspect of the right to marry, the right to property, and the right to be free from torture. These rights are very important for a human being and it is the responsibility of the state to protect these rights according to the highest law of Bangladesh. But the study found that these rights are often violated in several ways in the study area. Lack of ethical views, corruption, and weakness of law enforcement are the main hindrances responsible for this case. This research is based on both primary and secondary data. It recommends some suggestions to out away these impediments. Raising proper familial education with morals and values is very important in this sphere. The government has to be more active in the ground of law enforcement and social movement should be built massively against corruption.