Rain Puddles Research Articles

Penerapan Biopori pada Halaman Rumah Warga RT.01 RW.04 Desa Kuwaron Kecamatan Gubug Kabupaten Grobogan Jawa Tengah

<p align="justify"><em>The people of Kuwaron Village, especially residents of RT.01 RW.04, have recently had problems of environmental damage, namely floods during the rainy season and drought during the dry season. The impact is the reduction of water catchment areas around the houses of residents of Kuwaron Village RT.01 RW.04. The purpose of this activity is to provide insight and skills regarding applying appropriate techniques for porous infiltration holes. In the hope of increasing groundwater reserves, reducing inundation, and accelerating water infiltration in residents' yards. The bio-pore-making training involved several residents of Kuwaron Village. Bio pores are made with a diameter of 10 cm and a depth of 100 cm. Then, the hole filled with organic kitchen waste. That is expected to reduce organic kitchen waste from each house because porous infiltration holes containing garbage invite various soil fauna and form pores to increase groundwater infiltration. The results of the evaluation of bio pores installation for four weeks showed that the rain puddles in the residents' yards receded faster.</em></p>

High Performance Pavement Markings Enhancing Camera And LiDAR Detection

It is well known that camera and video sensors have limitations in detecting pavement markings under certain conditions e.g. glare from sunlight or other vehicles, rain, fog etc. First generations of lane keeping systems depend on visual light. Erroneous detection is also resulting from irregular road surfaces such as glossy bitumen sealing strips, rain puddles or simply worn asphalt. The role of higher performing markings and better visual camera detection has been studied with Vedecom France. LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology could help to fill remaining gaps, as it actively sends out IR (infrared) light, that returns reliable images of the road scenario and pavement markings both day and nighttime. In order to evaluate the opportunities of LiDAR technology for the detection of road markings, 3M Company and the University of Applied Sciences in Dresden decided to work together in a joint research project. All-Weather Elements AWE, are the latest development of high-performance optics, using high index beads to provide reflectivity both in dry and wet condition. It could be determined that high performance markings help to increase the level of detection by both camera and LiDAR sensors. The AWE marking was detected from significantly longer distances, especially in wet and rainy conditions. In combination with common camera based LKA and LDW systems, the LiDAR sensors can increase the overall detection rate of pavement markings. This is especially important for vehicles with higher SAE levels of automated driving and can support the overall safety of vehicles. The research also evaluated existing test methods for wet and rain reflectivity in EN 1436 and ASTM E 2832 and how measured performance correlates with LiDAR detection.

The Great Gatsby: A Graphic Novel AdaptationNick: A NovelEl gran GatsbyStepping Out with Scott and Zelda: Touring the Fitzgeralds’ Montgomery

The Great Gatsby: A Graphic Novel AdaptationNick: A NovelEl gran GatsbyStepping Out with Scott and Zelda: Touring the Fitzgeralds’ Montgomery

Classification of Road Surface Quality Based on SVM Method

Damaged and potholes roads can occur due to rain puddles, too many heavy vehicles, poor asphalt quality, or maybe long road life. Damaged roads can hamper activities and endanger the safety of road users. It is necessary to monitor road quality periodically which is conducted by government, so that roads improvement can be done quick as possible. The aim of this study is to build a system that can classify roads surface quality. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifications method is used to classify roads based on roadworthiness. In this study, 300 road surface data which contains good/smooth and damage quality of road are used. The simulation results show that SVM model can classify road surface data into two classes with average accuracy of 93%. The results can be a recommendation for government to prioritize which roads need to be improved.

REVIEW OF ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM (CASE STUDY: JALAN CIGOMBONG KM 16 - KM 23)

A good road drainage system is needed to ensure that road user activities are not disrupted due to rain puddles. The cause of inundation that occurs is land use change, there is no drainage channel, the channel is not well connected, the channel is closed due to widening of the road without considering drainage channels. Given this, research needs to be carried out on the condition of the existing drainage system as a material consideration for evaluating its feasibility and planning a drainage system that is able to overcome the inundation that occurs. Writing this final project refers to primary data and secondary data that already exist. The rainfall data came from the Climatology and Geophysics Meteorological Agency, Balai Besar Region II, Bogor Regency, which is the Darmaga huajn rainfall measurement station and the PUPR Binamarga Office of Bogor Regency. Meanwhile, to find out the dimensions of the existing drainage channels obtained by conducting surveys and direct observation to the field. Data analysis which was carried out was hydrological and hydraulics analysis. Hydrological analysis includes the analysis of rainfall frequency, determining the repeat period, calculating the concentration time, analyzing the rainfall intensity, and calculating the flow flow plan. Based on the results of hydrological analyzes, the hydraulics analysis is then performed, such as calculating the plan channel profile and calculating the height of the planned channel guard. From all of these analyzes, the results of the drainage study on the Cigombong KM 16 - KM 23 highway were carried out, that is, the entire capacity of the existing canals was not able to accommodate the planned flow discharge for a return period of 2 years 5 years 50 years. In addition, the results of the analyzes that have been carried out show that the rain that occurs during a certain period of time and a certain return period greatly affects the planned drainage channel profile and is due to the large amount of garbage in the channel which affects the reservoirs in the drainage that often occur frequently

Characteristics of Larval Breeding Sites and Insecticide Resistance in theAnopheles gambiaeComplex in Mpumalanga, South Africa

The larval breeding sites of anopheline mosquitoes in eastern Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, were investigated. Using abiotic parameter data collected in the field, environmental conditions that correlate with larval community composition and productivity are reported. Twelve anopheline species were identified, with the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) ranking as the second most abundant. There was a significant difference in the mean abundance of each species of anopheline from each of the geographically separate breeding sites (Kruskal-WallisANOVA, P<0.05, d.f.= 6,H 2 = 17.09). Anopheles merus Donitz showed a significant positive correlation with salinity (Pearson's product moment, r = 0.971, P < 0.05). Habitats such as rain puddles, hoof prints and residual pools left after rivers recede were important breeding sites and these were characteristically short-lived, and fully or partially sunlit. Anopheles gambiae complex members from the breeding sites surveyed during t...

Keanekaragaman jenis dan karakteristik habitat nyamuk Anopheles spp. di Desa Datar Luas, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Provinsi Aceh

Malaria is a mosquitoe borne disease which still holds an impact position in public health sector in indonesia. The aims of this research are to study the diversity, density and behaviour of Anopheles, mapping its larvae habitat, and to measure the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community in malaria endemic area at Datar Luas Village, Sub District Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya Regency. Mosquitoe trapping was done by landing collection inside and outside the house from 06:00 pm to 06:00 am WIB. In addition, larvae were collected and the coordinates of potential larva habitats were marked. There were eleven spesies of Anopheles, which were 45.9%, An. barbirostris and An. minimus 8.1%, An. maculatus, An. letifer, An. teselatus, An. sinensis, An. vagus, An. separatus 5.4%, An. sundaicus and An. subpictus 2.7%. The highest blood feed activity of An. kochi happened on 00:00–01:00 am WIB, An. minimus and An. barbiostris on 01:00–02:00 a.m WIB. There were four types of larvae i.e. pond, rain pudlles, marshes, and old well. An. letifer was found in pond, An. barumbrosus and An. kochi were in rain puddles, An. kochi, An. aconitus, An. vaguswere in them arshes, and An. separatuswas in old well.

Larval habitat characterization of Anopheles darlingi from its northernmost geographical distribution in Chiapas, Mexico.

BackgroundAnopheles darlingi is considered the most efficient malaria vector in the Neotropical region. In Mexico, its role as an incriminated vector of Plasmodium has not been confirmed in the Lacandon forest. Similarly, knowledge about bionomic and larval ecology is scarce. The study aim was to identify and describe the larval habitats of An. darlingi in Chiapas, México.MethodsStandard larval collections were performed in the Lacandon forest region and in the Soconusco region of southern Chiapas from January 2010 to April 2014, including dry and rainy seasons. Mean larval density of An. darlingi was estimated according to hydrological types, and associations between the presence of An. darlingi and environmental factors including ecological parameters and geographic positions were statistically analysed.ResultsOne hundred and twelve aquatic habitats were analysed, 80 from the Lacandon forest region and 32 from the Soconusco region; 94.64 % of these sites presented anopheline larvae. In total, 10,977 larvae belonging to 11 Anopheles species were collected. The 19 (out of 112) larval habitats positive to An. darlingi were: rain puddles (26.32 %), ground pools (21.05 %), ponds (15.79 %), ditches (15.79 %), river margins (10.53 %) and streams (10.53 %). Overall, the average (±SD) larval density was 6.60 ± 2.41 larvae per dip. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that temporary habitats, green algae presence and stagnant water were associated with An. darlingi larval presence. The positive habitats were found in the Lacandon forest region during the rainy season (May–September). No specimens were found in the Soconusco region of the coastal plain of Chiapas.ConclusionThe mosquito An. darlingi larval habitats were found in different hydrological types. The habitat stability, presence of algae and water current were the main factors for An. darlingi larval occurrence. The information on the characteristics of the larval habitats of An. darlingi will be useful in sustainable programmes for malaria control in the Lacandon forest region, Chiapas.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1037-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Effective Strategy in the Management of “Pantura” Lane Road, Java - Indonesia

Pantura lane road, which is located in north coast path of Java - Indonesia, with a length of 1300km is a major transportation route used for the movement of goods and passengers. This road connects the westernmost side to the easternmost side region of the islands. From year to year, the condition of the road is always damaged, partly because of unstable base layer, which is consisted of clay with elastic properties, rain puddles, vehicle load which exceeds the capacity, and the volume of vehicles that reach 45,000 vehicles per day. For maintenance purpose, it is always incurred costs to repair the roads which are constantly increasing in number every year. In 2013, the budget for repairs reached 1.28 trillion (IDR), in 2014 increased to approximately 1.8 trillion (IDR), an increase of approximately 38%. In practice, performance-based contract method had been tried for road maintenance in addition to the traditional method of a contract, beside of the technical aspects approach. It was taken to ensure that such damage will not happen again. But until now, the damage is still going on and returned. Therefore, it is necessary to study on the implementation of the contract method of repair work that has been done so far, and it also needs to study the alternative solutions with a strategic approach, in addition to pay attention to the technical and juridical aspects. The purpose of writing this paper is to examine the factors causing damage to roads; the effective method of road maintenance contracts that could be implemented, i.e. between traditional contract method and the method of performance-based contracts; and to produce an alternative strategic decision that is an effective way of managing Pantura lane road in order to minimize the damage which usually happens every years. The conclusion is that a holistic view is needed to make sure all necessary, interrelated aspects are covered and dealt with. It must be much more than just an action plan to reach a single goal.

Chemical characteristics of breeding sites of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

We determined chemical characteristics of the breeding sites of Culicoides species in Turkey. Soil samples containing pupae and larvae of Culicoides species were collected between January and December 2004 and fly emergence was recorded in the laboratory. Percent organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity and mineral constituents of habitat samples were quantified to determine habitat preferences of the emerging species. A total of 1623 mature Culicoides flies comprising 10 species emerged from soil samples collected from 8 different habitat types. A total of 856 (53%) flies were recovered from habitats containing mud rich in dung near water reservoirs, 288 (18%) from mud in reed sites, 279 (17%) from mud in swamps, 78 (5%) from mud along side the streams, 39 (2.4%) from mud around dams, 38 (2.3%) from mud near dripping water, 30 (2%) from mud in rain puddles and 15 (1.0%) from moist soil. While C. nubeculosus (Meigen) and C. puncticollis (Becker) were encountered more in mud rich in dung near water reservoirs and mud in swamps; C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov and C. festivipennis Kieffer were more common in mud alongside streams. C. circumscriptus Kieffer was encountered in most habitats and no Culicoides flies emerged from livestock dung samples and tree holes. The number of C. festivipennis Kieffer was significantly correlated with organic matter, P, K and Zn while the number of C. nubeculosus (Meigen) was significantly correlated with pH, P and K.

Resting stage density and hatching of two cladoceran species from small ephemeral waters

We investigated resting stage densities of two cladocerans, Daphnia obtusa and Moina macrocopa, in very small and ephemeral water bodies (temperate zone rain puddles) and tested whether these species exhibit a prolonged diapause in such an environment. Densities of ephippia as well as resting eggs in puddles ranged between 10 2 and 10 4 per m 2 , and varied substantially within as well as among puddles. We determined the hatching success and temporal dynamics for resting stages collected from natural habitats and incubated at 15 °C with a 14L:10D light regime. Hatching success of both species was high (> 80 %) and steady, with new hatchlings appearing mostly within 3-8 days. M. macrocopa hatched significantly faster and slightly more successfully than D. obtusa. Decapsulation of D. obtusa ephippia had no effect on the hatching success but slowed down the hatching dynamics. Hatching of egg pairs from the same ephippium was mostly synchronised - in only less than 10 % of cases one egg hatched and the other remained potentially viable for the next flooding event. We compare our results with available data on cladoceran resting egg densities and hatching success, and discuss the possible causes of the high and steady hatching proportion of puddle cladocerans. A physiologically-based bet-hedging strategy may not be necessary if only a certain proportion of eggs are exposed to hatching cues or when the hydroperiod of temporary waters is longer than the cladoceran life cycle. Additionally, frequent destruction of localities may promote instantaneous termination of diapause even in ephemeral habitats such as puddles.

Dunking Behavior in American Crows

Dunking behavior, the immersion of food items in water, is a relatively rare behavior in birds. I observed American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) dunking several types of food in rain puddles at Mont-Royal Park, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Pieces of dry bread and unshelled peanuts were provided in two experiments to test the potential effects of item size (bread) and shell softening (peanuts) on crow behavior. Crows dunked large pieces of bread more often than small ones. Dunking unshelled peanuts did not speed up the opening process. These observations further support the suggestion that food dunking among birds facilitates food ingestion by softening large, hard items.

Experimental formulations of Bacillus sphaericus and B. thuringiensis israelensis against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Burkina Faso.

Efficacies of locally produced, sustained release granular formulations of Bacillus sphaericus (BS) strain 2362 and B. thuringiensis israelensis (BTI) were compared with commercial liquid concentrates of the same bacteria in cesspits and rain-filled puddles in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Duration of control was dependent on the product, the transient nature of some sites, and the target mosquito larvae. BS granules applied at the rate of 3.0 g/m2 (30 kg/ha) reduced Culex quinquefasciatus Say 99% for at least 28 d in cesspits, whereas the same dosage of 2 BTI granules and commercial liquid formulations of BS and BTI gave 95% control for 8-14 d. The levels of control obtained with the 2 liquid products were not different. Accordingly, the reported inferiority of BTI to BS in polluted water was attributed to low dosages of BTI. Because products were compared at equal application rates, recycling seemed to play a minor role compared with product formulation. BTI was more broad spectrumed than BS also killing Cx decens Theobald, Cx cinereus Granpré & Charmoy, and psychodid larvae. Depending on the method of estimation, granular and liquid BS gave 60-97% control of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles for 10 d in rain puddles. The transient nature of the rain puddles was probably more important for the duration of control than formulation type. Cesspits and puddles, respectively, were the most important larval habitats for these 2 species in Ouagadougou during the rainy season, and these trials showed that An. gambiae was not controlled easily with larvicides alone. However, biological larvicides may play a central role in the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus provided that most breeding sites are treated.

Urban malaria transmission in Buenaventura, Colombia: entomologic aspects

In recent years, the number of cases of urban malaria in Buenaventura, Colombia, has increased, rising from 576 in 1987 to 3296 in 1991 and 2017 in 1992. For this reason, an epidemiologic study to identify malaria transmission patterns was carried out in this municipality on Colombias Pacific coast. This article describes the entomologic findings regarding the vectors, their breeding sites, and the behavior of Anopheles species during the period from June 1993 to May 1994. Of the 469 potential breeding sites identified in the urban area, 28 were positive for anophelines, while in neighboring zones 20 out of 80 potential breeding sites were positive for the immature forms of these mosquitoes. Mining excavations, lakes, and commercial fish and crayfish rearing ponds were the places where A. albimanus was most frequently found. For A. nuñeztovari, the breeding sites were rain puddles and aquiculture ponds. A. neivai larvae were collected from bromeliads. Mosquitoes were collected both inside and outside houses, and 90% of the collected mosquitoes were identified as A. albimanus. Of the female A. albimanus, 54.8% were parous. This species was found to have peak peridomiciliary activity between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. The highest biting rate outside houses was 7.1 bites per person-hour and was observed during March. It is hoped that this entomologic information will permit the launching of a strong community participation process and the implementation of control measures that are guided by these results.

Transmisión de la malaria urbana en Buenaventura, Colombia: aspectos entomológicos

During the past several years, there has been an increase in the cases of urban malaria in Buenaventura, Colombia, from 576 in 1987 to 3296 in 1991 and 2017 in 1992; therefore, an epidemiological study to identify transmission patterns was carried out in this municipality on Colombia's Pacific coast. This paper describes the entomological findings regarding vectors, potential breeding sites and behavior of Anopheles species during the period from June 1993 to May 1994. Of the 469 potential breeding sites identified in the urban area, 28 were positive for anophelines, while in the neighboring rural zone, 20 out of 80 potential breeding sites were positive for the immature forms of Anopheles. Mining excavations, lakes and breeding ponds for fish or shrimp were the places where A. albimanus was more frequently found. For A. nuñeztovari, the breeding sites were rain puddles and ponds for breeding fish or shrimp. A. neivai was also identified in the urban area and larvae were collected from bromeliaceous plants. Both inside and outside the households mosquito collections were carried out, and 90% of the collected mosquitoes were identified as A. albimanus. Of the female A. albimanus 54.8% were parous. This species was found to have peak peridomiciliary activity between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. The highest biting rate in the peridomiciliary area was 7.1 and was observed during March. It is expected that this entomological information will permit the launching of a strong community participation process and the implementation of control measures in accordance with the entomological findings related to malaria in the urban area of Buenaventura.

Five Meals

FIVE MEALS / Marilyn Hacker For Sandy A table means does it not my dear it means a whole steadiness —Gertrude Stein: Tender Buttons Slices of ham, pâté, sausage, on lettuce leaves; cauliflower, wedge of duck in a browned wine sauce; lettuce, raw cabbage, vinegar and oil; a square of walnut cake with mocha frosting; Camenbert in green foil, a hard roll, butter; a half-bottle of champagne, black coffee. Croissants, butter, orange juice, coffee. Beaujolais versus St. Emilion. Bib leaves with grated sheep's cheese; snails in garlic butter; roast suckling pig crackling in juice; red wine in a glass pitcher; chocolate mousse. Breath frosting the glass in your hand. Brandy in bed. Oil cost a lot, in huge bottles. Without oil we ate endive, goat cheese. No coffee take-outs in Paris. The crème fraîche, peaked like frosting, you scooped up with moon-green feather-shaped leaves cross-legged on the bed. We uncorked wine with my Swiss knife. Between sour cream and butter: I lick fingers of cream. The gold-foiled butter cube you've shaped, between jam labels, in oil crayons. Tongues are smoothed by rough young red wine. The drawing's edge is a brown stream of coffee. You save one tangerine with two long leaves curling the globe. Dark chocolate, like torte frosting out of the bowl. Morning, cold rain frosting the cubed panes. Croissants, tartines and butter. We're still sleepy, but neither of us leaves a crust. I stroke your peach-furred cheek; hot oil wells from the source as the first milky coffee pours down. You have no crayons for the wine The Missouri Review · 17 colors. We could only drink white wine but it's too cold. The rain puddles are frosting over. We plan excursions with more coffee. You fold the currant jelly and the butter labels. In Florence there'll be olive oil cheap, in baroque tins. Our train leaves at seven. I leave our New Year's wine frosting in the kitchen. Rainbows of oil swirl on warm smells: buttered fresh bread, strong coffee. 18 ¦ The Missouri Review Marilyn Hacker ...

Case of fetishism treated by aversion therapy.

Fetishism, or more accurately erotic fetishism, is the tendency to be sexually attracted by some special part or peculiarity of the body or by some inanimate object. Of all the sexual aberrations, fetishism is one of the most intriguing, perplexing, and varied. The literature is rich in detailed case reports and in speculation about theories of causation. I have been able to find, however, only three apparently successful results in established cases; one attributed to a co-operative wife (Hirschfeld,1939), one to psycho-analysis (Romm,1949), and the third to temporal lobectomy (Mitchell, Falconer, and Hill, 1954). I have been unable to find any previous record of a fetishist who responded favourably to aversion therapy. The following case is also of interest in that the fears implicit in psycho-analytical theory, and stressed by East and Hubert (1939), of releasing homosexual or sadistic drives, have not so far been confirmed. The patient, a married man aged 33, was referred in November 1954, from the outpatient department of a mental hospital for consideration of a prefrontal leucotomy after he had attacked a perambulator. This was the twelfth such attack known to the police, and because of his previous incidents they were taking a serious view of his recent actions in following a woman with a perambulator and smearing it with oil. The patient said that he had had impulses to damage perambulators since the age of 10 and that he had attacked perambulators many times more than the incidents known to police. Among the documented incidents were slashing empty prams on a railway station and setting them on fire; several times he slashed prams and spread mucus from his handkerchief; several times he used his motorcycle to bump a pram that contained a baby; he also used his motorcycle to drive through muddy rain puddles to splash the pram and the mother; he carried with him containers of oily liquids and would squirt the substance on the perambulator and the woman who pushed it..... Language: en

Resistance of Mosquito Larvae and Pupae to Experimental Drought

Random field observations of anopheline larve in temporary puddles in New Guinea first called the problem of drought resistance to our attention as one of possible importance in mosquito control operations. We noted that following periods of relative drought rain puddles which had evaporated to the damp mud stage and were subsequently reflooded often contained numerous anopheline larvae in the late stages of development. Although the larval cycle of mosquitoes in the tropics is greatly accelerated it is an a priori consideration that these larvae must have survived the temporary drought on the damp mud in order to be of such advanced development shortly after “dry” puddles were flooded by rains. Preliminary field laboratory observations in New Guinea showed that fourth instar larvae of Anopheles punctulatus could survive for approximately 120 hours on damp filter paper flooded for thirty minutes at twenty-four hour intervals.