Radon Concentration Levels Research Articles

Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Indoor Radon Concentration Levels in the Aksu School

The radon concentration activity in buildings is influenced by various factors, including meteorological elements like temperature, pressure, and precipitation, which are recognized as significant influencers. The fluctuations of indoor radon in premises are related to seasonal change. This study aimed to understand better the effects of environmental parameters on indoor radon concentration levels in the Aksu school. Indoor and outdoor temperature differentials heavily influence diurnal indoor radon patterns. The analysis indicates that the correlation between indoor radon and outdoor temperature, dew point, and air humidity is weak and negligible for atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and precipitation, as determined by the obtained values of R2 and the Chaddock scale. The multiple regression model is characterized by the correlation coefficient rxy = 0.605, which corresponds to a close relationship on the Chaddock scale.

Determine the concentration of radon and uranium in different types of tea

ABSTRACT Radon is a radioactive element from 238U decay series which is naturally occurring and found in different concentrations in many biological formations. This radioactive gas rises from the sample and enters the homes and human lungs daily. The present study aims to determine the concentration of radon in 25 different types of tea collected from local markets in Kurdistan Iraqi region which are mostly consumed by the population because tea is one of the most food used in the form of cold and hot drinks in Iraq, so 25 samples of the most frequently traded tea have been collected from the market. Analysis of the concentrations of Radon-222 and Radium-226 for different types of household tea samples are very substantial for realising the comparative contributes of specific substances to the whole radon content set within the human body and his environment, which is the recommended limit for ICRP values (200–800) Bq.m−3. CR-39 detector was used to record the tracks of alpha particles released from radon content within the tea samples with PVC tube. The chemical etching NaOH solution 6.25 N was using at 70°C for 8 hours to enlarge and appear the alpha tracks, then scanned by microscope. The results showed that the lowest concentration of radon was 3.468 Bq.m−3 (TE11, 0.01%) found in Aero plane tea, while the highest value was recorded in Royal tea which was 123.467 Bq.m-3 (TE22, 8%) with an average value of radon concentration was 61.754 Bq.m−3. The obtained radon concentration levels in the samples were lower than the global permissibility limiting of exposure to radon were within the allowed limit value (200 Bq.m−3), also found to be lower than the (400 Bq.m−3) according to ICRP in foods; therefore, this will not form any risk on human being life.

Assessment of Radon Concentration and Health Hazards in Natural Spring Water of a Sub-Himalayan District

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of radon contamination in twenty-six drinking water samples from natural springs were collected from Dhirkot Azad Kashmir, along with four bottled mineral water samples. Radon gas escapes from the earth’s crust due to uranium ores and diffuses into the atmosphere. This study assessed the levels of radon concentration, the yearly effective radiation dose, and carcinogenic risk from radon exposure in drinking water samples. The radon concentration varied from 0.28 to 30.25 Bq/L. The mean radon concentration of all samples was found to be 7.86 ± 2.3 Bq/L. The radon concentrations in bottled drinking water were found to be lower than those in natural springs. The statistical and GIS analyses included the use of interpolation and Pearson’s correlation matrix. Seven samples had radon concentration that surpassed the standard limit established by the US-EPA, which is 11 Bq/L. The average annual effective dose from inhalation and ingestion was found to be lower than the value (0.1 mSv/y) provided by the WHO, but for some natural spring water samples, it exceeded the risk limit. The cancer risk revealed that 40% of the samples had an elevated lifetime cancer risk from radon exposure. Overall, the majority of the results obtained aligned with the worldwide guidelines established by the US-EPA. However, there were a few instances where the limits were exceeded, and constant monitoring is recommended. This study establishes a baseline for radon concentration in the area and provides a basis for future studies.

Radon concentration measurement with a high-sensitivity radon detector at the Yemilab

The radiation emitted from radon is a critical background in rare event search experiments conducted at the Yemi Underground Laboratory (Yemilab) in Jeongseon, Korea. A Radon Reduction System (RRS) has been developed and installed in Yemilab to reduce radon concentration in the air. The RRS primarily provides a purified air of 50 m3/h to the cleanroom used to assemble crystal detectors in the AMoRE, a neutrinoless double beta decay search experiment. RRS can reduce the radon level by a factor of 300, so a high-sensitivity radon detector was required. A highly sensitive radon detector was constructed using a 70 L chamber with a large PIN photodiode to measure radon concentration in the purified air. The radon detector shows an excellent resolution of 72 keV (FWHM) for 6.003 MeV alphas from 218Po decay and a sensitivity down to 23.8 ± 2.1 mBq/m3 with a boil-off N2 gas sample. The radon concentration level from the RRS measured by the radon detector was below 0.29 Bq/m3 with a reduction factor of about 300.

Radon Concentration Level in Selected offices at Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State

Radon, a radioactive gas that emanates naturally from the earth crust is accountable for about 50% of the effective dose of ionizing radiation received by humans. Most radon susceptiveness occurs in homes and work places, it comes from the natural disintegration of uranium in soil, rock and water and escalate to the air that we breath, hence it is important to monitor the actual level of exposure in most buildings. This work analysed the indoor radon concentration in air at twenty different offices of different building at Bells University of Technology using Rad7 detector. The mean measured radon concentration ranges from 0-56.7 Bq/m3 for all the study locations. The mean absorbed dose, equivalent dose and effective dose were calculated with the radon concentration which are 0.152 mGy/y, 3.045 mSv/y and 0.365 mSv/y respectively. The results obtained are below the world set limit as recommended by International Commission on radiological protection, except for office 7 which slightly exceed the recommended limit. Thus, the study concluded that good ventilation is very important in the reduction of radon concentration level in our work places.

Determination Of Heavy Metals and Radon Concentration in Soil and Water Samples from Wadi-B Jere Oil Exploration Sites in Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria

Radon gas and heavy metals are two significant risk factors that can cause lung cancer. Wadi B, a locality in Jere local government of Borno state, is an area where oil exploration is underway. There is a potential health risk of contamination of the drinking water and soil samples in the area. To investigate radon concentration and heavy metal contamination, several samples of water from wells and boreholes, as well as soil samples, were collected for analysis. The analysis was conducted using liquid scintillation (LSC) and atomic absorption spectrometry. The result of radioactivity analysis using LSC shows that water samples have varying levels of radon concentration ranging from 17.77 Bql-1 to 22.50Bql-1 which exceeded the maximum contaminant levels of 11.1Bq/L set by the USEPA 1999 and the world average value of 10Bq/L set by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2004). The mean annual effective cancer risk of radon intake varied across sampling points, ranging from 0.164, 0.246, 0.287 to 0.130, 0.218, and 0.227 for adults, children, and infants, respectively, with mean values of 0.146, 0.219, and 0.255. The mean values of excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) associated with radon inhalation and ingestion for adults, children, and infants were 0.0005110, 0.0007660, and 0.0008930, respectively. Moreover, elevated conductivity and total dissolved solids in water samples suggest potential contamination, exceeding the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization. On the other hand, Heavy metals analysis shows a mean value of ELCR 0.125009 for adults and 0.000063 for infants. Results showed that heavy metal concentrations in soil samples exceeded permissible limits for all metals except chromium and lead, with the order of concentration being Cr < Cd < Pb < Cu < Zn. These findings underscore the need for ongoing monitoring and remediation efforts to mitigate environmental and health risks in Wadi B

Assessment of indoor radon distribution and seasonal variation within the Kpando Municipality of Volta Region, Ghana.

This study uses CR-39 radon detectors to examine radon distributions, seasonal indoor radon variations, correction factors, and the influence of building materials and characteristics on indoor radon concentration in 120 dwellings. The study also determines the spatial distribution of radon levels using the ArcGIS geostatistical method. Radon detectors were exposed in bedrooms from April to July (RS), August to November (DS); December to March (HS), and January-December (YS) from 2021 to 2022. The result for the radon levels during the weather seasons were; 32.3 to 190.1 Bqm-3 (80.9 ± 3.2 Bq/m3) for (RS), 30.8 to 151.4 Bqm-3 (68.5 ± 2.7 Bqm-3) for HS and 24.8 to 112.9 Bqm-3(61.7 ± 2.1 Bqm-3) for DS, and 25.2 to 145.2 Bq/m3 (69.4 ± 2.7 Bqm-3). The arithmetic mean for April to July season was greater than August to November. The correction factors associated with this study ranged from 0.9 to 1.2. The annual effective dose (AE) associated with radon data was varied from 0.6 to 4.04 mSv/y (1.8 ± 0.1 mSv/y). The April to July period which was characterized by rains recorded the highest correlation coefficient and indoor radon concentration. Distribution and radon mapping revealed radon that the exposure to the occupant is non-uniformly spread across the studied dwellings. 15.4% of the studied data exceeded WHO reference values of 100 Bq/m3. The seasonal variation, dwelling age, and building materials were observed to have a substantial impact on the levels of radon concentration within the buildings.

Radon Levels and Risk Assessment due to its Ingestion and Inhalation from Groundwater of Lapai, North-Central Nigeria

Radon exposure through ingestion or inhalation from groundwater can be a significant public health concern due to its carcinogenic effects. This study assessed the health risks of radon exposure from groundwater in Lapai, Nigeria, using a Rad7 detector to measure radon concentration levels. The measured concentrations ranged from 5.36 ± 0.22 BqL-1 to 0.52 ± 0.06 BqL-1 with an average value of 2.82 ± 0.14 BqL-1. The annual effect dose due to ingestion of Radon obtained varies in the range of 2.76 to 28.34 μSva-1, 1.02 to 10.43 μSva-1, and 1.33 to 13.69 μSva-1 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. While the effective dose per year from inhalation of Radon released from water by adults has values in the range of 1.31 to 13.50 μSva-1. Radon levels were within permissible limits of UNSCEAR and USEPA, and the annual effective doses from inhalation and ingestion were within WHO's safe range. Nonetheless, monitoring is advised, especially during the rainy season when contamination levels may increase.

An Evaluation of Radon Concentrations in Arin Lake, Bitlis

Arin Lake, situated in the Bitlis province, is a soda lake that holds significant ecological importance as a habitat for migratory bird species such as flamingos and white-headed ducks. In order to investigate the potential radiation exposure to the environment and living organisms in the area, radon concentration levels and dose calculations were determined for water samples collected from 27 different points in Arin Lake. The radon levels were determined using the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO radon monitoring system, which has the range of 2–2.106 Bqm−3. The results of the radon concentration measurements are between 0.06 and 0.39 Bq/L, with a mean of value of 0.17 Bq/L. The annual effective doses for ingestion (Deff-ing) and inhalation (Deff-inh) were calculated at values ranging from 0.14 to 0.99 µSv/year. The radon levels were found to be lower than international standard values. Furthermore, the outcomes of this research were subjected to comparison with other studies in the literature.

قياس مستويات تراكيز غاز الرادون ومحتويات الراديوم في بعض عينات المواد الغذائية التي تم تجميعها من األسواق الفلسطينية

The objective of this study is to assess the concentrations of radon and radium contents in some household food samples available in the Palestinian market. A total of 56 samples are analyzed using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) named CR-39 detectors. By evaluating the radon concentrations in these food items, the study attempts to provide valuable information on potential radiation exposure and health risks associated with their consumption. The average values of 222Rn and 226Ra concentrations in Legumes, Spices, Medical plants, and Seeds samples were 419.0 Bq/m3 and 35.0 Bq/kg; 400.0 Bq/m3 and 33.0 Bq/kg; 259.0 Bq/m3 and 30.5 Bq/kg and 400.0 Bq/m3 and 30.0 Bq/kg, respectively. And therefore, it is determined that the consumption of foodstuffs in the study area poses no notable threat to public health from radon exposure.

Radon activity and their radiological doses in drinking water of Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India.

In this investigation, radon activity concentration, inhalation and ingestion doses due to intake of radon in drinking water have been estimated in the Chitradurga district drinking water by using radon Emanometry technique. The average radon concentrations vary from 1.81±0.11 to 300.33±4.56Bql-1 with a mean value of 56.01±2.44Bql-1. Most of the radon concentration levels are within the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union (EU) commission recommended level of 100Bql-1. About 70% of the drinking water had radon concentration level higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended Maximum Contamination Limit (MCL) of 11.1Bql-1. The annual ingestion dose varies from 0.38 to 63.03μSvy-1 with an average value of 11.75μSvy-1. The estimated annual ingestion dose is well within the WHO recommended reference level of 100μSvy-1.

Assessment of Indoor Radon Gas Concentration in National Open University of Nigeria: A Case Study of Calabar Study Centre

The current work deals with indoor radon (222Rn) concentrations measurements in the Calabar Study Centre of the National Open University of Nigeria using a Corentium Arthings digital radon detector meter for seven days representing a short–term average measurement of indoor radon gas concentration level. The geographical coordinates were recorded using a hand-held geographical positioning system for the sample point. Measurement were taken for seven days and the following data where obtained 83±2.19 Bq/m3,80±3.69 Bq/m3,86±5.57 Bq/m3,84±1.59 Bq/m3,82±3.59 Bq/m3,81±4.89 Bq/m3 and 85 ±5.59 Bq/m3.The average radon(222Rn) concentration level was found to be 83 ± 3.87 Bq/m3 with a geometric mean of 82 ± 3.54 Bq/m3. It was observed that the radon concentration was below the reference level of 100 Bq/m3 recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Although the current exposure of members of the public to natural radiation is not critical, the situation could change abruptly when other activities commenced. The excess life time cancer risk calculated for 70 years, 60 years, 50 years, 40 years and 30 years were 1.72 × 10−3,1.65× 10−3,1.39× 10−3,1.44× 10−3 and 0.69× 10−3 respectively. The calculated values of the excess life time cancer risk are all higher than the set limit of 0.029 × 10−3 by International Commission on Radiological Protection. However, there are no observed cases of lung cancer epidemic in this Centre. Therefore, it is advised to use fans and effective ventilation techniques to reduce radon levels. Identifying the regions of the country where people are most at risk from radon exposure should be the main goal of any national radon policy.

Assessment of Radiological Risks due to Indoor Radon, Thoron and Progeny, and Soil Gas Radon in Thorium-Bearing Areas of the Centre and South Regions of Cameroon

Indoor radon, thoron and thoron progeny concentrations, along with the equilibrium factor for thoron progeny and soil gas radon concentrations, have been measured to assess radiological risks in the centre and south regions of Cameroon. Indoor radon and thoron concentrations were estimated using radon–thoron discriminative detectors (RADUET), while thoron progeny monitors measured the equilibrium equivalent thoron concentration (EETC). Radon concentrations in the soil were determined using a MARKUS 10 detector. It was found that radon, thoron and thoron progeny concentrations range between 19 and 62 Bq m−3, 10 and 394 Bq m−3 and 0.05 and 21.8 Bq m−3, with geometric means of 32 Bq m−3, 98 Bq m−3 and 4.9 Bq m−3, respectively. The thoron equilibrium factor ranges between 0.007 and 0.24, with an arithmetic mean of 0.06 ± 0.03; this is higher than the world average value of 0.02 provided by the United Nations Scientific Commission on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR, New York, USA). The level of the soil radon concentration ranges from 4.8 to 57.3 kBq m−3, with a geometric mean of 12.1 kBq m−3 at a depth of 0.7 m. Of the sampling points, 66% fall within normal radon risk areas, and 3% of the sampling areas are high radon risk areas exceeding 50 kBq m−3. The annual effective dose was found to be 0.03 ± 0.01 mSv for radon, 0.08 ± 0.05 mSv for thoron, 0.63 ± 0.12 mSv for radon progeny and 1.40 ± 0.84 mSv for thoron progeny. The total dose is estimated to be 2.14 mSv y−1. The mean estimated indoor excess lifetime cancer risk values due to radon, thoron, radon progeny and thoron progeny are 0.12 × 10−3, 0.31 × 10−3, 2.51 × 10−3 and 5.58 × 10−3, respectively. Thoron progeny contributed 60% to the effective dose. Thus, thoron progeny cannot be neglected in dose assessments, in order to avoid biased results in radio-epidemiological studies.

A study of 226Ra concentration and radon exhalation rates in different geopolymer cement samples using CR-39 solid state nuclear track detector

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is known to cause lung cancer. Therefore, it is essential to measure and determine the concentration of radon in different materials. The purpose of this research is to measure and analyze the levels of radon concentration, radium concentration, and radon exhalation rates in various geopolymer cement mixes. These mixes are made from slag or metakaolin blended with different ratios of fly ash, silica fume, and cement kiln dust. The main goal is to determine the potential risks associated with using geopolymer cement materials in construction and how they may impact indoor air quality. To achieve this, the study will monitor the amounts of radon released from different geopolymer cement mixes and compare them to traditional cement samples. A CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detector will be used for monitoring purposes. Results of this study have revealed that the radon concentration varies from 4.03 to 348.21 Bqm−3 with an average value 62.01 Bqm−3. Radium concentration also changes from 15.18 to 926.47 Bqkg−1 with an average value 174.23 Bqkg−1. The value of the dissolved radon concentration in the collected samples alters from 4.57 to 394.87 Bqm−3 with an average value 70.32 Bqm−3. The mass exhalation rates are found to vary from 0.04 to 2.28 Bqkg−1h−1 with an average value 0.43 Bqkg−1h−1, while the surface exhalation rates vary from 0.91 to 78.92 Bqm−2h−1 with an average value 14.06 Bqm−2h−1. The Annual Effective Dose (AED), due to conducting the experiment indoors, has varied from 0.102 to 8.785 mSvy−1 with an average value 1.564 mSvy−1, where AED in the outdoor experiment has varied from 0.038 to 3.294 mSvy−1 with an average value 0.587 mSvy−1. According to the results, the geopolymer mixes labeled as (S) and (SS) containing 100% GGBFS and 85% GGBFS with 15% SF respectively has had the highest levels of radium concentration, radon concentration, dissolved radon concentration, radon exhalation rates, and AED. The investigation results indicate that, with the exception of samples (S) and (SS), the analyzed samples fall within the suggested range of acceptable values. Based on our results, it seems that all geopolymer samples except for (S) and (SS) are safe for being used in building materials production. We recommend utilizing these samples (S, SS) for public highways, bridges, and other buildings that have good ventilation.

Indoor radon concentration levels in some selected offices at Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria and its attendant annual effective dose

Although radon concentrations in outdoor environments are generally low, the indoor concentrations can become appreciably high thereby affecting the indoor air quality and causing some severe health challenges. Thirty (30) offices from the ground floor and first floor of some buildings within Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) University campus, Lapai Nigeria, were randomly selected for indoor radon concentration (CRn) measurement using RAD7 continuous radon monitor. Annual effective dose was also computed to determine the level of public exposure. The results showed that radon concentration values for all the offices on the ground floor ranged between 9.6±2.7 Bqm−3 and 90.7±8.1 Bqm−3, with mean value of 28.5±4.8 Bqm−3 while the range of radon concentration at first floor was 2.5±1.4 Bqm−3 - 80.4±7.5 Bqm−3. All the measured indoor radon concentration levels were less than the 100 Bqm−3 action level proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). Average annual absorbed dose for both ground and first floors were 0.36±0.06 mSvy−1 and 0.24±0.05 mSvy−1 respectively, with corresponding mean annual effective dose of 0.86±0.15 mSvy−1 and 0.58±0.11 mSvy−1 in sequence. These values were below the 1.0 mSvy−1 safety limit set for public. Although the results did not suggest any immediate exposure threat to the public, it is important that the University staffs are adequately informed of indoor radon levels and its attendant health hazards. Improved and adequate ventilation of all the office buildings is highly encouraged in order to keep the radon levels as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).

A study of radon, thoron and annual effective dose in some Egyptian dwellings by twin-cup dosimeter technique with LR-115 detectors

In the present study, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (LR-115–type II) based twin-cup dosimeters were used for estimating radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) gas concentration levels in the environmental air of thirty dwellings in ten cities in Egypt. In the studied dwellings radon concentration levels were found to vary from 24.80 ± 3.98 to 39.71 ± 8.71 Bq m−3 with an average of 32.64 ± 4.34 Bq m−3 whereas thoron concentration is found to vary from 10.46 ± 2.87 to 15.41 ± 2.72 Bq m−3 with an average of 12.48 ± 1.58 Bq m−3. The total annual effective dose by the inhabitants of these dwellings due to radon and thoron was found below the recommended limit by the international agencies. The present study concluded that the dwellings are safe without posing significant radiological threats to human beings.

Exploring statistical and machine learning techniques to identify factors influencing indoor radon concentration

Radon is a radioactive gas with a carcinogenic effect. The malign effect on human health is, however, mostly influenced by the level of exposure. Dangerous exposure occurs predominantly indoors where the level of indoor radon concentration (IRC) is, in its turn, influenced by several factors. The current study aims to investigate the combined effects of geology, pedology, and house characteristics on the IRC based on 3132 passive radon measurements conducted in Romania. Several techniques for evaluating the impact of predictors on the dependent variable were used, from univariate statistics to artificial neural network and random forest regressor (RFR). The RFR model outperformed the other investigated models in terms of R2 (0.14) and RMSE (0.83) for the radon concentration, as a dependent continuous variable. Using IRC discretized into two classes, based on the median (115 Bq/m3), an AUC-ROC value of 0.61 was obtained for logistic regression and 0.62 for the random forest classifier. The presence of cellar beneath the investigated room, the construction period, the height above the sea level or the floor type are the main predictors determined by the models used.

Exposure of students (pupils) and employees of educational institutions in the Leningrad region to natural sources of radiation. Part 1: Results of a comprehensive survey

Currently, there is no methodological support for radiation monitoring and sanitary and epidemiological assessment of radon concentration (or radon EEC) and other parameters of the radiation situation in existing operated buildings. The paper presents a review of the protocols for conducting measurements of indoor Leningrad region with previously found elevated levels of radon concentration using long-term measurements. The survey revealed that highest values of indoor radon ECC were obtained using instant measurements in several educational institutions both in the normal operation mode of the buildings (up to 1106 Bq/m3) and after leaving the premises for 12 hours with closed windows and doors (up to 1586 Bq/m3) according to the requirements of paragraph 6.5 of MU 2.6.1.2838-11. High values of radon concentration were also obtained using long-term and short-term measurements (up to 4900 and 1420 Bq/m3, respectively). In addition, high values of radon flux density were detected (up to 2030 mBq/(m2·s)). The established hygienic norms for ambient dose equivalent rate indoors and outdoors were not exceeded in the surveyed educational institutions. The levels of gross alphaand beta activities in tap water sampled from the surveyed educational institutions were below the control levels, and an exceedance of intervention level for activity concentration of radon in analyzed samples was not detected. The results of the survey will be used for hygienic assessment of doses and health risks for students (pupils) and employees of several educational institutions of the Leningrad region due to exposure to radon and its progeny and can be used to improve the method for indoor radon concentration monitoring in existing operated public buildings in the Russian Federation, which in turn will make it possible to obtain correct values of public doses and health risks.

Optimization of the operating parameters for radon reduction on brattice induced cavern ventilation using CFD

Cavern is a place where workers often work in underground spaces, where radon is constantly released from surrounding rock surfaces. It is of great significance to develop effective ventilation to reduce radon in underground space for safe production and occupational health. For the purpose of controlling the radon concentration level in the cavern, the influence of upstream and downstream brattice length, upstream and downstream brattice to wall width on the volume average radon concentration and the plane average radon concentration at the height of the human respiratory zone (Z = 1.6 m) in the cavern, was studied by using the CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) method, and the operating parameters of ventilation induced by the brattice are optimized. The results show that the radon concentration in the cavern can be significantly reduced by using the brattice induced ventilation compared with no ventilation auxiliary facilities. This study provides a reference for local radon-reducing ventilation design of underground cavern.

Assessment of internal radiation exposure caused by radon in commercially bottled spring waters consumed in Turkey

ABSTRACT The variation of dissolved radon levels in water supplies remains of interest since radon ingested through drinking water can give considerable radiation to the lining of the stomach. This study aims to determine the radon concentration levels in bottled spring drinking water (BSW) brands commercially sold in Turkey using a radon gas monitor and to assess the internal radiation exposure caused by the ingestion and inhalation of radon. The activity concentrations of radon analyzed in 77 BSW brands varied from 7.1±0.8 to 28.7±2.7 mBq/L with an average of 15.7±5.1 mBq/L. The total annual effective dose was estimated to assess the radiological risk for three age groups in four different scenarios based on annual drinking water intake. All estimated dose values are well below the recommended reference dose of 100 µSv for drinking water. Therefore, radon gas in the investigated BSW samples poses no significant radiological risk to the public.