Radionuclide Diagnosis Research Articles

Long-term biological effects after acute 131I-administration of two rat models (with and without thyroid)

Purpose Radioiodine-131 (RAI or iodine-131) is one of the most frequently used radionuclides for diagnosis and therapy of thyroid diseases (90% of all therapies in nuclear medicine). In order to optimize the patient protection, it is important to evaluate the long-term biological effects of RAI therapy on non-target organs. Materials and methods An experimental animal model has been adopted, it consists on miming RAI therapy. An activity of RAI has been administrated in two models of Wistar rats: the first model with an intact thyroid gland (Thy + model), and the second one was thyroidectomized (Thy- model). For each model, 6 rats were orally contaminated with a solution 18.5 ± 1MBq of [131I]NaI and 6 others rats were used as controls. The 24 rats have been placed in individual cages for a period of 08 months then they were euthanized. The blood was collected by cardiac puncture and all organs were immediately removed. A fraction of thyroid, liver, kidneys and testicles was put in vials containing formaldehyde (10%) for histological investigation. Results Histological observations show some liver disorders more accentuated in the case of the Thy- model, the appearance of kidney tissue effects (hemosiderin deposits, fibrosis and glomerular necrosis) for both models and an absence of any anomaly for the testicles slides. The disturbance of blood parameters specific to each organ has been revealed. Conclusions Long-term biological effect of 131I-administration shows the appearance of various histological disorders confirmed by disturbances in hepatic and renal functions.

ОЦЕНКА ОСТРОЙ ТОКСИЧНОСТИ ПРЕПАРАТА 99mTc(CO)3-(HE)3-DARPinG3 У БОЛЬНЫХ РАКОМ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

Purpose: Study the acute toxicity of the radiopharmaceutical [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3 in breast cancer patients. Material and Methods: The study included 10 breast cancer patients (T1-4N0-2M0) with different HER2/neu expression before systemic/surgical treatment, who were injected with 1000 μg of DARPinG3 protein labeled with technetium-99m ([99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3). Throughout the study (48 hours), patients were monitored by medical personnel, during which complaints were assessed, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature were measured before injection of the radiopharmaceutical, as well as 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours after injection. Additionally, laboratory tests such as general and biochemical blood tests and general urine analysis were performed before injection, 48 hours and 7 days later. Results: The presence of complaints, as well as the detection of adverse reactions in breast cancer patients included in the study at the time of injection of the radiopharmaceutical [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3, as well as 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 hours and 7 days after injection were not detected. The measurement of heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure also showed no pathological abnormalities. According to general and biochemical blood analysis, general urine analysis and ECG results, no abnormalities were found 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours, as well as 7 days after of the radiopharmaceutical [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3. Conclusion: The performed studies fully demonstrate the safety of the clinical use of the radiopharmaceutical [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3 for radionuclide diagnosis of breast cancer patients. The data obtained were confirmed both by the subjective sensations of the patients directly included in the analysis, and by the data of clinical quantitative parameters before the start, as well as 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours after injection of the radiopharmaceutical [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3.

Radioisotope diagnostics of endogenous ACTH-dependent hypercorticism: a review

INTRODUCTION: The literature review presents the possibilities of existing methods of radionuclide diagnosis of endogenous ACTH-dependent hypercorticism, which includes Itsenko-Cushing’s disease and ectopic ACTH syndrome. The similar clinical picture of these pathologies significantly complicates their differential diagnosis. Localization of corticotropinoma, especially in patients with persistent Cushing’s disease, and ectopic focus of ACTH hyperproduction also causes difficulties.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the available foreign and domestic literature to determine the possibilities of radionuclide imaging methods in the diagnosis of endogenous ACTH-dependent hypercorticism.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of scientifiс publications and clinical recommendations in the information and analytical systems PudMed and elibrary over the past twenty years, dedicated to the diagnosis of Itsenko-Cushing’s disease and ectopic ACTH syndrome using radioisotope diagnostic methods by keywords «Itsenko-Cushing’s disease», «ectopic ACTH syndrome», «radionuclide diagnostics», «scintigraphy», «SPECT», «PET».RESULTS: The presented review demonstrated the broad possibilities and prospects of using modern radioisotope imaging methods in the diagnosis of endogenous ACTH-dependent hypercorticism. Radionuclide imaging methods make it possible to conduct a study in the «whole body» mode, which makes it possible to detect not only the primary tumor focus, but also metastases in patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome in one study. In addition, the use of scintigraphy or positron emission tomography with labeled somatostatin analogues makes it possible to predict the effectiveness of treatment of formations producing adrenocorticotropic hormone with somatostatin analogues, which is important when planning antitumor therapy.CONCLUSION: The use of radioisotope diagnostic methods significantly increases the accuracy of topical diagnosis of a tumor focus, allows for an assessment of the prevalence of the tumor process and the selection of patients for antitumor therapy using somatostatin analogues.

Pharmacoeconomic study of fluorescent lymphography and radionuclide diagnostics methods for sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer

Background. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a reliable diagnostic method used to assess the spread of the malignant process in regional lymph nodes. Currently, this method is of great importance in treatment planning for early breast cancer and allows to avoid immediate and long-term complications of lymph node dissection. SLN detection can be performed using the radionuclide method, the disadvantages of which are associated with the peculiarities of working with radiopharmaceuticals and additional costs when using them. An alternative method is fluorescence lymphography (FL) with indocyanine green.Objective: performing a pharmacoeconomical study (cost-effectiveness analysis) comparing the cost-effectiveness of methods for detecting SLN in breast cancer: radionuclide diagnosis (RD) using a radiopharmaceutical based on sodium pertechnetate [99mТс] and FL using indocyanine green (Life Sciences OCPK LLC, Russia) and "IC GOR System" device (Central Design Bureau of Information and Control Systems JSC, Russia).Material and methods. The values of the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) were calculated and compared for the two indicated methods of detecting SLN in breast cancer. Information on the RD method clinical efficacy was taken from the published data. SLN detection by the FL method with the use of indocyanine green and domestic apparatus was performed on the basis of the Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary (Ryazan) in 53 patients with breast cancer. To assess the reliability of the obtained results a deterministic multivariate sensitivity analysis was performed.Results. The obtained CERFL values were significantly lower than the median CERRD values by average of 43.29% (p<0.001): from 40.36% (p<0.001) to 44.96% (p<0.001). The geometric mean CERFL was lower than CERRD by 39,40% (from 37.99% to 42.80%), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) did not intersect. Deterministic multivariate sensitivity analysis demonstrated robustness of the obtained data to the transformation of RD cost parameters. Nevertheless the geometric mean and its 95% CI of CERRD and CERFL did not intersect under any circumstances.Conclusion. According to the results of a pharmacoeconomic study, it is more economically profitable to detect SLN in breast cancer using indocyanine green and a domestic device for FL, as its costs per unit of efficiency were 38–45% lower than for RD using a radiopharmaceutical based on sodium pertechnetate [99mТс].

Radionuclide Diagnosis of Esophageal Dysmotility and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Objective: to evaluate the possibilities of dynamic scintigraphy for the diagnosis of esophageal dysmotility (ED) and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SS).Material and methods. The study group included 77 patients with established SS of different disease duration (from several months to 30 years) who underwent Technephyt 99mTc dynamic esophageal scintigraphy using two-stage protocol. During the first stage, the esophageal transport function was evaluated; during the second stage, the presence and severity of GER were assessed. Scans were analyzed using visual assessment, quantitative estimation of time/activity curves, and a proposed three-point scale for evaluating ED and GER severity. The control group consisted of 19 practically healthy individuals who underwent a routine examination to exclude digestive system and gastrointestinal tract diseases, the algorithm of which included dynamic scintigraphy.Results. ED was found in 74 of 77 patients (96%). According to three-point scale, severe ED (3 points) was registrated in 41 (55%) patients, moderate ED (2 points) in 15 (21%), and mild ED in 18 (24%). GER was diagnosed in 35 of 77 cases (45%): mild GER in 13 (37%), moderate GER (2 points) in 22 (63%), and none of the patients was found to have severe GER (3 points). A significant relationship between the presence of GER and the severity of ED was not obtained, but a direct correlation was established between ED and GER severity.Conclusion. Most SS patients demonstrated ED of varying severity associated with mild and moderate GER in nearly 45% of the cases. The study results confirm the practical significance of dynamic scintigraphy for assessing the esophageal transport function and GER in SS patients.

Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love-hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity ('metalloantibiotics'). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.

Trends in the development of nuclear medicine in the Russian Federation for 2015–2020

The federal forms of statistical reporting (3-DOZ form , form No. 30 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and radiation-hygienic passports of the subjects of the Russian Federation for 2015–2020) were analyzed in order to estimate the current status of nuclear medicine and assess the perspective and developing proposals for improving the national system of radiation protection in nuclear medicine . Over the past six years , the number of radionuclide examinations in the Russian Federation has been at the same level : on average 530 thousand per year . In 2020 the number of examinations decreased that was caused by the epidemic of coronavirus infection . The largest number of examinations in 2015-2020 were performed in Moscow (21%) and St. Petersburg (11%). Federal medical centers equipped with high-tech equipment are located in these cities , and patients from different regions are examined in these centers . The examination of bone is the most common examination in Russia: 40% from all of nuclear medicine examination ; there is a moderate increase of that examinations . There is a high number of renal examinations (17%). The next most frequent are examinations of myocardium , thyroid , liver and lungs ; the number of these examinations are decrease . Due to the development of modern diagnostic technologies , installation of new positron emission tomography departments and replacement of the old equipment with the new one ( decrease in the number of renographs and increase the number of positron emission tomographs ), the number of “ other ” examinations are increased with a factor of 3.7 since 2015 but the number of “ functional ” examinations is decreased . About two thousand studies per year were examined on a scanner ( renograph , gamma camera , single-photon emission tomography ), and about 0.6 thousand hybrid imaging examinations per year were performed on a single-photon emission tomography combined with computed tomography . The annual collective dose of radionuclide diagnosis in the country has increased from 1.2 to 3.7 thousand man-Sv since 2015. The main contribution to the collective dose in Russia was associated with “ other ” examinations , which include hybrid imaging and whole body positron emission tomography : 55% (39% in St. Petersburg , 60% in Moscow). Due to the limitations and heterogeneous content of the federal forms of statistical reporting it is difficult to assess the current state of nuclear medicine in the Russian Federation. The authors of the study were updated of the data collection system in the radionuclide diagnosis in 3-DOZ forms ; it is under approval . For detailed and reliable assessment of the nuclear medicine in the country , it is necessary to conduct a separate survey to determine the types of nuclear medicine examinations , the gender and age profile of patients and patient doses . That survey should be conducted in St. Petersburg or Moscow, as model subjects of the Russian Federation.

STUDY OF THE ACCUMULATION OF GALLIUM-68-LABELED FOLIC ACID CONJUGATES IN VARIOUS ETIOLOGIES INFLAMMATION FOCI

In recent years, folate receptors have been considered as a target for radiopharmaceutical drugs. For this purpose, new, previously unexplored com-pounds based on folic acid were synthesized. Objective. Study of the accumulation of gallium-68-labeled folic acid conjugates in various etiologies inflammation foci. Material and methods. The objects of the research were folic acid derivatives labeled with gallium-68. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis was chosen as a pathology model. Acute inflammatory processes of soft tissues of septic and aseptic etiology were selected as differential models. Results. The results obtained in the study showed a significantly elevated level of accumulation in the juvenile idiopathic arthritis focus compared to healthy rat paws and accumulation in the foci of differential models of the inflammatory process, which confirms the macrophage-mediated pathway of accumulation of the studied compounds. Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to conclude about the diagnostic potential of radiolabeled conjugates based on folic acid in the radionuclide di-agnosis of rheumatoid and other diseases characterized by a pronounced macrophage immune response.

Peculiarities of the Regulatory Status of Radiopharmaceuticals Manufactured in Medical Organisations

Radiopharmaceuticals, the medicinal products containing radioactive isotopes, hold a special place among the other medicines. The aim of the study was to analyse regulatory peculiarities of the production and subsequent life cycle of radiopharmaceuticals, associated with the unique physicochemical properties, production process, distribution, and clinical use. The article reviews regulatory decisions adopted in Russia and a number of other countries that, in certain circumstances, allow medical organisations not licensed as manufacturers to compound radiopharmaceuticals for in-house use without marketing authorisation. Unstable isotopes in radiopharmaceuticals reduce the risk of microbial contamination, so the quality control requirements may be relaxed. The described regulatory framework, which came into effect 12 years ago, provided an opportunity for a many-fold increase in the number of radiopharmaceuticals for radionuclide diagnosis and treatment of severe socially significant diseases. In recent years, a number of countries have adopted regulations making it possible to supply the radiopharmaceuticals manufactured by medical organisations outside the usual marketing authorisation track to other medical organisations. If adopted in Russia, a similar regulation will further expand the access to effective methods of diagnosis and treatment for patients.

Clinical possibilities of HER2-positive breast cancer diagnosis using alternative scaffold proteins

HER2-positive breast cancer occurs in 15–20% of breast cancer patients and is associated primarily with a poor prognosis of the disease and the need for highly specific targeted therapy. Despite the clinical importance of determining HER2/neu, traditional diagnostic methods have their disadvantages and require the study of new additional research techniques.The information presented in this review makes it possible to consider current trends in the radionuclide diagnosis of HER2-positive breast cancer using the latest class of alternative scaffold proteins and to consider various aspects of their use in clinical practice.

Advanced radionuclides in diagnosis and therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver, but early diagnosis and effective treatment are still difficult. With the development of radionuclide applications in medicine, nuclear medicine is playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Radionuclide-based positron emission tomography-computed tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography molecular imaging are indispensable for assessing progression, staging, differentiation, preoperative planning, postoperative prediction, and evaluation of HCC in clinical applications. Moreover, radionuclide-based endoradiotherapy provides an objective therapeutic strategy for patients with unresectable advanced HCC. This review highlights the application and development of radionuclides in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. More efforts are warranted for the development of advanced radionuclides to make significant contributions in the treatment of HCC.

Radiolabeled peptide probe for tumor imaging

Radionuclide imaging is now the premier imaging method in clinical practice for its high sensitivity and tomographic capability. Current clinically available radio imaging methods mostly use positron-emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to detect anatomic abnormalities that conventional imaging techniques typically have challenges for visualizing. Contrast agents are indispensable for radionuclide imaging, and the radionuclide is always attached to a suitable vector that achieves targeted delivery. Nowadays, peptides have attracted increasing interest in targeting vectors of contrast agents, mainly due to their high specificity for target receptors at nanomolar concentrations and low toxicity. Radiolabeled peptide probes as kinds of PET/SPECT tracers had become essential tools for clinical radionuclide diagnosis. This review mainly summarizes radiolabeled peptide probes for bioimaging, including fundamental concepts of radiolabeled peptide probe design, some typical peptide analogs radiocontrast agents for PET, SPECT, and the combination imaging. Radionuclide imaging such as PET and SPECT is now the premier imaging method in clinical practice for its high sensitivity and tomographic capability. Radiolabeled peptide probes as kinds of PET/SPECT tracers had become essential tools for clinical radionuclide diagnosis. This review mainly summarizes radiolabeled peptide probes for bioimaging.

Modern methods for radionuclide diagnosis of tumors and non-tumor pathologies of the brain

The review analyzes the global experience in the application of nuclear medicine techniques for diagnosis of tumors and non-tumor pathologies of the brain. The main groups of radiopharmaceuticals currently used for imaging of malignant brain tumors and diagnosis of cognitive impairments and neurotransmitter system disturbances by means of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography are described.Modern approaches to the application of methods for radionuclide diagnosis in neuro-oncology and neurology are compared, and the main trends in production of new, more specific radiopharmaceuticals for visualizing brain tumors of various degrees of malignancy and diagnosing non-tumor pathologies of the brain are described. The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of currently used techniques and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of central nervous system disorders, depending on the clinical situation and specific diagnostic tasks.In addition, the review presents consolidated recommendations of the leading scientific schools in neuro-oncology on the use of nuclear medicine techniques in patients with brain tumors at the stages of treatment and follow-up. The presented article examines the experience of domestic scientific schools in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for neuro-oncology. The features of the development and use of new radiopharmaceuticals in patients with brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted. The review is based on the analysis of literature included in the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, and RSCI databases.

The Evolution of Targeted Radionuclide Diagnosis of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.

This review examines the evolution of the radionuclide diagnosis of HER2-positive breast cancer using various compounds as a targeting module in clinical practice: from full-length antibodies to a new group of small synthetic proteins called alternative scaffold proteins. This topic is of especial relevance today in view of the problems attendant to the detection of breast cancer with HER2/neu overexpression, which, in most cases, introduce errors in the treatment of patients. The results of clinical studies of radiopharmaceuticals based on affibody molecules, ADAPTs, and DARPins for SPECT and PET have demonstrated good tolerability of the compounds, their rapid excretion from the body, and the possibility to differentiate tumor sites depending on the HER2/neu status. This indicates that targeted radionuclide diagnosis holds promise and the need to continue research in this direction.

Radionuclide imaging methods in the diagnosis of microvascular dysfunction in non-obstructive coronary artery disease

Non-obstructive coronary artery disease is generally considered as a favorable type of pathology, however, a number of studies indicate that in non-obstructive atherosclerosis, the risk of such cardiovascular events as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, sudden cardiac death and decompensated heart failure cannot be completely ruled out. This may be due to microvascular dysfunction. However, due to the small diameter of vessels, none of the imaging techniques used in clinical practice makes it possible to assess microvascular morphology. To date, the most well-established methods for assessing myocardial perfusion are single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). The ability to quantify myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve allows SPECT and PET to be the methods of choice for non-invasive diagnosis of microvascular dysfunction. This review is devoted to current data on the clinical significance of radionuclide diagnosis of microvascular dysfunction in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease.

Capabilities of Modern Semiconductor Gamma Cameras in Radionuclide Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease.

This paper presents a review of the literature concerning the clinical application of modern semiconductor (CZT) gamma cameras in the radioinuclide diagnosis of coronary artery disease. It contains information on the diagnostic efficacy of myocardial perfusion studies performed with those cameras compared with the widely used scintillation (Anger) cameras, an overview of their effectiveness in comparison with coronary angiography (also fractional flow reserve) and currently available clinical results of a myocardial flow reserve measured with a dynamic SPECT study. Introduction of this imaging modality to the measurement of a myocardial flow reserve aims to facilitate access to this type of study compared to the less available and more expensive PET method used so far.

Сучасні напрямки радіонуклідної діагностики хворих на рак передміхурової залози

В огляді літератури розглянуто ключові питання історії розвитку та клінічного застосування сучасних методів радіонуклідної діагностики у хворих на рак передміхурової залози (РПЗ). Алгоритм прийняття діагностичного рішення у хворих на РПЗ враховує мультидисциплінарний підхід до кожного етапу даного процесу — від встановлення первинного діагнозу, стадіювання, рестадіювання до призначення лікувальних процедур. У цьому контексті ядерна медицина відіграє ключову роль при визначенні активності захворювання, що характеризує пухлину з функціональної точки зору у хворих на рецидив РПЗ і підвищенням рівня простат-специфічного антигена. Проте необхідні подальші дослідження з метою безпосереднього порівняння нових радіоактивних лігандів в однакових клінічних умовах і в більш численних діагностичних групах, що сприятиме вирішенню питань пошуку найбільш чутливих маркерів РПЗ та умов їх кращого застосування.

Responsible Radionuclide Cancer Care.

The landscape of nuclear oncology is rapidly changing. The advent of molecular radionuclide theranostics, multidisciplinary tumor board decision making, artificial intelligence and radiomics interpretation of diagnostic imaging, evolution of pharmacogenomics prediction of tumor response, and regulatory requirements for prospective individual dosimetry are just some of the elements which are broadening the essence of physician responsibility. The burgeoning knowledge base essential for mastering the emergent technologies, and their profound effect on moral philosophic aspects of provision of cancer care, are challenging. The new relationship of the theranostic nuclear physician with respect to shared care of the individual patient, particularly with regard to transparency, accountability, and responsibility for targeted radionuclide diagnosis and therapy of cancer, will be explored in this update.

Comparative Analysis of the Clinical Use of 99mTechnetium-Labeled Recombinant Target Molecules in Different Dosages for the Radionuclide Diagnosis of Her2-Positive Breast Cancer

Background. The chief goal in assessing the Her2/neu status in clinical practice is to identify indications for targeted therapy. The main methods for determining the Her2/neu status are an immunohistochemical method and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); however, despite their widespread use, they have a number of significant disadvantages. Over the past few years, radionuclide diagnosis using a new class of alternative scaffold proteins that meet all the requirements for optimal radionuclide delivery to tumor cells has become widespread. Objective: comparative analysis of the effectiveness of radionuclide imaging of Her2-positive breast cancer using 99m technetium-labeled recombinant molecules in different dosages. Material and methods. The investigation enrolled 22 patients with breast cancer (T1-4N0-2M0) before systemic therapy: 11 had Her2/neu overexpression; 11 had no marker expression. The patients’ mean age was 50.7 ± 2.3 years. Morphological and immunohistochemical studies were performed in all cases. FISHanalysis was carried out in the presence of the Her2/neu 2+ value. The agent was prepared immediately before using in dosages of 500 and 1000 µg, after which it was slowly administered intravenously to the patient. Whole-body scintigraphy and chest single-photon emission computed tomography were conducted at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after administration. Results. The radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity values were 77 ± 9% and 99 ± 1%, respectively. The activity of the agent immediately before administration was 416 ± 135 MBq for the 500 µg group and 349 ± 133 MBq for 1000 µg group. Analysis of the findings indicated that the higher uptake of the agent by organs without tumor lesion was observed in the kidneys, liver, and lungs. The highest renal absorption of the agent was observed in both study groups (0.135 ± 0.042 and 0.191 ± 0.047 mGy, respectively). The effective dose was 0.009 ± 0.002 mGy for the 500 µg group and 0.010 ± 0.003 mGy for the 1000 µg group. The better distribution between the tumors with Her2/neu positive and negative statuses was observed 2 hours after administration in the 500 µg group with the mean tumor/background value of 37 ± 19 for Her2-positive tumors, and 5 ± 2 for Her2-negative tumors (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The findings suggest that the test radiopharmaceutical agent at a dose of 500 µg can be considered as a new additional method to diagnose Her2-positive breast tumors.

Phase I clinical study of a new radiopharmaceutical based on recombinant target molecules DARPin9_29 labeled with technetium-99m for radionuclide diagnosis of the Her2/neu-positive breast cancer

Phase I clinical study of a new radiopharmaceutical based on recombinant target molecules DARPin9_29 labeled with technetium-99m for radionuclide diagnosis of the Her2/neu-positive breast cancer