Radiological Signs Of Osteoarthritis Research Articles

Hip joint motion amplitude control based on exponential product formula

Background: Handball is a team sport, and during a game, there is a lot of direct squabbling and close contact between the players. Objective: The goal of the research is to determine how handball training affected several aspects of physical fitness. The study also investigates the relationship between playing handball, passive hip range of motion (ROM), and the development of radiologically detectable hip osteoarthritis (OA) in formerly elite handball players. The research employed the exponential product algorithm for evaluating bilateral radiographs to classify and diagnose hip OA. This technique most likely evaluated subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, and other radiological signs of OA in the individuals’ hip joints. Methods: The relationship among the risk of hip OA in long-term top handball players is explored, as well as the connections among hip ROM, OA, and pain. The research was conducted using a sample size of 20 ex-professional handball players and 39 control subjects. Information on demographics, loading patterns during exercise, and history of lower limb joint injury were gathered via a questionnaire. The inclusion criteria for individuals consisted former professional handball players with significant elite-level competitive experience, as well as control subjects with no background of high-impact sports. Confounding characteristics such as age, gender, and previous lower limb joint injuries were carefully controlled for using extensive demographic and injury history evaluations. To identify and categorize hip OA, bilateral radiographs were analyzed using the exponential product algorithm. The goniometer was used to assess the bilateral passive hip ROM. Long-term participation in elite handball at a high level was found to have a strong correlation with the hip development of osteoarthritis (OA). Sixty percent of handball players had been identified with OA in at least one hip joint, compared to only thirteen percent of control patients. Results: Hip flexion and medial rotation in the handball players were significantly decreased, whereas abduction, extension, and lateral rotation were increased considerably compared to the control values. When doing daily activities, the hip joints of the handball players with OA were less painful than those of the OA-afflicted control participants. Retired handball players seem to be at a much higher risk than the general population for developing early hip OA. Conclusion: The repetitive nature of handball-specific movements may result in anomalies that are seldom seen in the general population, which makes diagnosing pain and discomfort a challenging diagnostic challenge for sports physicians.

CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF WRISTS AND HANDS OF SPINAL CORD INJURED PATIENTS.

The inability of the spinal cord to propagate sensory and motor stimuli as a result of the disruption of the nerve tracts is called spinal cord injury. This study analyzes clinically and radiologically the hands and wrists of spinal cord injured patients, evaluating their motor and sensitive functionality, in order to determine if these patients are more likely to develop degenerative alterations. 14 patients (8 paraplegics and 6 tetraplegics) were evaluated, undergoing anamnesis and clinical examination - a scale of muscular strength (MRC - Medical Research Council) and the amplitude measurement of the movement with a manual goniometer (ROM), were used for objective evaluation - and x-ray exams. The results were compared with pre-existing data from other studies. When asked, only one of the 14 observed patients complained about constant wrist pain, described as level 3 (weak to moderate), based on the visual analog scale (VAS). The motor evaluation, MRC and ROM divided the group of patients into two subgroups: paraplegic and tetraplegic patients. The x-ray analysis showed, based on Kellgren and Lawrence classification, that all exam images fit grades 1 or 2 of osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis. In conclusion, spinal cord injured patients showed none or minimal clinical and radiological signs of osteoarthritis on hands or wrists. Overall, the hands and wrists of spinal cord-injured patients behave similarly to noninjured patients. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Comparative Study.

A novel arthroscopic transosseous suture-button fixation technique for anterior glenoid fractures

Abstract Background This study evaluated the clinical and radiological results of a new transosseous suture-button fixation technique for anterior glenoid fractures. Methods From March 2017 to May 2021, 23 patients with anterior glenoid fractures were treated with the new technique. Demographic data, active shoulder function, and several shoulder scores were evaluated after a minimum of 6 months. Fracture reduction and button placement were assessed via computed tomography, while fracture healing and onset or progression of glenohumeral osteoarthritis were evaluated with X‑rays. Results Overall, 57% of the patients had relevant concomitant intra-articular injury. Clinical follow-up was performed for 22 patients (19 male, 3 female) at 15 months (6.0–34.5) after surgery. The average Constant Score was 83.2 ± 16.7 points (93.4% ± 18.8% vs. the contralateral side), the Rowe Score, 90.7 ± 10.4 points, the Melbourne Instability Shoulder Score (/100), 88.3 ± 14.5 points, the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (%), 82.9 ± 16.7, and the Subjective Shoulder Value (%), 86.9 ± 16.1. Average range of motion was 171.4 ° ± 22.7 ° of flexion (contralateral side, 180 ° ± 0 °; p = 0.11) and 170.5 ° ± 23.6 ° of abduction (contralateral side, 179.6 ± 2.1; p = 0.07). No complications occurred and no revision surgery was required. The postoperative step-off of the glenoid averaged 1.55 ± 1.05 mm (0–4 mm). Radiological follow-up of 19 patients showed fracture consolidation in all cases, without secondary dislocation of the fracture or of heterotopic ossification. There was no sign hardware impingement or dislocation. There was new-onset osteoarthritis in 3 cases (15.8%). We found no correlation between the step-off and radiological signs of osteoarthritis. Conclusion Anterior glenoid fractures were treated safely and reproducibly with the novel arthroscopic double-button-suture technique, but long-term results are still needed.

Cortical Bone Thickness, Base Osteophyte Occurrence and Radiological Signs of Osteoarthritis in the Fingers of Male Elite Sport Climbers: A Cross-Sectional 10-Year Follow-Up Study.

Background: Sport climbing places high mechanical loads on fingers. In 2012, our research group demonstrated adaptations of climbers’ cortical bones with the presence of osteophytes compared to non-climbing controls. Objectives: 1) To investigate 10-year changes in cortical bone thickness, base osteophyte occurrence and radiological signs of osteoarthritis in the fingers of elite male sport climbers with more than 25 years of climbing history and 2) to compare cortical bone thickness, base osteophyte occurrence and radiological signs of osteoarthritis between male sport climbers and age-matched controls at the 10-year follow-up. Methods: All 31 elite sport climbers who participated in both the baseline and 10-year follow-up assessments (follow-up rate 100%) were examined by means of X-rays. Cortical bone thickness, presence of osteophytes and signs of osteoarthritis according to Kellgren-Lawrence were obtained and compared to the baseline values 10 years earlier and to age-matched controls at the follow-up (n = 15). Results: Significantly increased cortical bone thickness over the past 10 years was observed in climbers (mean absolute difference with 95% CI:0.98 mm (0.77 mm, 1.19 mm); p <0.001). Moreover, compared to age-matched controls, climbers had significantly thicker cortical bone at the 10-year follow-up (mean absolute difference with 95% CI:0.86 mm (0.61 mm, 1.12 mm); p <0.001). In climbers, osteophytes and clear signs of osteoarthritis were mainly seen in DIP joints. Signs of osteoarthritis according to Kellgren-Lawrence were more prevalent than 10 years before in most joints. In lateral radiographs, base osteophytes were not significantly more prevalent than 10 years before in most of the joints. The percentage of climbers who had osteophytes in any DIP (PIP) joint increased from 93.5% (67.7%) at baseline to 100% (74.2%) at the 10-year follow-up. The percentage of climbers who had clear signs of osteoarthritis according to Kellgren-Lawrence in any DIP (PIP) joint increased from 12.9% (9.7%) at baseline to 74.2% (64.5%) at 10-year follow-up. Only a few such degenerative changes were found in age-matched controls. Conclusion: An accumulation of repetitive climbing-related stress to the fingers of elite sport climbers over the career may induce lifelong mechano-adaptation of the cortical bone thickness of all phalanges. At the 10-year follow-up, a further significant increase in radiographic signs of osteoarthritic changes was observed.

Long-term evolution of cartilage abnormalities and osteophytes in the fingers of elite sport climbers: A cross-sectional 10-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT The sequelae of high mechanical stress to the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the fingers in elite sport climbers and its contribution to the development of osteoarthritis are still relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution of cartilage abnormalities of the PIP and DIP joints, as well as the progress of osteophytes, in the fingers of elite sport climbers with a minimum of 25 years of climbing history over the time period of the last 10 years. Moreover, their actual cartilage abnormalities and osteophyte occurrence were compared to non-climbing age-matched controls. Thirty-one elite male sport climbers and 15 male non-climbers underwent a sonographic examination of the PIP and DIP joint cartilage and osteophyte thickness in the frontal and sagittal plane of digits II–V of both hands. The same cohort had already been measured with an identical protocol 10 years earlier (follow-up rate of 100%). Compared to the baseline assessment 10 years earlier, the cartilage thickness of sport climbers has significantly decreased; however, it was still greater than in age-matched controls. Moreover, sport climbers showed significantly higher relative frequencies of osteophyte occurrence than non-climbers (all fingers and joints). Nevertheless, despite a substantial (and compared to baseline a further increased) occurrence of osteophytes in elite sport climbers, there was no association between the radiological signs of osteoarthritis and pain within the last six months prior the follow-up investigation.

Outcome after nonoperative treatment of stable Lisfranc injuries. A prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome after nondisplaced and stable Lisfranc injuries. Methods26 patients with injuries to the Lisfranc joint complex detected on CT scans, but without displacement were tested to be stable using a fluoroscopic stress test. The patients were immobilized in a non-weightbearing short leg cast for 6 weeks. The final follow-up was 55 (IQR 53–60) months after injury. ResultsAll the Lisfranc injuries were confirmed to be stable on follow-up weightbearing radiographs at a minimum of 3 months after injury. Median American Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score at 1-year follow-up was 89 (IQR 84–97) and at final follow-up 100 (IQR 90–100); The AOFAS score continued to improve after 1-year (P=.005). The median visual analog scale (VAS) for pain was 0 (IQR 0–0) at the final follow-up. One patient had radiological signs of osteoarthritis at 1-year follow-up. ConclusionStable Lisfranc injuries treated nonoperatively had an excellent outcome in this study with a median follow-up of 55 months. The AOFAS score continued to improve after 1 year.

External Fixation Versus Volar Locking Plate for Unstable Dorsally Displaced Distal Radius Fractures-A 3-Year Follow-Up of aRandomizedControlled Study.

To determine if a volar locking plate (VLP) is superior to external fixation (EF) 3 years after surgery for unstable, dorsally displaced, distal radius fractures caused by low-energy injury in patients 50 to 74 years of age. During 2009 to 2013, 140 patients with an unstable dorsally displaced distal radius fracture were randomized to either VLP or EF. One hundred eighteen patients (EF 56, VLP 62) were available for a 3-year follow-up. The primary outcome was the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score at 3 years. Secondary outcomes were Patient-Related Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score, EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) score, range of motion (ROM), grip strength, and radiological signs of osteoarthritis (OA) at 3 years. Moreover, reoperations and minor complications during the first 3 years were recorded. There were no differences regarding DASH, PRWE, EQ-5D, ROM or grip strength. The reoperation rate was 21% (13 of 62) in the VLP group compared with 14% (8 of 56) in the EF group. The OA rate was 42% (25 of 59) in the VLP group compared with 28% (15 of 53) in the EF group. Three years after surgery for unstable dorsally displaced distal radius fractures, the clinical and radiological results for VLP and EF were comparable. Therapeutic II.

No Difference in the KOOS Quality of Life Subscore Between Anatomic Double-Bundle and Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction of the Knee: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial With 2 Years’ Follow-up

Background: The double-bundle reconstruction technique was developed to resemble the properties of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) more closely than the conventional single-bundle technique. The clinical benefit of the operative procedure is controversial, and there is a need for studies with a focus on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Hypothesis: Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction would be superior to anatomic single-bundle reconstruction regarding the change in the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Quality of Life (QoL) subscore from baseline to 2-year follow-up. Methods: According to sample size calculations, 120 patients aged 18 to 40 years with a primary ACL injury of their knee were randomized to the anatomic double-bundle or anatomic single-bundle reconstruction groups. Patients with posterior cruciate ligament, posterolateral corner, or lateral collateral ligament injuries or with established osteoarthritis were excluded. Patients with residual laxity from a coexistent medial collateral ligament injury were excluded. Data were registered at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years. In 24 patients, postoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography was performed to verify the positioning of the bundles. The outcome measures were the change in KOOS subscores and the International Knee Documentation Committee 2000 subjective score, pivot-shift test result, Lachman test finding, KT-1000 arthrometer measurement, activity level, return-to-sports rate, and osteoarthritic changes on radiographs. A linear mixed model was used for the analysis of all the PROs, including the primary outcome. Results: The change in the KOOS QoL subscore from baseline to 2-year follow-up was not different between the double- and single-bundle groups (mean change, 29.2 points vs 28.7 points, respectively; –0.5-point difference; 95% CI, –8.4 to 7.4 points; P = .91). Neither were there any differences between the 2 groups in the remaining PROs, knee laxity measurements, or activity levels of the patients. Radiological signs of osteoarthritis were found in 2 patients. Eleven patients had a graft rupture: 8 in the single-bundle group and 3 in the double-bundle group (P = .16). Three-dimensional computed tomography of the knees verified the positioning of the anteromedial bundle, posterolateral bundle, and single-bundle grafts to be within acceptable limits. Conclusion: There was no difference in the KOOS QoL subscore, the remaining PROs, knee laxity measurements, or activity levels comparing the double- and single-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques. The number of bundles does not seem to influence clinical and subjective outcomes, as long as the tunnels are adequately positioned. Registration: NCT01033188 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Minimally Invasive versus Open Hallux Valgus Surgery

Category: Bunion Introduction/Purpose: About 20% of patients suffer from stiffness (arthrofibrosis) after hallux valgus surgery. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) has been invented to reduce the rate of unfavorable result, MIS enjoys increasing popularity with both surgeons and patients and is applied in a growing number of cases. It is being advertised as delivering better results due to reduced soft tissue injury and quicker recovery while effecting a similar amount of deformity correction. However, to date there are no scientific data to support this claim. The aim of the current project is to fill this lacuna by comparing the outcomes of MIS and open hallux valgus surgeries prospectively at our institution. Methods: From 01/2014 to 12/2015, 123 patients were operated: 75 open (average age 51 years, 91% female) and 48 MIS (age 47 years, 88% female). Inclusion criteria were either open Chevron/Scarf or MIS-Chevron at our Foot and Ankle Center with 5 different hospitals and three surgeons. Exclusion criteria were radiological signs of osteoarthritis, extension of less than 30°, pain on motion or during the night, and all other hallux valgus surgeries (lapidus, open wedge, Akin and buniektomy only). Radiographs were taken of all patients 6 weeks and 1 year postop. All patient charts were screened by an independent research assistant for complications and reoperations. All radiographs were measured by two independent observers. All patients were examined in a blinded control by an independent study nurse at 24±6 months after surgery for the clinical results (for parameters please see Tab. 1). Results: All clinical and radiographic results, as well as all additional surgeries, reoperations and complications are shown in Tab.1. The results show that open and MIS surgery achieved a similar gain in AOFAS-score, flexion, extension, VAS and subjective foot value. The scar was significantly smaller in MIS than open, but the satisfaction with the scar was similar. The radiographic correction was equal. Open surgery was combined with more additional procedures than MIS, especially Weil osteotomies and plantar plate repairs. The rate of CRPS, prolonged pain, and stiffness was equal. The reoperation rate was significantly higher for MIS due to a screw removal rate of 34%. Conclusion: MIS is an interesting concept, but it enjoys no advantages over open surgery, at least when carried out with current methods. Calls for open-trained surgeons to switch to MIS are therefore premature. Both surgical techniques have similar clinical and radiological outcomes, while MIS had a higher screw removal rate. Furthermore, complex cases have to be operated with open surgery.

Multicentre study on capsular closure versus non-capsular closure during hip arthroscopy in Danish patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI): protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionHip arthroscopy has become a standard procedure in the treatment of hip joint pain not related to osteoarthritis or dysplasia in the young and active patient. There has been increasing...

The open-modified Bankart procedure: long-term follow-up 'a 16-26-year follow-up study'.

A Bankart procedure is a surgical technique for the repair of recurrent shoulder joint dislocations. This study reports the long-term results of the 'open'-modified Bankart procedure. We performed a retrospective cohort study in which patients are studied who had open-modified Bankart surgery for instability problems in the absence of a substantial osseous glenoid defect after a traumatic shoulder dislocation, 16-26years ago, in a large regional hospital. Instability was measured with the Rowe and Oxford shoulder instability score. Furthermore, we measured physical functioning with the Constant-Murley score and the Dutch simple shoulder test. Pain was measured with the NRS for pain. Osteoarthritis was scored according the Samilson-Prieto score. Quality of life was measured with the SF-12 score. The operated shoulder was compared to the non-operated contralateral shoulder regarding instability and osteoarthritis. 39 patients were included with an average follow-up of 21years (range 16-26years). The number of patients with redislocations of their shoulder after surgery was 4 (10%). 23% of the study group described moments of subluxation or positive apprehension. Radiological signs of osteoarthritis were present in 20 shoulders (51%), of which 75% had grade 1 arthropathy according to the Samilson Prieto score. The incidence of osteoarthritis of the operated shoulder was significantly greater compared to the non-operated shoulder. The mean Rowe score was 85 points (25-100) and the Constant score 92 points (70-100). We conclude that the open-modified Bankart procedure is a reliable surgical procedure with good long-term results, 16-26years after surgery. However, it does not prevent the development of shoulder osteoarthritis, since a high number of patients had (mainly mild) radiological osteoarthritis.

Long-Term Results of a Monocentric Series of Soldiers After Latarjet Procedure for Anterior Shoulder Instability. Implications for the Assessment of Soldiers' Medical Ability.

Stabilizing surgery of the shoulder with a coracoid graft according to Latarjet is a recognized surgical treatment for anterior instability of the shoulder. This pathology frequently affects soldiers. Postoperatively, the potential risk of recurrence or of secondary shoulder arthritis can limit the practitioner in their ability assessment. The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term outcomes of this surgery in a military population, in order to assess the possible implications for French soldiers' medical ability. Twenty soldiers operated on the shoulder by Latarjet procedure by the same surgeon were retrospectively reviewed after more than 15 yr. All of them did regular physical activity for leisure or competitions. None had preoperative osteoarthritis injuries. The number of dislocation recurrences, the functional score, and the rate of radiographic osteoarthritis were assessed. After more than 16.3 yr (extremes: 15-24 yr), none displayed a dislocation recurrence. The average Rowe's score was 91.8 ± 9.9. The average subjective shoulder value was 89.2 ± 9.7. All patients had resumed sport. Three of them developed level 1 or 2 radiological signs of osteoarthritis according to Samilson. No level 3 or 4 osteoarthritis was found. Among all the patients, 14 still did regular physical activity. In view of our results and of those from the literature, the results of treatment for anterior shoulder instability with the Latarjet procedure are good, even very good in the long term. These data must be considered to favor this procedure for soldiers with shoulder instability and from a medico-administrative viewpoint for military patients in order to pursue their careers without any job restrictions.

Prognostic factors after a traumatic hip dislocation. A long-term retrospective study

IntroductionTraumatic hip dislocations can have devastating complications such as osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis. The aim of this study was to identify the variables and prognostic factors associated with clinical and radiological outcome after a traumatic hip dislocation at long-term follow-up. Material and methodsA review was performed of all dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the hip from January 1999 to December 2012. A computed tomography scan was performed after reduction in all cases. The Harris Hip Score and modified Merle-d’Aubigné–Postel method were used for clinical evaluation and radiological assessment was performed according to the Thompson and Epstein classification. ResultsThere were 30 cases in 29 patients with a mean follow-up of 11 years (range, 4–17). The great majority were simple dislocations (21; 70%) vs. complex dislocations (9; 30%). Closed reduction was performed in less than 6h in all except one case (29; 96.7%). All of the patients with simple dislocations had an excellent outcome without radiological signs of osteoarthritis at the end of the follow-up (p<0.01). Overall, arthritic signs had developed in 4 patients (13.3%) and avascular necrosis was noted in 3 patients (10%). Five patients with intraarticular fragments were treated non-operatively, and 3 of them developed arthritic changes (p<0.05). ConclusionOur study suggests that complex dislocations are associated with poorer functional and radiological outcomes than simple dislocations. We also found a strong association between intraarticular fragments and osteoarthritis, so surgical fragment removal could be considered in these cases.

Factores pronósticos tras una luxación traumática de cadera. Estudio retrospectivo a largo plazo

IntroductionTraumatic hip dislocations can have devastating complications such as osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis. The aim of this study was to identify the variables and prognostic factors associated with clinical and radiological outcome after a traumatic hip dislocation at long-term follow-up. Material and methodsA review was performed of all dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the hip from January 1999 to December 2012. A computed tomography scan was performed after reduction in all cases. The Harris Hip Score and modified Merle-d’Aubigné-Postel method were used for clinical evaluation and radiological assessment was performed according to the Thompson and Epstein classification. ResultsThere were 30 cases in 29 patients with a mean follow-up of 11 years (range, 4-17). The great majority were simple dislocations (21; 70%) vs. complex dislocations (9; 30%). Closed reduction was performed in less than 6h in all except one case (29; 96.7%). All of the patients with simple dislocations had an excellent outcome without radiological signs of osteoarthritis at the end of the follow-up (P<.01). Overall, arthritic signs had developed in 4 patients (13.3%) and avascular necrosis was noted in 3 patients (10%). Five patients with intraarticular fragments were treated non-operatively, and 3 of them developed arthritic changes (P<.05). ConclusionOur study suggests that complex dislocations are associated with poorer functional and radiological outcomes than simple dislocations. We also found a strong association between intraarticular fragments and osteoarthritis, so surgical fragment removal could be considered in these cases.

Preclinical evaluation of 99mTc labeled chondroitin sulfate for monitoring of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis

PurposeIn previous in-vitro and ex-vivo studies we proved the specific uptake of 99mTc radiolabeled chondroitin sulfate (CS) in human articular cartilage. As a logical next step for the clinical use for imaging osteoarthritis we investigated in-vivo uptake of 99mTcCS in dogs. ProceduresThe radiolabeling of CS Condrosulf (IBSA, Lugano, Switzerland) was performed using 25mg of CS and 20–40MBq/kg body weight of 99mTc by means of the tin method. In-vivo uptake of 99mTcCS was evaluated in dogs (n=12, castrated males, 4–9years, with 15–51kg body weight). 6 healthy dogs served as controls and 6 with clinical and radiological signs of osteoarthritis in the carpal, elbow, and tarsal joint were examined. The tracer was i.v. injected into the external cephalic vein. The uptake was monitored after 2, 4, 6 and 24h in healthy and osteoarthritic dogs using a planar gamma camera by regional planar or whole body ventral and dorsal acquisition. For whole body scintigraphy animals were under general anesthesia, for planar under sedation only. ResultsIn healthy control dogs we did not detect any specific uptake of 99mTcCS in the cartilage. In contrast, in the diseased dogs suffering from osteoarthritis a significant, specific, persistent uptake between 4 and 6h in tarsal, carpal and cubital joints was documented.Median target (joint) to background (mid antebrachium) ratio (T/B) in the OA joints after 4, 6, and 24h was significantly higher than in healthy controls. Target to background ratio using soft tissue as a background (T/S) a similar significantly higher than in healthy controls.In all osteoarthritic joints we found a significant positive correlation (r=0.8, n=20) between grade of disease (I–III) and T/B. When matching radiographic (X ray) changes in osteoarthritic joints (grade II and III) we found also a maximal uptake of 99mTcCS at the specific anatomical site of highest cartilage degeneration. None of the dogs experienced any side effects. ConclusionThese results suggest that 99mTcCS might become a promising diagnostic tool for imaging osteoarthritis. More extensive and detailed examinations are required, however, before extending this methodology for application in humans.

Correlation between body mass index and chondral lesions in isolated medial meniscus tears.

Background:Chondral lesions of the knee are commonly found during arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. The literature advises against arthroscopic medial meniscectomy in the presence of advanced chondral derangement because of unfavorable outcome. Recent studies have shown an association between obesity and chondropathy in patients with meniscal tears. The aim of this study was to assess whether body mass index (BMI) correlates with the severity of chondral lesions in patients with isolated medial meniscus tears (i.e. without ligamentous or lateral meniscal injury).Materials and Methods:837 knee arthroscopies were performed in a regional referral center of arthroscopic surgery between January 2011 and December 2012. Of these 168 (109 males, 59 females) patients with no axial knee deformity and no radiological signs of osteoarthritis who have had arthroscopic debridement for isolated torn medial meniscus were included in the study. The correlation between different demographic factors and the level of chondral damage reported at surgery was evaluated. The mean age of patient was 50 years (range 13-82 years) and an average BMI was 28.2 kg/m2 (range17.5-42.5 kg/m2).Results:Overall, regression analysis showed both age and BMI to be linearly correlated to chondral score (r = 0.53, P < 0.04); however, there were no advanced chondral lesions found in patients younger than 40 years of age and all severe lesions were at age 50 years or more. Therefore, further analysis was performed for age subgroups: patients were grouped as younger than 40, between the age of 40 and 50 (middle age) and older than 50 years. The BMI was linearly correlated to the severity of chondral score exclusively in the middle aged group (i.e. 40-50 years old). There was no correlation between activity level and chondral damage. Women had worse chondral lesions than men in all age groups.Conclusion:Higher BMI in middle aged patients with isolated medial meniscus tears and unremarkable radiographs may predict more advanced chondral lesions at arthroscopy.

Computer-assisted osteotomy for valgus knees: Medium-term results of 29 cases

IntroductionComputer-assisted surgery has been shown to be beneficial for correcting misaligned lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the medium-term results of computer-assisted osteotomy for 29 valgus knees. The hypothesis was that computer navigation would allow a valgus deformity to be corrected with similar precision as varus deformity. Material and methodsThe series consisted of 27 patients (29 knees); there were 7 men and 20 women with ages ranging from 15 to 63 years (mean: 42.4±14.3 years). Twenty-four varus osteotomies of the femur (14 medial closing and 10 lateral opening) and five double osteotomies (proximal tibia and distal femur) were performed. The pre-operative functional status was evaluated with the Lysholm-Tegner score. The mean score was 64±20.5 points (range: 18–100). According to Ahlbäck's modified classification for knee osteoarthritis, 12 patients were at stage 1, nine were at stage 2, five at stage 3 and one at stage 4. Two of the knees had no radiological signs of osteoarthritis but had a particularly unsightly deformity; one of these was secondary to high tibial valgus osteotomy. The mean pre-operative hip-knee-angle (HKA) angle was 189.3±3.9°; the mean mechanical medial distal femoral angle (mMDFA) was 97.2±2.6° and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) was 90.1±2.8°. The goal was to achieve an HKA angle of 179±2° and mMPTA of 90±2° to avoid an oblique joint line. Functional outcomes were evaluated with the Lysholm-Tegner, KOOS and IKS scores. ResultsNo complications other than a transient paralysis of the common fibular nerve were observed. Twenty-three patients (25 knees) were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 50.9±38.8 months (range: 6–144). The mean Lysholm-Tegner score was 92.9±4 points (86–100), the mean KOOS was 89.7±9.3 (range: 68–100), the mean IKS “knee” score was 88.7±11.4 points (range: 60–100) and the “function” score was 90.6±13.3 points (range: 55–100). Twenty-two patients were satisfied or very satisfied. The mean HKA angle was 180.1±1.9°, the mean mMDFA 90.7±2.5° and the mean mMPTA 89.1±1.9°. The pre-operative goal was achieved in 86.2% of cases (25/29) for the HKA angle and 100% of cases of the mMPTA angle. At the follow-up, none of the knees had been revised with a prosthesis. ConclusionComputer-assisted osteotomy for cases of osteoarthritis secondary to valgus knee leads to excellent medium-term results. Navigation provides reliable and accurate deformity correction. Level of evidenceIV. Retrospective study.

Osteoarthritis after cold injuries

Frostbite is a thermal injury resulting in localised tissue damage due to inadequate circulation when the ambient temperature is below freezing. Osteoarthritis (OA) can develop after cold injuries. A 30-year old rock-climber presented with clinical and radiological signs of OA in his right middle and ring finger distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJ). He denied any hand trauma but had suffered frostbite to his fingers at the age of 19 during a trip in the Himalayas. Arthrodesis was performed in a functional position for his activities. The exact pathophysiology is unknown, but it is believed that both freezing and rapid rewarming are contributing factors. We postulate that osteoarthritis after frostbite in young adults is more likely to occur as the growth plate is nearing maturity. Initially, the ischaemic insult is partially remedied during reperfusion, but further cartilage damage may continue during the remodelling phase as the young adult continues to be active and the joints are subjected to constant load transmission. This may explain the variability in the timing of clinical presentation with osteoarthritis. Arthrodesis is indicated for symptomatic cases and facilitates continued interest in active sports. Hobbies should be considered in the history, including exposure to extreme weather conditions when young active patients present with OA.

Relationship between knee alignment and radiographic markers of osteoarthritis: a cross‐sectional study from a Korean population

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between static varus knee alignment and the radiographic markers of knee osteoarthritis (OA), including joint space narrowing (JSN) and Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading scale. Knee alignment was measured by mechanical axis from weight-bearing anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of 251 symptomatic knees with radiological signs of OA (K-L grade ≥1). Linear correlation between knee varus alignment and variables, including joint space width (JSW) and K-L grades of tibiofemoral (TF) joint in extension or 45° flexion and patellofemoral (PF) joints were investigated. Multiple linear regression analyses were also performed to examine independent associations between varus knee alignment and JSW. Analysis of covariance (ancova) was performed to analyze the difference in knee alignment among K-L grade category groups adjusted for physical variables. Varus knee alignment was negatively correlated with JSW of medial TF joint in extension AP (r=-0.460, P=0.0001) and 45° flexion PA views (r=-0.476, P=0.0001) and PF JSN (r=-0.168, P=0.008). Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for physical variables showed that the varus knee alignment was negatively associated with the JSW of medial TF joint in extension AP (P=0.0001) and 45° flexion PA view (P=0.0001). ancova adjusted for physical variables showed that knees in K-L grade 4 had significantly greater varus alignment than those in K-L grades 1-3 in AP (P=0.0001), 45° flexion PA view (P=0.0001), and PF joint (P=0.0001~0.001). Varus knee alignment is associated with the radiographic measures of knee OA severity.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 4-strand hamstring autograft and accelerated rehabilitation: a 10-year prospective study on clinical results, knee osteoarthritis and its predictors

Analysis of long-term clinical and radiological outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with special attention to knee osteoarthritis and its predictors. A prospective, consecutive case series of 100 patients. Arthroscopic transtibial ACL reconstruction was performed using 4-strand hamstring tendon autografts with a standardized accelerated rehabilitation protocol. Analysis was performed preoperatively and 10 years postoperatively. Clinical examination included Lysholm and Tegner scores, IKDC, KT-1000 testing (MEDmetric Co., San Diego, CA, USA) and leg circumference measurements. Radiological evaluation included AP weight bearing, lateral knee, Rosenberg and sky view X-rays. Radiological classifications were according to Ahlbäck and Kellgren & Lawrence. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS CLINICAL OUTCOME: A significant improvement (p < 0.001) between preoperative and postoperative measurements could be demonstrated for the Lysholm and Tegner scores, IKDC patient subjective assessment, KT-1000 measurements, pivot shift test, IKDC score and one-leg hop test. A pivot shift phenomenon (glide) was still present in 43 (50%) patients and correlated with lower levels of activity (p < 0.022). Radiological outcome: At follow-up, 46 (53.5%) patients had signs of osteoarthritis (OA). In this group, 33 patients (72%) had chondral lesions (≥grade 2) at the time of ACL reconstruction. A history of medial meniscectomy before or at the time of ACL reconstruction increased the risk of knee OA 4 times (95% CI 1.41-11.5). An ICRS grade 3 at the time of ACL reconstruction increased the risk of knee OA by 5.2 times (95% CI 1.09-24.8). There was no correlation between OA and activity level (Tegner score ≥6) nor between OA and a positive pivot shift test. Transtibial ACL reconstruction with 4-strand hamstring autograft and accelerated rehabilitation restored anteroposterior knee stability. Clinical parameters and patient satisfaction improved significantly. At 10-year follow-up, radiological signs of OA were present in 53.5 % of the subjects. Risk factors for OA were meniscectomy prior to or at the time of ACL reconstruction and chondral lesions at the time of ACL reconstruction. II.