Renogram Research Articles

Radioisotope renography and radioscintillation scanning in the diagnosis of homograft rejection

Radioisotope renography and radioscintillation scanning in the diagnosis of homograft rejection

CORRECTIONS

In the paper by J. E. Wenzl, et al., Pediatrics, 36:120, 1965, Radioisotope Renography in Children I.: The legends for Figures 2 and 3 have been erroneously transposed. The figures themselves are in the correct order.

A Quantitative Theory of Radioisotope Renography with Hippuran-131I

A mathematical description of the renogram, based on physiological considerations, is given and tested experimentally.The course of the activity in the kidneys appears to depend upon the partial renal blood flow, the total blood volume, the volume of the extravascular Hippuran space, the rate of exchange of Hippuran between the blood and the extravascular space, and the time of passage of the tracer through the kidneys. The experimental renogram is affected by the extrarenal activity in the measuring area, and allowance was made for this effect.Analysed renograms could be described satisfactorily by the theory, and the experimental values of the parameters were found to be physiologically acceptable.

Radioisotope Renography — The First Decade

Radioisotope Renography — The First Decade

Theoretical Analysis of Renogram

従来renogramの評価はその曲線の形を種々幾何学的に分析して数値計算が行なわれているが, その分析方法自身生理学的, 理論的裏付けに乏しい。まず, 第1に131IHSAの実験により一般にRI静注後血中に均等に混和するのに2～3分かかることがわかったので, renogramの精密な評価には2～3分までの部分は削除して考えねばならない。著者らはHippuranのkinetics modelとして7compartmentを考え, 理論的考察と実験データより40分間記録したrenogramが3指数関数の和として数式に表現されることを知った。片対数グラフ上で3本の直線に解析でき, 計算により血管外→血管内, 血管内→腎実質, 腎実質→細尿管, 腎胚, 腎盂腔へのHippuran移動速度を定量的に求め得た。

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF RENOGRAPHY IN UROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX UTERI

Radioisotope renography is a simple technique for the clinical evaluation of unilateral kidney function and of urinary tract patency; it is performed by the intravenous injection of I131 labeled sodium o-iodo-hippurate and by external monitoring over each kidney. Since urinary tract deseases are frequent complications of gynecologic malignancies, it was thought worthwhile to perform renography in patients with carcinoma of cervix uteri, at different stages, in order to analyze whether different renograms might be obtained in patients with different parametral involvement. The examination was performed on 21 patients. The results obtained demonstrated that the frequency of pathologic renograms in patients with carcinoma at stage I was significantly lower than in patients with carcinoma at stage II and III.

Renal arteriovenous fistula: A reversible cause of hypertension and heart failure

A case of renal arteriovenous fistula is presented in which radioisotope renography and differential studies of renal function strongly suggested the presence of ipsilateral renal ischemia, subsequently confirmed. Another case, due to hypernephroma, is described in which aorticorenal arteriography revealed vascular lakes within the tumor, together with marked extrarenal venous dilation. Fifty-three previously reported cases of renal arteriovenous fistula are reviewed in detail, with special attention to the relationship of diastolic hypertension to the renal and vascular pathology.

Diagnostic Urology

<h3>Advances in Diagnostic Urology.</h3> Edited by Joseph J. Kaufman. 294 pp, with illus. $12.50. Little, Brown &amp; Co., 34 Beacon St, Boston 6, 1964 Two recent books deal with the various tests helpful in diagnosing diseases of the genitourinary tract. In both, the material has been contributed by several authors, each of whom is an authority on the field which he covers. Such multiple authorship provides a wide range of opinion on the application of various diagnostic methods to medical problems. In these books the diagnostic and technical procedures are accurately, concisely, and clearly defined. The indications, contraindications, and complications most frequently encountered are presented. <i>Diagnostic Urology</i>, edited by Glenn, is more inclusive than the volume edited by Kaufman, for it contains a discussion of time-honored examinations and methods for estimating renal function, for excretory urography, cystourethrography, and retrograde pyelography, together with more recent developments of aortography, radioisotope renography, and

Correctable Renal Hypertension

The author's stated purpose is to present current information on the etiological theories, the mechanisms, diagnosis, pathology, treatment, and prognosis of renal hypertension. The purpose is fulfilled, although the depth of coverage varies with individual topics. The chapter on mechanisms tabulates the multiple, often conflicting, experimental data which have accumulated during recent and past years. The postulated roles of angiotensin, pituitary and adrenal influences, alteration in renal artery pulse, baroreceptors, juxtaglomerular apparatus, and other factors are reviewed individually, although the author makes no definite attempt to adjudicate the relative importance of these various factors. Another chapter tabulates the multiplicity of anatomic defects—renal parenchymal, perinephritic, and renovascular —reported as responsible for renal hypertension. The chapter on methods of diagnosing hypertension provides good coverage of the laboratory methods of diagnosis, with particular attention to and a critical review of radioisotope renography. The chapter on surgical and medical treatment of renal hypertension discusses

Radioisotope renography in normal children

Radioisotope renography in normal children

Acute Renal Failure: Diagnosis of Etiology by Radioisotope Renography

Acute Renal Failure: Diagnosis of Etiology by Radioisotope Renography

"Scalloping" of the Ureter

THE RECENT ADVENT of newer radiologic techniques and diagnostic methods such as renal angiography and radioisotope renography have brought forth a resurgence of interest in the entity of renovascular hypertension. While these procedures have achieved a high degree of accuracy and have gained considerable popularity, it is the feeling of many that intravenous urography is, and shall remain, a basic tool in the diagnosis of renal artery disease. It is the purpose of this report to emphasize a new, little-known urographic sign of this disease, "scalloping" of the ureter. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 31-year-old white male airman was admitted to US Air Force Hospital Wright-Patterson on June 20, 1963, for evaluation of hypertension. Hypertension was first discovered in May, 1963, when his blood pressure went as high as 220/150 mm Hg. At this time the patient was given chlorthalidone (Hygroton) and guanethidine sulfate (Ismelin), but no significant depression of

The use of the renogram in obstetrics and gynecology: West and Nordyke: p. 1

The use of the renogram in obstetrics and gynecology: West and Nordyke: p. 1

Book Review: Radioisotope Renography

Book Review: Radioisotope Renography

Radioisotope Renography: A Kidney Function Test Performed with Radloisotope‐Labelled Agents

Radioisotope Renography: A Kidney Function Test Performed with Radloisotope‐Labelled Agents

Radioisotope renography; a kidney function test performed with radioisotope-labeled agents.

A pioneer and expert in renography has concisely presented the physiology, techniques, and interpretive art of this new field. The theory is clearly described for the student, the electronic and mechanical equipment is carefully displayed for the technician, and the clinical application is discussed for the general practitioner, as well as for the specialist in internal medicine, urology, or radiology. Practical experience with this technique has led to an excellent review of the errors and misinterpretations to be avoided and the limitations involved in applying renography to the study of urinary tract obstruction, to renal dysfunction due to parenchymal disease, and to renovascular hypertensive states. Controversial opinions of others concerning interpretive details or variations of technique are generously alluded to, as Dr. Winter successfully demonstrates renography to be a permanent form of study of the kidney because it is an easy, rapid, harmless, painless, inexpensive, repeatable, and reliable function test

Radioisotope renography refinement in pediatrics.

Recently, the labeling of the currently preferred renographic test compound, o -iodohippurate, 5 with a newly available radioisotope, I 125 , has allowed a simplification of equipment used for the radioisotope renogram. Formerly, sodium o -iodohippurate (Hippuran)-I 131 was the test agent of choice for renography in all ages. The high-energy γ-rays of I 131 plus the resultant Compton effect scattering made necessary the use of heavy lead collimators around thick scintillation crystals in order to achieve a high kidney/contiguous tissue radiation ratio. Although the test was applicable to any age group, the bulky scintillation probes made it difficult, geometrically, to obtain close proximity to the infant's kidneys. This problem is obviated with the use of I 125 8,9 The decay scheme of I 125 produces soft x-rays and low-energy γ-rays with a narrow energy spectrum between 27-35 kev compared with the wide energy spectrum for I 131 of from

Radioisotopic Renography: Diagnosis of Renal Arterial Disease in Hypertensive Patients

Radioisotopic Renography: Diagnosis of Renal Arterial Disease in Hypertensive Patients

Radioisotopic renography. Diagnosis of renal arterial disease in hypertensive patients.

Sodium ortho-iodohippurate (Hippuran) I 131 renography has been performed by a standardized technic in patients with renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, and renal tubular acidosis with nephrocalcinosis, as well as in patients in whom the hypertension was apparently not secondary. Fifty of 94 patients studied were found to have abnormal renograms. In patients with renal artery stenosis, all of 37 patients studied had values on the renogram that were outside the range for normal subjects. Although the renographic findings were not considered diagnostic of renal artery stenosis, certain abnormalities of the renogram were commonly observed in the presence of such lesions. When a unilateral delay in the appearance of maximal radioactivity was associated with delayed disappearance ot the medium, renal artery stenosis was frequently observed. Less pronounced differences in the function of the two kidneys were observed in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis. A state of antidiuresis was often found helpful in the detection of less severe differences in renal function. In patients with predominantly unilateral pyelonephritis, the renographic abnormalities were qualitatively consistent with the degree of impairment of renal function. Bilateral abnormalities were observed in two patients who had bilateral parenchymal disease. The abnormalities on the renogram did not permit distinction between renovascular and renal parenchynal disease. Pyelonephritis associated with obstructive uropathy revealed findings highly suggestive of renal artery stenosis. Distinction from renovascular lesions could be determined with the aid of urographic studies. Only three of 44 patients with essential hypertension had abnormal renograms. The renograms, normal and abnormal, revealed essentially equal function of the two kidneys. The patients with abnormal renograms were not found by other technics to have evidence of secondary hypertension. The patients who were found to have pheochromocytoma and primary aldosteronism had normal isotope renograms. The patient with renal tubular acidosis and nephrocalcinosis had a bilaterally abnormal renogram and severe impairment of total renal function. The presence of a normal isotope renogram, as performed in our laboratory, is considered strong evidence against the existence of a renal or renovascular cause for secondary hypertension.

Revascularization of the ischemic kidney by means of an ileac loop

1. 1. Renal function may be adequately supported by blood from an ileac segment. Fifteen dogs survived renal artery transection of the solitary kidney after previous ileal-renal anastomosis. 2. 2. Development of vascular connections occurs between small arteries from a deserosalized ileac segment and renal interlobar arteries. 3. 3. Surgical details of the procedure are outlined. 4. 4. In clinical applications, renal function was improved after kidney revascularization in but one of three patients. 5. 5. The chief indication for surgery at the present time would seem to be renal hypertension (intrarenal arterial blockade), unilateral or bilateral confirmed by: (a) radioisotope renography, (b) intravenous urography, (c) differential renal function tests and (d) aortography, decreased arborizations of kidney segments.