Radioactive Rays Research Articles

Protecting the life and health of customs officials from the harmful impact of radiation materials

Radiation materials pose a serious danger to human life and health, especially for personnel who interact with such materials in the performance of their duties. The effect on the human body of ionizing radiation that emits radiation material manifests itself in the form of «radiation sickness», when all human organs are affected, and radioactive rays can cause gene mutations that can be inherited in the form of deformities or serious diseases. For this reason, it is very important to ask whether the radiation safety of officials of customs authorities is ensured at a sufficient level, who, when carrying out customs control of such materials, endanger their lives and health. The analysis carried out in the study testifies to the disparity in the requirements and established rules for ensuring the safety and protection of the health of customs officials working with radioactive materials. In this regard, this article studied the risks of the negative impact of radiation materials on the health of a customs inspector during customs control, studied in detail the process of organizing the work of group «A» personnel who have access to work with such materials, and formulated appropriate conclusions and recommendations for eliminating imperfections in ensuring the radiation safety of customs officials from the harmful effects of radioactive materials in order to protect the life and health of the inspector from the radiation threat in the performance of his duties.

Understanding of the Experimental Concept of Radiation Absorption of Radioactive Materials

<span lang="EN-US">In this article, we discuss the experimental absorption of radioactive light radiation on various materials using Geiger Muller. Under certain conditions, Geiger Muller can be used to determine the absorption coefficient of a material. The radioactive rays observed in this experiment are gamma rays. Gamma rays are radioactive rays that have no charge so they cannot be deflected by magnetic or electric fields and have the greatest penetrating power. We made several important results on experimental studies of the absorption of gamma radiation passing through matter. Our results relate to the trend of the unexpected, measured intensity of radiation versus the thickness of the absorber, which confuses students and cannot be explained by many laboratory assistants. Finally, we believe that a distribution function is an effective tool for examining the contribution of the build-up factor in the Geiger Muller calculation of the measured radiation intensity.</span>

The Rest Is History

The Rest Is History

Environmental Apocalypse in Rudolf Anaya’s Devil Deer: An Eco-critical Reading

This article addresses the issue of increasingly outspoken about environmental problems in American Southwest as portrayed in Rudolf Anaya’s Devil Deer. Impact of toxicity in the environment and the health of flora and fauna are some of the serious issues. Likewise, with the establishment of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)-national’s military industrial complex, the radioactive rays and carcinogenic chemicals though LANL which spread toxicity that has contaminated all the beings. The natural healthy, robust beings have become poisonous, and like mutilated devil. To the flora and fauna the traditional autumn hunting “ritual” of Chicanos community has been also disrupted. From the eco-critical perspective, it is injustice to all the living creatures and plants by the acts of humans. Because of the human’s mastery exploitation, environmental apocalypse has taken place. Besides, plants as well as all living creatures are in en-dangerous situation since people are supposed to be the master of environment. Their hegemony, subjugation, exploitation are greatly on the nature so that the direct effect has been seen in the buck as depicted in the text. This article is a contribution to the existing knowledge on the perilous impact of human carelessness on the entire ecological system.

An Updated Account on Formulations and Strategies for the Treatment of Burn Infection - A Review.

Burn injury is considered one of the critical injuries of the skin. According to WHO (World Health Organization), approximately 3,00,000 deaths are caused each year mainly due to fire burns, with additional deaths attributed to heat and other causes of burn e.g., electric devices, chemical materials, radioactive rays, etc. More than 95% of burn injuries occur in developing countries. Burn injuries have been a prominent topic of discussion in this present era of advancements. Burns is one of the common and devastating forms of trauma. Burn injuries are involved in causing severe damage to skin tissues and various other body parts triggered particularly by fire, blaze, or exposure to chemicals and heated substances. They leave a long-lasting negative impact on the patients in terms of their physical and mental health. The various methods and bioactive hydrogels, a viable and widely utilised approach for treating chronic wounds, remain a bottleneck. Many traditional approaches such as woven material, conventional antimicrobial agents, hydrogel sheets, and creams are utilised in wound healing. Nowadays, lipid-based nanoparticles, nanofibres systems, and foam-based formulations heal the wound. The prepared formulation showed wound healing activity when tested on rat model. The nanofibres containing SSD help in the burn-wound healing study on Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The healing effect on rats was examined by western blot analysis, digital camera observation, and histological analyses. Burn is also considered the most grievous form of trauma. Nowadays, several large and foambased formulations are used in wound healing, which heals the wound better than previously existing formulations and is less prone to secondary infection. Recently, nanofiber delivery systems have piqued the interest of academics as well as researchers because of its unique advantages and features, which include an extraordinarily high surface to volume ratio, a highly porous structure, and tiny pore size.

Wnt5a-mediated autophagy promotes radiation resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Wnt signaling pathways and autophagy play an essential role in tumor progression. Canonical Wnt signaling pathways in radiation resistance have been studied in the past, but it remains unclear whether the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways can affect tumor radiation resistance through protective autophagy. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a particular subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, relies on radiation therapy. In this study, we found that radioactive rays could significantly promote the expression of Wnt noncanonical signaling pathways ligands in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, among which Wnt5A was the most markedly altered. We have demonstrated that Wnt5a can reduce the radiation sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vitro and in vitro experiments. Meanwhile, we found much more greater autophagosomes in overexpressed-Wnt5A nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by electron microscopy. Further mechanism exploration revealed that Beclin1 is the main target of Wnt5A, and knocking down Beclin1 can partially reduce Wnt5a-induced radiation resistance. By studying Wnt5A-mediated protective autophagy in promoting radiation resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, we hope that the Wnt5A and Beclin1 can become effective targets for overcoming radiation resistance in the future.

Development of Mullite Based Refractory Pot for High Lead Containing Glass Melting

Radiation shielding window (RSW) glass for nuclear reactor is primarily required for protecting the operating personnel from harmful radioactive rays produced during nuclear energy generation in nuclear hot cells. In this respect, the production of high lead (>70% PbO) containing RSW glass is generally made using platinum pot through bottom pouring flow casting technique. However, owing to low capacity (40 L max.) of high cost platinum pot, the production of glass slab is limited to a maximum dimension of 400×400×100 mm3. Therefore, an alternate cost effective technology is highly required for making higher dimension glass slabs. To fulfill the requirement, low cost and higher volume refractory pot based tilt casting technology can be adopted. In this regard, the refractory pot is to be developed with adequate thermal, chemical and mechanical stabilities towards sustaining high corrosive lead oxide containing molten glass at 1100°-1200°C. For this purpose, a clay based alumino-silicate pot material enriched with mullite has been developed and characterized systematically. The rectangular bars have been fabricated by slip casting technique and the fabricated bars have been fired between 1450° and 1550° C. The fired materials have been characterized in terms of bulk density, apparent porosity, cold and hot modulus of rupture, etc. The RSW glass with more than 70% lead oxide content has successfully been melted in the pot. The quality of RSW glass produced using the pot has also been studied. In an optimized composition of the pot, the formation of higher content of mullite phase having high thermal shock and corrosion resistance with the desired mechanical stability is the key factor behind the stability of the refractory pot for making defect free RSW glass slabs. This cost effective refractory pot technology can substitute the platinum pot technology for producing larger dimension RSW glass slabs.

Stimuli‐Responsive Nanotheranostics

Stimuli‐Responsive Nanotheranostics

Research on textile materials for X-ray shielding

X-ray radioactive rays are widely used with the continuous development of radioactive medicine and nuclear technology applications, as well as lead shielding material pollutions new no lead shielding material was needed. In this paper, the main properties of metal tungsten and bismuth as X-ray shielding materials were studied for the protection people avoid the 150 kV X-rays by the Monte Carlo method is used to study. According to simulation with 2 kg/m2, results show that performance of single metal material tungsten iron is superior to that of bismuth material. Tungsten-bismuth better than bismuth-tungsten with the case of equal-quality double-layer metal. The protection performance is better when the metal-mixed tungsten-bismuth ratio is 0.5: 0.5 or the tungsten ratio is large. The research provides effective support for the development of textile radiation protection materials.

Factors Influencing Self-efficacy on Defensive Behaviors against Radioactive Rays of Nursing Students

Factors Influencing Self-efficacy on Defensive Behaviors against Radioactive Rays of Nursing Students

Radioactive rays shielding film: coating on amorphous glass

In this study, boron and lead compounds were coated on amorphous glass. Chemical bath deposition method was used for coating. Films were produced in the baths with pH: 9–12. Some of the produced films were directly analyzed, whereas some of them were analyzed after annealing at 500 °C. The characterization of the films was performed by XRD, while surface characterization was performed by SEM and EDX analysis. The study was finalized by performing radioactive analyzes of the films. Am-241 isotopes were used as the radioactive source for Alpha rays, Co-60 for Gamma rays and Sr-90 for Beta rays. According to the results, it was found that the films produced at pH: 9–10 had low optical transmittance but were able to absorb alpha and beta particles considerably. However, despite the high optical permeability of the films produced at pH: 11–12, their absorption of radioactive particles was found to be lower than the others. As a result, it was found that the absorption characteristics of the films produced at baths with different pH depend on the relative rate of boron and lead elements found on the surface.

Enhanced radiotherapy using photothermal therapy based on dual-sensitizer of gold nanoparticles with acid-induced aggregation

The damaged DNA strands caused by radiotherapy (RT) can repair by themselves. A gold nanoparticles (GNPs) system with acid-induced aggregation was developed into a dual sensitizer owing to its high radioactive rays attenuation ability and enhanced photothermal heating efficiency after GNPs aggregation to achieve a combination therapy of RT and photothermal therapy (PTT). In this combination therapy, the formed GNP aggregates firstly showed a higher sensitize enhancement ratio (SER) value (1.52). Importantly, the self-repair of damaged DNA strands was inhibited by mild PTT through down-regulating the expression of DNA repair protein, thus resulting in a much higher SER value (1.68). Anti-tumor studies further demonstrated that this combination therapy exhibited ideal anti-tumor efficacy. Furthermore, the imaging signals of GNPs in computed tomography and photoacoustic were significantly improved following the GNPs aggregation. Therefore, a dual sensitizer with multimodal imaging was successfully developed and can be further applied as a new anti-tumor therapy.

Salinomycin enhances radiotherapy sensitivity and reduces expressions of BIRC5 and NEIL2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of salinomycin (Sal) on expressions of baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) and Nei endonuclease VIII-like 2 (NEIL2) and radiotherapy sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Human NPC CNE-2 cell lines were used as research objects in this study. Subsequently, the cells received intervention with Sal at different concentrations, radioactive rays at different doses and Sal combined with radioactive rays. The growth inhibition rate of CNE-2 cells was detected via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The dose-effect relations of Sal, radioactive rays and combination therapy with the inhibitory effect on CNE-2 cells were obtained. CNE-2 cells receiving intervention with Sal at an appropriate concentration or radioactive rays at an appropriate dose alone and Sal combined with radioactive rays were used as intervention groups (Sal group, Radiation group and Combination group). However, those added with an equal amount of DMSO were set as Control group. Next, the cycle, apoptosis and apoptotic morphology of CNE-2 cells were observed via flow cytometry and Hoechst assay, respectively. Moreover, the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), as well as BIRC5 and NEIL2 proteins in CNE-2 cells were determined using Western blotting. Under the intervention with Sal or radioactive rays alone, the growth inhibition rate of CNE-2 cells rose in a concentration/dose-dependent manner. With the increase in Sal concentration in combination therapy, the growth inhibition rate of CNE-2 cells significantly increased (p<0.05). Compared with Control group, Sal group, Radiation group, and Combination group exhibited remarkably lower colony formation rate, higher proportion of CNE-2 cells in the G2/M phase, enhanced apoptosis of CNE-2 cells with nuclear fragmentation, increased expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins Caspase-3 and Bax, decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and lower protein expressions of BIRC5 and NEIL2 in cells (p<0.05). Compared with Radiation group, the Combination group had significantly decreased colony formation rate, increased proportion of CNE-2 cells in the G2/M phase, enhanced apoptosis of CNE-2 cells with more nuclear fragmentation and other apoptosis characteristics, increased expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins Caspase-3 and Bax, decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and decreased protein expressions of BIRC5 and NEIL2 in cells (p<0.05). Sal enhances the radiotherapy sensitivity of NPC and reduces the protein expressions of BIRC5 and NEIL2 in cells.

Physicomechanical and gamma-ray shielding properties of high-strength heavyweight concrete containing steel furnace slag aggregate

An extensive review of literature on heavyweight concrete (HWC) reveals that this material is not economical to produce due to the required use of expensive special heavyweight aggregates and high water-to-cement (W/C) ratios. This study aimed to develop the utilization of steel furnace slag (SFS), as an aggregate to produce high-strength HWC with optimized water content for gamma (γ) ray shielding. A method was established for the optimization of the volumetric ratio of fine and coarse SFS aggregates and their influence on the cement content. Meanwhile, the optimum W/C ratio was determined to improve the performance of concrete. Thirteen concrete mixes were prepared by utilizing SFS as fine and coarse aggregates with the addition of a superplasticizer very-high-range water reducer admixture [VHRWRA] as a modern chemical admixture to achieve high strength after extensive mix design development. An investigation program was implemented in two parts. Firstly, compressive strength and density were determined after 7, 28, 56 and 90 days for the first six mixes with various W/C ratios between 0.2 and 0.45. Secondly, the properties of concrete mixes with different binder and aggregate ratios (C1S2G4, C1S1.5G3, C1S2G3, C1S2.5G3, C1S2.5G2.5, C1S2.5G2, and C1S3G2) were examined in terms of fresh density and workability in fresh concrete. The mechanical strength, durability and γ-ray shielding properties of the hardened concrete were also evaluated. Results showed that the use of third-generation VHRWRA reduced the W/C ratio to 0.23 whilst maintaining desirable workability. The concrete's compressive strength reached 106 MPa at 28 days, and all of the concretes' mechanical, durability and the γ-ray attenuation properties were improved. These observations show SFS is suitable to be used as aggregates (fine and coarse) in HWC to provide protection from radioactive rays.

Predicting Breast Cancer using Modern Data Science Methodology

Breast Cancer is the mass occurring cancer in women according to the World Health Organization(WHO), But the early prediction of breast cancer helps in the recovery for the effected one's. Reasons for breast cancer were Hormone replacement therapy or getting explore to harmful radioactive rays and due to late childbearing. The aim is to diagnose cancer by using a machine learning technique, Random Forest, for accurate solutions. The dataset we used is the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset. The output which the error rate was only about "0.0177".

HISTORICAL EVALUATION, REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF URANIUM MINING IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Meteorological elements affecting radioactive contamination of the environment, each indicator has a different weight in the formation of the radioactive background. The strongest influence on the spread of radioactive contamination have winds. Influenced also different rainfall and the permeability of the atmospheric layer to solar radiation reaching us. The other meteorological components have a negligible impact on the spread of radioactive rays, particles and isotopes and therefore in further research we will ignore them and will not recognize their influence on climate radioactive background. In the analysis of meteorological elements that influence the spread of radioactive particles and radioactive isotopes in Bulgaria are mainly analyzed winds and air currents that form in the airspace over Bulgaria. These are the main weather elements that most influence the climate of the radioactive background. Another element that influences is precipitation in its various manifestations - horizontal and vertical type and depending on the physical condition of the water. The other meteorological elements because of their vile influence of the radiation situation will exclude them from the factors shaping the natural indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water and pochvata.Analizat is made on the basis of detailed statistics on the direction and strength of the wind and air currents over the territory of Bulgaria in the last 30 years. In addition to daily data for the period after 2009 have used aggregated figures on the direction and strength of winds, and near the concerned areas and over throughout our country and in adjacent border areas. This data is used for a period of 20 years, which is enough to capture the trends of change of atmospheric masses and neighboring aquatic and terrestrial surfaces. I must point out that monitoring of air masses over the past 25 years gives us only the main trends and directions, but as we all know, these processes are too dynamic and not subject to cyclic steady repetition and prediction. So at the same time made extensive research and data processing should not disable the constant monitoring of our environment and its parametri.Kato main potential sources of radioactive contamination are discussed nuclear power in Europe. In analyzing the results of the forecast movements of air masses and spreading radioactive particles consequently observed that apart from the NPP "Kozloduy" and adjacent to Bulgaria Kozloduy "Black Water" at different intervals of time radioactive contamination may occur and result of an accident in other NPPs in Europe.

Determination of radioactivity levels of salt minerals on the market

Human beings have been continuously exposed to natural radioactive rays since their existence in the world. From the end of the 19th century, besides natural sources, mankind has been exposed inevitably to artificial radioactive sources with the development of technology. Radiation has beneficial effects on human beings but also can have harmful consequences if overexposed. Therefore, it is important for both public and governmental institutions to know radioactivity levels, particularly in foodstuffs, for human health. There have been rumours among the public that the level of radioactivity in salt minerals exported from abroad is high. In this study, the radioactivity levels of imported and domestic salts on the market shelves have been determined by using gamma spectrometry units with HPGe detector.

The effects of γ-ray on charging behaviour using polyimide

Insulation material is a key component of electrical equipment in satellites; its electrical properties determine the reliability and lifetime of the whole satellite. High-energy radioactive rays in space affect the molecular structure of the polymeric insulating materials. Under the action of plasma, high energy particles, along with the magnetic fields experienced in orbits, electric charges get injected into and trapped by the insulating material creating distortions in the electric field and even electrostatic discharges. Polyimides have been widely used for insulation in spacecraft. Choosing Co-60 gamma ray with irradiation doses of 1 MGy and 5 MGy to simulate the radiation environment of space, we investigated the effect of radiation on charging behaviour. The thermal stimulated current (TSC) from a high electric field over a wide range of temperatures was measured from which the activation energy was calculated. These results for the two sources show that the percentage increase in total charge was 133.3% and 119.4%. The γ, β3, and α charge peaks of specimens after an irradiation dose of 1 MGy rose. In comparison, the β2 peak of the 5 MGy-dosed specimens was enhanced. Also, there is almost no change in the γ, β3, and α peaks. To understand the mechanism behind the TSC changes, the resulting physicochemical characteristics of an irradiated specimen were observed employing various analyses of chemical characteristics (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction). Compared with the non-dosed specimen, the relative content of C–N and the glass transition temperature of the 1 MGy sample decreased, and the crystallinity increased, thus increasing the γ and α peak intensities. Compared with the 1 MGy sample, only the glass transition temperature had risen, thereby enhancing the β peak intensity. With the foregoing, a theoretical base for the selection and modification of insulation materials for spacecraft is provided.

Remote Environment Exploration and Measurement Technique via Transmission of Real-Time Video

This study intends to use remote control technology to conduct environment exploration and create a measurement tool that can effectively protect measurement personnel from harm caused by negative environmental factors. In a detected environment, there are various negative environmental factors, such as radioactive rays, gases, or other unknown factors, thus, the safety of traditional manual detection is a concern. This study proposed a mobile exploration tool for solving the above problem. The tool integrates a smart system, a 4G network, WIFI transmission, a radiation sensor circuit, and a wireless IP camera. The concept of remote control cars is used for design and manufacture. After correction, the overall error rate of the system is 4.2%. The proposed tool can realize cross-regional control and provide an unmanned omnibearing tool for preliminary environment exploration and measurement.

Evaluation of the effect of radioactive cobalt-60 and ultraviolet rays on Giardia lamblia infectivity to mice

Evaluation of the effect of radioactive cobalt-60 and ultraviolet rays on Giardia lamblia infectivity to mice