Radio Frequency Identification Ownership Transfer Research Articles

A Blockchain-Based Secure Radio Frequency Identification Ownership Transfer Protocol

Supply chain management (SCM) governance is the streamline of the IoT product life cycle from its production to delivery. Integrating blockchain with supply chain management is essential to ensure end-to-end tracking, trustiness between manufacturers and customers, fraud and counterfeit elimination, and customizing administrative costs and paperwork. This paper proposes an RFID ownership transfer protocol with the help of zk-SNARKs (Zero Knowledge-Succinct Noninteractive Arguments of Knowledge) using Ethereum blockchain. When the owner performs RFID transfer, the transferred information will be recorded on the blockchain using smart contracts. When using a smart contract to transfer ownership on the Ethereum blockchain, because the content on the blockchain will not be tampered with, all accounts in the Ethereum can view the transfer results and verify them. The privacy of the supply chain is attained by generating the proof of product code via zk-SNARKs algorithm. This algorithm also enhances the scalability of the supply chain system by creating a trusted setup in off-chain mode.

Dispute Resistance Multilayered RFID Partial Ownership Transfer With Blockchain

Frontend supply chains involve the transfer of large quantities of products. Therefore, incomplete transfer and product loss are inevitable. This paper presents a high-efficiency group ownership transfer protocol that incorporates blockchains to enable the efficient transfer of large quantities of products and prevent disputes regarding transfer completion. This protocol collocates authenticated information of a manufacturer with its exclusive blockchain address to generate an initial transaction block. The blockchain is then used to trace the original product manufacturers to prevent counterfeiting, and a grouping proof is employed to prevent disputes regarding transfer comprehensiveness. The proposed protocol was capable of resisting common off-chain radio frequency identification ownership transfer attacks, indicating its security. A security testing tool was employed to prove whether the on-chain smart contracts could also resist the attacks on blockchain. The analysis and experiment results revealed that the proposed protocol required fewer messages for ownership transfer and half the calculation time compared with the existing protocols. Thus, for the simultaneous transfer of ownership of a massive number of tags, the proposed protocol is the most efficient, with a reduced calculation time, thus making it most suitable for bulk cargo ownership transfer in the frontend supply chain environment.

A Secure Partial RFID Ownership Transfer Protocol with Multi-Owners.

Mobile radio frequency identification (RFID) has been extensively applied in a wide range of fields. In supply chain management, RFID is used to more efficiently manage the ownership transfer of cargo. The transfer of a group of tags belonging to multiple owners is often required at the front end of a supply chain. This study, therefore, proposes a secure, high-performance threshold multi-owner partial tag ownership transfer protocol that supports a mobile RFID environment and features the capabilities and security required for supporting existing ownership transfer environments (e.g., application for different authorities, designation of the transfer target, and ownership transfer of a group of tags). Moreover, the proposed protocol can resist against most of the known attacks on RFID.

A novel group ownership transfer protocol for RFID systems

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless communication technology nowadays widely used in almost every aspect of our lives including healthcare, logistics and supply chain management, inventory tracking, race timing, access control, toll collection, and a lot more. In RFID systems, a tag usually stores private or sensitive information, and so it needs an access control mechanism. When a tag's owner is changed, the read permission of the tag needs to be transferred from the old owner to the new owner, and this is when ownership transfer schemes come into play. In fact, not only do RFID ownership transfer schemes do ownership transfer, but they have to make sure that the ownership transfer procedure is executed under proper security protection. Besides, in some particular environments, the ownership transfer would be far more efficiently done if the tags could be treated as a group instead of individual tags. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel group ownership transfer protocol that satisfies all important security requirements including mutual authentication, data and location privacy, forward/backward secrecy, ownership privacy, and group ownership integrity. In addition, due to the use of cloud computing, our new protocol provides ubiquitous authentication. Based on homomorphic encryption and quadratic residues, our novel RFID group ownership transfer protocol can have encrypted data efficiently processed, and the communication cost is very low. The results of our BAN logic correctness check, security analysis, and performance evaluation confirm that the new protocol is logically correct and is capable of providing high level security/privacy protection on the basis of high cost-effective performance.

Security enhancement on an RFID ownership transfer protocol based on cloud

Due to the advancement of convenience technology for people, the era of Internet of Things (IoT) has going on thriving, which has brought more and more attention to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), as RFID is key to the sensor technology in IoT. As promoting of IoT, kind of protocols combine cloud to store authentication data and perform heavily computing which achieve the property of geographical restrictions in IoT. An ideal RFID system design should offer thorough protection in aspects of confidentiality, system security as well as user privacy. The protection should cover all functions and phases, among which is when the ownership is being transferred. A smooth ownership transfer mechanism can both help efficiently recycle used tags thus keeping the system cost down and provide the system with a high degree of flexibility so that different users other than the original owner can be properly authorized and then have a certain degree of control over the data and the sensors. So far, quite a number of studies about RFID ownership security issues have been brought up in the literature concerned with possible solutions provided; unfortunately, most of the existing ownership transfer protocols either come with some security weaknesses in the design itself and so are easy targets of attacks or cannot seem to fit in with the cloud environments. Recently, Cao et al. proposed an ingenious ownership transfer protocol, which still has some security flaws including vulnerability to the desynchronization attack as well as the tag impersonation attack and a tendency towards plaintext miscalculations. In this paper, we shall propose an improved, especially lightweight version of Cao et al.’s protocol we have developed on the basis of quadratic residues. With the identified security flaws mended, the improved protocol ensures a higher level of protection for ownership transfer at a much lower cost. Also included in this paper are some correctness and security analyses we have completed to prove the practicability of the proposed protocol. Moreover, we have compared the proposed protocol with some related works to show its superiority in terms of efficiency and scalability.

A novel group ownership proof and transfer scheme for B2B, B2C and C2C transactions

In the field of supply chain management, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags have attracted widespread popularity. As raw materials or products are purchased, an inventory flow for products is completed once the ownership is transferred to the customer. On the basis of RFID tagged inventory, ownership transfer is a critical issue. The ownership of RFID tagged items should be seamlessly transferred. This paper proposes a novel RFID ownership transfer scheme suitable for products with multiple components attached with tags that need to be shipped together as a group. This is the first group ownership transfer scheme to emphasis the proof of ownership is crucial to purchase reliability. Buyers can confirm that the seller is the owner before the purchase. The ownership of the product can be verified and then be transferred successfully in business-to-business (B2B), business-to-customer (B2C) and customer-to-customer (C2C) transactions.

A Secure and Practical RFID Ownership Transfer Protocol Based on Chebyshev Polynomials

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has a wide range of applications, such as traffic management, access control, and supply chain management. Designing secure and efficient (i.e., practical) ownership transfer schemes remains a topic of ongoing challenge to supply chain vendors. In this paper, we propose the first RFID ownership transfer protocol based on Chebshev polynomials. The exchange properties of Chebyshev polynomials allow our proposed scheme to achieve data integrity, authentication, anonymity, and session freshness. We also demonstrate that our proposed scheme is more efficient than the existing schemes with the same security level, due to the reduced number of interactions.

Untraceability Analysis of Two RFID Authentication Protocols

With the development of Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies, theoretical study on the protocol's design promotes the increasing reality applications of this product. The protocol designers attach significance to untraceability analysis on key-update RFID authentication protocols. This paper analyzes two RFID authentication protocols in terms of forward untraceability and backward untraceability, which are two necessary conditions for key-update RFID protocols and ownership transfer protocols. This paper introduces impersonation attacks as well as desynchronization attacks to two protocols. This paper presents two enhanced protocols, which can achieve forward untraceability and backward untraceability privacy. This paper shows the outstanding efficiency and security properties of two improved schemes through detailed analysis and comparisons.

Shared RFID ownership transfer protocols

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been widely adopted in practice for objects identification. The ownership of an object can be represented by the ownership of the RFID tag attached to the object. An ownership could be shared among different parties and should be transferable. Although many RFID ownership transfer protocols were proposed, a shared ownership transfer protocol remains as a daunting task with absence of a trusted party. In this paper, we propose the first provably secure shared ownership transfer protocol, which requires merely hashing computations and has a constant key size.

Scalable and resynchronisable radio frequency identification ownership transfer protocol based on a sliding window mechanism

A lightweight scalable and resynchronisable protocol is presented for radio frequency identification (RFID) ownership transfer. The proposed protocol employs a sliding window mechanism, where the server needs to store only the tag's old and new adjacent eigenvalues for tag matching and authentication. The eigenvalue window moves forward just one step every time when the secret update is done successfully, and this leads to lower storage, better performance and higher security compared to the previously proposed RFID pseudonym protocol P1 and secret update protocol P2. Both analytical and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can resynchronise when suffering continuous desynchronising attacks.

A secure ownership transfer protocol using EPCglobal Gen-2 RFID

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a relatively new technology. In recent years, it has been shown to be convenient and feasible in many applications. However, there are security issues which need to be addressed. Due to the wireless transmission of the RFID system, malicious people can gain the information in the RFID tags, and the user's privacy is invaded. Although there have been many protection methods proposed for RFID security, the system has remained vulnerable to various attacks. In this paper, we propose a conforming of the EPCglobal Class 1 Generation 2 standards RFID ownership transfer protocol with provable security. The proposed scheme can resist several attacks and ensure a secure transaction.

Single RFID Tag Ownership Transfer Protocols

Security/privacy issues are of paramount importance for widespread acceptance and use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. Over the last few years, researchers have addressed this issue through lightweight cryptographic means. While a majority of existing RFID security/privacy protocols address authentication issues, the ability to change as well as share ownership of these tagged objects is equally important. We consider a few RFID ownership transfer variations and propose protocols that are lightweight and secure. We consider ownership transfer scenarios for single tag-single owner with and without a trusted third party (TTP). We provide security analysis to evaluate the accuracy, confidentiality, and forward security of the proposed protocols from a cryptography perspective.