Radio Frequency Identification Devices Research Articles

Protecting Data at Risk of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanation: TEMPEST Profiling

Unintentional electromagnetic (EM) emissions often include information about the data processed by electronic devices. Intrusion based on an unintentional EM emission leaves no evidence of an attacker’s activity, while the data owner is unaware that it has been lost. EM attacks can be performed without physically damaging a device that operates regularly. The most typical intrusion activities involve sensitive data exfiltration using various methods that do not require the physical connection of devices to the computer network or communication channels. This research examines EM emissions from computer monitors, wireless keyboards and mice, printers, scanners, conductors, piezoelectric sensors (PES), and radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. The telecommunication electronics material protected from emanating spurious transmissions (TEMPEST) profiling as a performance engineering of the EM footprint is discussed. This study also presents different TEMPEST standards and highlights their importance concerning unintentional EM radiation.

Inverse design of dual-bandpass metasurface filters empowered by the multi-objective genetic algorithm

Multi-band metasurface filters are becoming increasingly pivotal in high-capacity communication technologies. Traditional methods for designing metasurface structures, to date, have relied on empirical approaches to obtain target electromagnetic responses, thereby suffering from low efficiency. Here, we demonstrate an advanced approach for the inverse design of a multi-band metasurface filter, which consists of a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) in tandem with equivalent circuit model (ECM) analysis. This integration converts specific frequency response requirements into ECM parameter constraints, significantly streamlining the metasurface design and optimization process and offering superior solutions. Using this inverse design method, we theoretically propose a dual-bandpass metasurface filter which can exhibit transmission passbands in any two adjacent frequency ranges among the X-, Ku-, and K-bands. Further, numerical simulations validate the performances of the proposed device, which show great agreement with MOGA-based predictions. Our results pave the way to the effective inverse design of multi-passband metasurface filters which are useful in many applications, such as microwave filters, radar and satellite communication systems, and radio frequency identification devices.

A constructive Steiner graph matching for Radio frequency identification device tag detection in wireless and internet of things environment

SummaryRadio frequency identification device (RFID) has emerged as one of the most potential building blocks for future IoT‐enabled technologies. Various applications like logistic monitoring use the RFID system to deal with the tagged objects. RFID‐based tracking approach is extremely solicited for appropriate logistic distribution because of the frequent tagged‐objects rearrangements. Nevertheless, with an RFID system, one of the most significant issues is resolving collisions between tags as they transfer data to the reader at the same time. This work investigates the core issue of locating all lost tags in RFID systems. The most significant factor in missing tag recognition is to reduce the time required for execution. A problem needs to be formulated to differentiate the tagged objects' motion state, that is, static or dynamic, to handle this issue. It tracks the moving objects with various existing localization approaches. Finally, a tag detection known as constructive Steiner graph matching (CSGM) detection is proposed to achieve time efficiency by utilizing RFID collision signals. Specifically, the physical‐layer features are considered for differentiating the positions. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the anticipated model can attain better prediction accuracy by reducing inventory time compared to other approaches. Simulation findings show that the suggested approach performs exceptionally well in giving a significant performance boost in an RFID system. It minimizes the complexity of tracking the objects. The simulation outcomes illustrate that the algorithm's identification speed is substantially enhanced and ensuring high system efficiency. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm have been improved in terms of system efficiency (9.5%), success rate (6.3%), and identification speed (4%) compared to the conventional algorithm. The suggested CSGM technique's average waiting time is decreased by more than 45.372%, and its detection speed is increased by at least 38.219% compared to other existing algorithms.

Technical and environmental assessment of end-of-life scenarios for plastic packaging with electronic tags

The end-of-life management of plastics is challenging, especially when inefficient sorting can limit the quality of recycling streams. Radio frequency identification device (RFID) tags can add value to packaging by assisting with post-collection sorting and end-of-life management. We conducted, for the first time, a technical and environmental (LCA) evaluation of plastic packaging with RFID for different end-of-life scenarios, including mechanical recycling (extrusion), chemical recycling (depolymerisation), and energy-from-waste. The recycling process and plastic quality were unaffected by the RFID, although tag particulates can be transferred to the recyclate. LCA results indicated that mechanical recycling of the plastic with either energy-from-waste treatment (Scenario 1) or chemical recycling (Scenario 3) of the RFID is superior to chemical recycling of the plastic and RFID (Scenario 2) among all the impact categories except stratospheric ozone depletion potential. For example, the global warming potential of Scenario 2 (223.63 gCO2e) was determined to be more than twice than that of the Scenarios 1 and 3 (111.04 and 111.78 gCO2e, respectively). However, as per sensitivity analysis, with further advancements particularly in catalyst development and energy mix, chemical recycling can be a potential solution as it ensures the highest recyclate quality and facilitates the longest retention of the material value. The growing application of RFID tags in consumer goods makes the technical and environmental investigation of its effects on the end-of-life management paramount.

A framework for locating multiple RFID tags using RF hologram tensors

In this paper, we present a Deep Neural Network (DNN) based framework that employs Radio Frequency (RF) hologram tensors to locate multiple Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) passive Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. The RF hologram tensor exhibits a strong relationship between observation and spatial location, helping to improve the robustness to dynamic environments and equipment. Since RFID data is often marred by noise, we implement two types of deep neural network architectures to clean up the RF hologram tensor. Leveraging the spatial relationship between tags, the deep networks effectively mitigate fake peaks in the hologram tensors resulting from multipath propagation and phase wrapping. In contrast to fingerprinting-based localization systems that use deep networks as classifiers, our deep networks in the proposed framework treat the localization task as a regression problem preserving the ambiguity between fingerprints. We also present an intuitive peak finding algorithm to obtain estimated locations using the sanitized hologram tensors. The proposed framework is implemented using commodity RFID devices, and its superior performance is validated through extensive experiments.

RFID AS AN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DESIGNED TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PROCESSES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

The RFID is a useful tool for effective management of organisations’ supply chain activities and competitive competencies. So, as the efficient functioning of the supply chain in any company contributes to the growth of its competitiveness and profitability, the meaning of supply chains takes on a new connotation in the changed conditions for managing business processes. The RFID system, as a technology that is implemented by more and more companies, today occupies a significant place in the agenda of every competitive company. Although this means that companies follow technological innovations, one of the reasons why this technology penetrates increasingly, mainly, is that these labels are becoming cheaper and cheaper, but the implementation of this type of technology is simpler, faster and easier to use, which, of course, is an advantage compared to other technological inventions. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize how the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) technology can improve business processes in the Supply Chain Management (SCM). Business processes, through digitalization, acquire a completely different dimension in the new virtual world, following the new conditions from a completely different perspective. This paper presents a brief explanation of Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) integration in Supply Chain Management using literature review and analytical research approach. For the purposes of this paper, a review was made and secondary data was found in order to identify the benefits of this type of technology and to emphasize the need for its use.

An Investigation into NAFDAC Intervention on the Incidence of Fake and Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria

Various interventions, including innovative technologies, have been used to solve problems. Over the years, the Nigerian government has introduced a good healthcare delivery system, including providing quality, efficacious and affordable drugs. The study used a qualitative design method adopting a focus group discussion approach. The selected states for the study are Lagos, Kano, Anambra and FCT Abuja. The study population comprised NAFDAC stakeholders who are dealers in pharmaceutical products or Marketing Authorization Holders (MAHs) of medicines, Consumers and Policymakers. The focus group participants were selected based on convenience sampling. The interventions highlighted were Mobile Authentication Services (MAS), on-the-spot checks on drugs through a TruScan, Black-Eye and Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID). The respondents also highlighted using NAFDAC registration numbers and holograms as important ways of checking the features of medicine before using it. The participants also highlighted the lack of public awareness about these interventions and the need for proper regulation and enforcement of laws against the sale and distribution of fake drugs as challenges that hinder the successful development and implementation of interventions against fake and counterfeit drugs. The participants suggested KYC measures to address issues within the supply chain to evaluate the effectiveness of their current strategies. Regular meetings, advocacy efforts, and educational workshops are recommended to raise awareness and educate stakeholders about their roles and responsibilities in pursuit of addressing the challenges related to counterfeit drug interventions. Keywords: Focus group discussion (FGD), Investigation, Intervention, Counterfeit, Technology.

QR-PUF: Design and Implementation of a RFID-Based Secure Inpatient Management System Using XOR-Arbiter-PUF and QR-Code

In recent years, Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have played a major role in providing low-cost physical security for IoT devices such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. PUFs take advantage of the physical properties of the device to build unique security primitives that can be used by authentication mechanisms. Meanwhile, the security and convenience of QR codes for device authentication on mobile devices has been widely recognized. The point-to-point communication makes it less vulnerable to interception and analysis by adversaries. In this article, we propose a <i>new</i> RFID-based secure inpatient management system for identifying a legitimate patient. Our proposed system uses an XOR Arbiter PUF to generate a secret key-stream and then uses the key-stream to construct a secure QR code for secure identification. Also, since PUFs are vulnerable to machine learning attacks, we propose a modeling attack resilience obfuscation framework to enhance the security of the proposed protocol. Security analysis of the proposed scheme using ProVerif shows that the scheme is effective against a variety of imperative attacks on RFID devices. To show the applicability of the proposed scheme, we also provide a case study of an inpatient management system in hospitals.

Tracking multiple dynamic objects by a combination of laser ranging and UHF RFID phase information

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) achieves the identification of objects through electromagnetic waves and has wide applications in many areas. The system reports a list of tags in proximity without any knowledge about distance or bearing of the object. This paper presents an approach to integrate RFID phase and laser range information for the tracking of dynamic objects in an environment. The proposed system determines locations of objects by comparing the velocities estimated from two different systems. In particular, the laser range data is segmented into clusters using DBSCAN (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise). We compute the radial velocities of these clusters and compare them to the radial velocity estimated from RFID phase difference. The particle filtering is used to fuse the ambiguous phase measurements and to track moving objects with multiple hypothesis. The proposed approach uses the commercial off the shelf RFID devices and does not require the modelling of radio signal propagation. Experiments were conducted with a SCITOS G5 robot to verify the feasibility of the approach. The results showed that our approach can achieve a positioning accuracy of approx. 0.37 meters in a complex environment.

Consumer behavior analysis based on Internet of Things platform and the development of precision marketing strategy for fresh food e-commerce.

The traditional approach to e-commerce marketing encounters challenges in effectively extracting and utilizing user data, as well as analyzing and targeting specific user segments. This manuscript aims to address these limitations by proposing the establishment of a consumer behavior analysis system based on an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The system harnesses the potential of radio frequency identification devices (RFID) technology for product identification encoding, thus facilitating the monitoring of product sales processes. To categorize consumers, the system incorporates a k-means algorithm within its architectural framework. Furthermore, a similarity metric is employed to evaluate the gathered consumption information and refine the selection strategy for initial clustering centers. The proposed methodology is subjected to rigorous testing, revealing its effectiveness in resolving the issue of insufficient differentiation between customer categories after clustering. Across varying values of k, the average false recognition rate experiences a notable reduction of 20.6%. The system consistently demonstrates rapid throughput and minimal overall latency, boasting an impressive processing time of merely 2ms, thereby signifying its exceptional concurrent processing capability. Through the implementation of the proposed system, the opportunity for further target market segmentation arises, enabling the establishment of core market positioning and the formulation of distinct and precise marketing strategies tailored to diverse consumer cohorts. This pioneering approach introduces an innovative and efficient methodology that e-commerce enterprises can embrace to amplify their marketing endeavors.

High-Sensitivity RFID Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for ensuring operational safety in applications like pipelines, tanks, aircraft, ships, and vehicles. Traditional embedded sensors have limitations due to expense and potential structural damage. A novel technology using radio frequency identification devices (RFID) offers wireless transmission of highly sensitive strain measurement data. The system features a thin, flexible sensor based on an inductance-capacitance (LC) circuit with a parallel-plate capacitance sensing unit. By incorporating tailored cracks in the capacitor electrodes, the sensor's capacitor electrodes become highly piezoresistive, modifying electromagnetic wave penetration. This unconventional change in capacitance shifts the resonance frequency, resulting in a wireless strain sensor with a gauge factor of 50 for strains under 1%. The frequency shift is passively detected through an external readout system using simple frequency sweeping. This wire-free, power-free design allows easy integration into composites without compromising structural integrity. Experimental results demonstrate the cracked wireless strain sensor's ability to detect small strains within composites. This technology offers a cost-effective, non-destructive solution for accurate structural health monitoring.

RF-LqRNN:RFID-Based Concentration Detection of Alcohol Solutions and Glucose Solutions

Solution concentration detection plays an important role in many real-life applications. For example, alcohol concentration detection can prevent cases where low-concentration liquor red is used to replace high-concentration liquor, while glucose concentration detection can be used to prevent diabetes. In this paper, the RF-LqRNN system is proposed, which can classify solution concentrations using an inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf radio frequency identification device. The proposed system uses the feature that the phase and RSSI of radio frequency signals across solutions of different concentrations are different. Measurements of the two features were obtained at different concentrations and input into a GRU-RNN to train a solution concentration classification model. The experimental results show that 98.5% classification accuracy can be achieved for 10 alcohol solution concentrations, and 97.3% classification accuracy can be achieved for 10 glucose solution concentrations. The effects of ceramic, glass, paper and plastic containers on solution concentration classification are also investigated, and it is determined that the solution concentration classification accuracy is the lowest in ceramic containers and the highest in plastic containers. Even at the lowest accuracies achieved in ceramic containers, the proposed method achieves more than 94% in the classification of the concentration of alcohol and glucose solutions.

IoT-based child tracking using RFID and GPS

With growing concerns about their children’s safety and security, parents have shown an increasing interest in creating a dependable system that allows them to track and monitor their children in outdoor environments. The number of children who have gone missing, particularly in public areas, has risen, making it even more necessary to develop efficient solutions. This study focused on designing and implementing an affordable Internet of Things-based system that enables parents to track their children’s movement while they are in outdoor environments. The system described in this study relies on the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) readers installed in multiple locations to detect the presence of a child within a designated area of interest. To connect parents with this system, an Android smartphone application was developed and connected to the Thinger.io platform. The application displays the child’s location on a map using global positioning system technology and sends an alert message through the global system for mobile networks via 3G as soon as the RFID reader detects the child’s mobile tag. The system was tested within the designated area of interest to evaluate its performance. The results revealed that the RFID reader was able to detect the child’s movement within a range of approximately 4.5 meters from each RFID device and 9 meters between two RFID devices. Furthermore, the system was able to accurately determine the child’s real-time geolocation, both with and without Internet access. The system was also found to be lightweight and cost effective.

Smart system for controlling and monitoring electronic facilities in budget hotel rooms

The fundamental attribute of a budget hotel is the provision of essential services at a low cost due to reduced services and facilities. Several services at budget hotels that affect customer choice are related to limitation of accommodation and entertainment services which include the use of television, air conditioning, and other electrical devices. The purpose of this research is to develop a smart system that is used to control and monitor electronic facilities in budget hotel rooms. This system provides budget hotels with the ability to select the electronic facilities that guests want to use in their rooms according to their needs and budget. This system also provides a feature to monitor the use of electronic devices in each room via a web application. The system was developed by using microcontrollers, sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID) devices, a database server, and a web application. The developed system can perfectly provide the room electronic facilities requested by the guest. The system can also monitor the service hour and power consumed by the devices with an accuracy of 99.1% for the service hour and 99.4% for the power consumed.

Sustainable and No Contact Attendance System

Abstract: This initiative makes use of RFID technology to keep track of every student who enters the classroomand to determine how long they will spend there. Every student is given an RFID tag under the suggested system. Taking attendance is a procedure. can be carried out by putting the card close to theRFID Reader, which will record all the necessary information about the pupil in the Excel Spreadsheet. A form of electronic device with a small antenna and a chip is known as an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) device. Barcode scanners are no longer necessary thanks to RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). It generates a special identification number for that item, which must be scanned to obtain the information, just like a bar code or magnetic strip

Smart Parking Monitoring System using RFID

Abstract: Parking of the vehicle is the major issue in the cities at different location. Although there are many parking issue solutions and considering by past experience a parking solution in which help of RFID device. A smart reserve parking system using RFID is an advanced solution for managing parking spaces using radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. This system allows drivers to reserve and access parking spaces securely and conveniently using RFID tags. The system uses RFID readers to identify and track the location of tagged vehicles, enabling drivers to find available parking spaces easily.The authentication technique implemented is RFID on the algorithm based on smart cards (RFID- tags). The data stored in the algorithm allows the entry/exit of the vehicle through which unauthorized vehicle not be permitted. The system offers benefits such as enhanced security, reduced traffic congestion, and improved user experience. Additionally, it provides parking operators with real-time data and analytics, enabling them to optimize parking space usage and generate revenue. Despite some challenges associated with the implementation of RFID technology, the benefits of the smart reserve parking system make it a promising solution for managing parking spaces in various environments, including urban areas, airports, and shopping malls

DNCL: Hybrid DOA Estimation and NMDS Cooperative Multi-Target Localization for RFID

Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags have been widely used in logistics, supply chain, warehousing, and other fields. However, for RFID-based automatic inventory management in warehouses, the deployment of current methods is more complex, and the localization range still has some limitations. This paper proposes DNCL, which is a hybrid passive RFID localization scheme based on direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to achieve spatial coordinate localization of tagged objects on shelves or racks using a single antenna for simple 1D scanning. DNCL uses antenna dynamic scanning to generate a virtual antenna array for the dynamic information capture of tags in the scene, which helps eliminate the phase shift produced by ambient noise. We apply the angle profile linear model to identify the characteristics of each tag and introduce the NMDS algorithm to improve the robustness of the scheme through the fixed layout of the reference tags, which can reliably estimate the coordinates of the tagged objects in the space. This paper realizes a prototype system and validated its practical performance in real complex situationse by COTS RFID devices. The results indicate that DNCL can achieve high accuracy for the localization of passive tags in free space.

Image-Guided Localization Techniques for Metastatic Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer; What Radiologists Should Know.

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is an axillary staging technique after NACT that involves the removal of biopsy-proven metastatic lymph nodes in addition to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). This technique avoids the morbidity of traditional axillary lymph node dissection and has shown a lower false-negative rate than SLNB alone. Therefore, marking positive axillary lymph nodes before NACT is critical in order to locate and remove them in the subsequent surgery. Current localization methods include clip placement with intraoperative ultrasound, carbon-suspension liquids, localization wires, radioactive tracer-based localizers, magnetic seeds, radar reflectors, and radiofrequency identification devices. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the management of axillary lymph nodes based on current guidelines and explain the features of axillary lymph node markers, with relative advantages and disadvantages.

RFPad: Enabling Device-Free Handwriting Recognition With a Tag Square

As a natural interaction approach, handwriting acts as an essential role in human–computer interaction. In order to achieve ubiquitous and reliable applications, a handwriting recognition system should be easy to use without any intrusion and robust to environment changes, which cannot be satisfied in most of existing approaches. In this article, we present <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RFPad</i> , a device-free handwriting recognition system with a tag square consisting of four low-cost passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. With such an ingenious tag square, we transform the flat surface into a handwriting platform, and build a geometry-based theoretical model between the finger positions and the tags' phase variations so that the finger trajectory can be accurately tracked and handwriting can be recognized with the phases segmented from continuous signals. We implement a prototype of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RFPad</i> using commercial off-the-shelf RFID devices and conduct extensive experiments to evaluate its performance. Experiment results show that our <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RFPad</i> can track finger movement with an average error of 1 cm and achieve average recognition accuracy of 94.08 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for all 26 handwriting capital letters.

Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Metamaterial-Inspired Small Antenna Design: Topologies, reconfigurability, and applications

With the development of modern wireless communication systems, the demand for high-performance, multifunctional, low-cost, and compact antennas has been increasing substantially. The greatest challenge when designing this type of antennas is the tradeoff between complexity and performance. More design freedom is therefore highly desired. As an important subtype of metamaterials, composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) metamaterials have paved the way to achieve this compromise. In this review article, first, the possible CRLH-TL topologies that can be used in antenna design are discussed, involving structures based on not only Cartesian but also polar coordinates and 2D CRLH-TLs. The reconfigurability of the CRLH-TLs in terms of operating mechanisms, reconfigurability methods, and control techniques is then reviewed. By applying these structures to electrically small antenna design, considerable extra design freedom can be obtained. In the literature, a whole range of novel antennas with remarkable performances have been reported, holding great potential for various applications, such as wireless body area networks (WBANs), multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO), radio-frequency identification devices (RFIDs), wireless power harvesting, and so on. All of these applications are briefly discussed.