Radio Frequency Identification Communication System Research Articles

Analysis of Reader Orientation on Detection Performance of Hilbert Curve-based Fractal Chipless RFID Tags

The role of the orientation of the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader is vital in the RFID-based communication system. This study presents the design and analysis of the impact of the orientation of the RFID reader (angle of incidence of the plane wave) on the detection and sensitivity characteristics of fractal chipless RFID tags. Four fractal (irregular) shaped tags are developed using four iterations of the Hilbert curve filling algorithm. The full-wave EM analysis of the designed tags in Matlab is performed by exporting them in Computer Simulation Technologies Micro-Wave Studio (CST MWS) in the frequency range of 2 to 20 GHz. Firstly, the performance of the tags is analyzed by observing the radar cross-section (RCS) of the tag for the fixed orientation of the incident plane wave in three different polarizations (horizontal, vertical, and oblique). Later, the variations in the EM spectrum (RCS results) are analyzed for oblique polarization by varying the incidence plane wave in both elevations (for two cases of 0∘ and 90∘) and azimuth planes (sweeping from 0∘ to 180∘ with a step size of 10∘). The analysis of the proposed aggregated RCS response for all cases in oblique polarization produces higher coding capacity (169 bits), coding spatial capacity (16.504 bits/cm2), coding spectral capacity (9.826 bits/GHz), and coding density (0.960 bits/GHz/cm2) for the realized highly irregular tag using fourth-iteration (4T) of Hilbert curve filling algorithm. The proposed procedure of detection based on aggregated response makes the developed RFID communication system more secure and reliable.

A security protocol of RFID communication system based on password authenticated with provable security

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is a non-contact automatic identification technology. However, due to the limitations of RFID equipment, RFID technology still has hidden safety hazards that cannot be ignored. This paper presents the security architecture of RFID system based on trust chain. According to the RFID system level, the RFID equipment is layered and safely managed to construct a model that directly proves the authenticity of the logo without the need for third-party certification. A new access authentication protocol and a security association protocol supporting fast handover are proposed. Aiming at the privacy leakage of label ownership transfer, a privacy protection model for label ownership transfer is proposed. A prototype protocol for label ownership transfer based on public key encryption is presented. The results show that the prototype protocol meets the label privacy protection and is suitable for tags that support public key encryption.

A Function Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Liquid Metal

To meet the demands of maritime transportation on ships, including satellite positioning, wireless communication, and radio frequency identification (RFID) for cargo handling management, a function reconfigurable antenna based on liquid metal is proposed in this paper. The antenna is composed of 3-D-printed hollow cavities, a two-step impedance feeding sheet, and two feeding probes. The 3-D-printed hollow cavities contain a big hollow helix cavity, a hollow cone loaded cylinder cavity, four hollow cylinder cavities, and four small hollow helix cavities. By filling the liquid metal into different hollow cavities, reconfigurable functions are generated, including right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), omnidirectional linear polarization (O-LP), pattern reconfigurable circular polarization, and omnidirectional left-handed circular polarization (O-LHCP). To illustrate this, a prototype is fabricated using 3-D-printed photopolymer resin and etching technology. The measurement results agree well with the simulated ones in terms of return loss, radiation pattern, gain, and axial ratio (AR). For the five reconfigurable states, the measured relative bandwidths for |S11| < −10 dB are 44.7%, 41.7%, 30.4%, 28.1%, and 10.8%, respectively, which covers the bands of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), wireless communication system, and RFID communication system. Attributing to the advantages of its compact structure, flexible conversion, and good performance, the proposed antenna is a good candidate for maritime transportation applications.

Link Quality of Wireless Household Energy Meter with an Embedded RFID in LOS Indoor Environment

The data monitoring system using radio frequency identification (RFID) and automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies3 have become pervasive applications. They have the potential in providing indoor monitoring and location services. The aim of this study is to analyze the radio wave propagation based on the received signal strength indication (RSSI) value versus the various distances compared between the proposed embedded RFID tag with and without the household energy meter for LOS indoor environment. In the proposed RFID communication system, Zigbee4 (IEEE 802.15.4) protocol is applied to monitor and read the data from the remote energy meters in the residences. Embedding a monitoring RFID tag module into the energy meter with a power management (without battery cell) is able to communicate with a reader at a RF signal of 2.45 GHz. The location of RSSI testing is carried out at a narrow area inside a building and compared with a wide area at a library’s hall for testing distances up to 90 m with 10 m increment in each test. The transmitted power is working at the maximum range of 18 dBm to link a wireless communication between the reader and embedded part of end tag. The results indicated that the proposed wireless monitoring RFID tag module with an embedded energy meter proved that a RSS values (received power) are higher in average by 2.503% in wide area, and 3.050% in narrow area than the one without the embedment (standalone active RFID) with no difference of reliability at statistical significant of 95%. This means that the embedment of the proposed RFID system into an energy meter can extend the communication range compared to the standalone RFID since the power management circuitry is able to improve the stability of power supply for RFID transmission directly from the energy meter.

골드 코드 기반의 RFID 간섭제거 시스템 성능분석

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an important and essential components of ubiquitous computing, with the development of wireless communication technologies and mobile computing environment. Recently, RFID becomes the mainstream application that helps fast handling and uniquely identifying the physical objects. It utilizes the electromagnetic energy for data transmission from a tag to a reader in the presence of arbitrary interference and noise. In order to employ the portable mobile RFID reader, a tag-collision problem between two or more adjacent tags should be considered. In this paper, we present the operation of RFID system in which numerous tags are present in the interrogation zone of a single reader at the same time. Since there may exist a number of tagged objects in the narrow area, multiple RFID tags may interfere each other, caused to degrade the data reliability and efficiency of the RFID system. In order to suppress interference signals from multiple neighboring tags, we present an application of Gold code for RFID communication system, which uses spread spectrum technique. In this RFID system, data bits are spreaded in each tags with the unique Gold code and the spreaded data bits are despreaded in the reader with the same Gold code. The performance analysis of the considered RFID anti-collision system is illustrated via computer simulation examples.

Coded QAM Backscatter Modulation for RFID

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, presently standardized under EPC Global Class-1 Gen-2, have attracted increasing interest as the next-generation technology for tagged object identification. One of the important objectives of this work is to highlight the fact that the performance of the backscatter uplink (determined by constellation choice and forward error correction) is coupled to the downlink via the power harvesting functionality. The concept of normalized power loss per bit is introduced for such RFID communication systems to capture the consequent trade-offs, that form the crux of the results. We explore the use of higher dimensional (4-QAM) modulation schemes in future RFID systems (beyond current binary modulation in Class-1 Gen 2) as a means to improve uplink bit rate. However, this results in significantly increased normalized power loss vis-a-vis 2-PSK, suggesting a role for FEC coding. New coded modulation schemes - based on unequal error protection - are proposed that provides additional degrees of freedom (via choice of code parameters) to trade-off spectral efficiency with normalized power loss. This is explored and quantified, resulting in design recommendations.