Radio Electronic Device Research Articles

System for delivering radio interference transmitters to receiving devices of ground-based radio electronic means of satellite radio communication and radio navigation systems

Formulation of the problem. The method of delivering radio jamming transmitters to the area where a radio-electronic device is located, based on dropping transmitters from an unmanned aerial vehicle, is characterized by a number of disadvantages: high complexity of the equipment and, accordingly, the high cost of the UAV; low efficiency of radio interference transmitters in suppressing ground-based radio electronics of satellite radio communication and radio navigation systems. Purpose. Consider the possibility of increasing the efficiency of radio-electronic suppression of ground-based radio electronics of satellite radio communication and radio navigation systems by autonomous radio jamming transmitters delivered to the work area using UAVs, while reducing the complexity of the equipment and the cost of UAVs - carriers of radio jamming transmitters. Results. A delivery system for radio interference transmitters is proposed. The system uses an uncontrolled free aerostat (balloon) filled with gas as a UAV. The volume of gas depends on the given flight altitude. The balloon, together with the transmitter and battery, is launched from a starting position placed on the earth's surface, taking into account the known direction of the wind and the known location of the suppressed weapon. The balloon is delivered to the electronic jamming work zone by moving air masses. The calculations showed that the use of the proposed system provides a gain in the required transmitter EIRP of at least 7 dB compared to a ground-based transmitter. To suppress a Starlink user terminal at a range of up to 4 km, a transmitter with an EIRP of no more than 13 dBW (20 W) is required. Practical significance. The results obtained can be used to increase the efficiency of electronic jamming of ground-based satellite radio communication and radio navigation systems.

A Systematic Approach to the Search for New Technical Solutions for Electronic Equipment at the Initial Stages of Design

A systematic approach is described to search for new technical solutions for radio-electronic units at the stage of technical proposal. It is based on the transformation of the electrical circuit of the device being developed into an object-oriented model reflecting its physical principle of operation. Operators for processing working signals are proposed, which allow choosing alternative technical implementations of fragments of electrical circuits for obtaining new technical solutions. At the same time, parameters are introduced to limit the applicability of operators as part of signal processing facilities to ensure the operability of the radio-electronic device. The proposed approach can be used in the development of new and modernization of existing computer-aided design systems of electronic equipment.

On the issue of capacitively coupled circuits using to explain the mutual influence of wires

The wire, as a separate element, is practically never sanctified in the literature. There is no radio-electronic device without a wire. It is the frequency characteristics of the wire impedance that limit the frequency characteristics of the inductor impedance, i.e. limit the frequency range of the radio interference filter. Therefore, it is important to understand the physics of the processes occurring in the wire. In addition, it is important to understand how the wire “parasitic” parameters affect the other elements “parasitic” parameters. An explanation for the presence of capacitance in a wire equivalent circuit through the skin effect phenomenon is proposed in this article. The using of the concept of capacitively coupled circuits as a dual analogue of inductively coupled circuits is proposed. It is shown that the duality of inductively coupled circuits and capacitively coupled circuits is possible only due to the duality of the alternating vortex magnetic field and the alternating vortex electric field. The viability of using the concept of capacitively coupled circuits is shown using the example of the measured impedance of two wires in various variants of parallel connection.

Determination of signal level for protection of information in case of its interception by technical means of intelligence

The object of the current paper is the protection of information in the conditions of its interception by technical means of intelligence. According to this goal, considered the existing mathematical model of signal interception using radio-technical intelligence. In course of investigation, for getting final results based existing mathematical model analyzed the optimal scheme of signal detection with the help of intelligence receiver. As a result of this activity occurs four potential cases of signal detection which compared with established threshold H and accompanied by one of two error types: incorrect decision about the signal absence or incorrect indication of its presence. On the basis of the given cases suggested one of the possible variant for protecting of signal that goes beyond the controlled zone. Using such dependencies as: an expression of the power flux density of radio electronic device antenna on its distance to the receiver in the direction of maximum radiation, the formula of signal power at the input of the receiving antenna, the ratio of the antennas coefficient of amplification and its effective scattering area was obtained: the dependence for calculating the power of output signal sufficient for reception within the controlled zone, but insufficient for its interception by technical means beyond its borders. Also, obtained graphical dependencies of minimal coefficient of amplification of transmitter antenna from maximal coefficient of amplification of transmitter antenna, from wavelength of radiation and from distance between transmitter and receiver. Based on research results formed the conclusion regarding proposed method of information protection based on the mathematical model of the information leakage channel applying for radio intelligence.

Protection of radio-electronic products from high-voltage pulses using a hot-swap controller

Formulation of the problem. The use of a protection unit in a radio-electronic device against short-term or long-term surges of high currents and voltages based on the controller makes it possible to eliminate the failure of power circuits, analog or digital component base and avoid local overheating. This circuit design significantly increases the reliability of the finished product. Target. Ensuring the protection of electronic devices from overvoltage or overcurrent. Development of a protection unit, calculation of nominal values of circuit elements. Results. Classical solutions of protection of power supply buses from overloads by electrical parameters are considered. The nominal values of the protective circuit elements were calculated using the RT1720 hot-swap controller. A submodule based on the RT1720 controller is designed. Practical significance. The circuit of the protective circuit based on the hot-swap controller can be used in secondary power supplies, as well as in various electronic products where a high level of reliability and a long service life are required.

Algorithm for Recognizing the Type of Modulation and Measuring Parameters of Radar Signals with Chirp

One of the most informative parameters of the signal of radar signals is its carrier frequency. Measuring and memorizing the carrier frequency of a reconnaissance radio-electronic device is one of the most important functions of a radio intelligence station, radio monitoring. Using the concept of an analytical signal, any signal can be represented through an envelope and phase, or quadrature components, which makes it possible to calculate the instantaneous frequency. The purpose of the work is to determine the effectiveness of the instantaneous frequency calculation method based on direct conversion in the time domain using several differentiators for measuring the time and frequency parameters of a chirp signal. The developed algorithm makes it possible to measure such parameters of the signal with chirp as steepness, pulse duration, repetition period, central frequency, spectrum width. This paper presents the implementation of an algorithm for measuring the instantaneous frequency with augmented double differentiation. The first differentiation allows you to measure the steepness of the signal as a sample average, the second differentiation – time points (pulse duration, repetition period). The signs of signal portraits are presented for a symmetrical, asymmetric signal with chirp, as well as in the absence of intra-pulse modulation. The simulation results showed that with the ratio of the sampling frequency to the signal band equal to 2.3, the error in measuring the steepness of the signal is 25 %, and at 11 – 8.8 %; the simulation results were carried out with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB.

Радиосенсорная идентификация и аутентификация радиоэлектронных устройств

The presented work is devoted to the study of a new physically unclonable function (PUF) associated with the intrinsic electromagnetic radiation of a radio electronic device. This PUF arises as a result of the technological spread of the parameters of electronic components. The relevance of this study is explained by the fact that modern methods of protecting radio-electronic products from illegal cloning have a number of serious drawbacks associated with increased power consumption, the use of processor time, and the need for galvanic access to the object of study. Partially, these problems are eliminated by PUF, which allow authentication of a radio-electronic device. However, this kind of protection also has serious vulnerabilities in the case of illegal overproduction of products in excess of the ordered quantity. In addition, the PUF does not allow for the identification of radio-electronic products. The purpose of this work is to increase the protection of radio electronic devices from illegal cloning, by studying a new PUF. The work uses experimental research methods to record the electrical component of the electromagnetic field emitted by the product - the signal radio profile (SRP). Correlation analysis methods for product authentication, Pearson's statistical agreement method for identification. SRPs registered from specially designed experimental samples are presented, a correlation analysis of SRP data is carried out. To decompose and extract the parameters of the SRP, its time-frequency spectrum was constructed. A correspondence table was compiled and an analysis of Pearson's agreement was carried out. The results obtained showed the possibility of using the SRP as a new physically unclonable function that allows the identification of radio electronic devices with a probability specified by the researcher, which determines the novelty of the work. It has been established that with Pearson's coefficient of agreement between the parameters of the studied SRP and the benchmark of more than 0.95, a radio-electronic device can be reliably identified. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the SRP to identify a group of devices and radio-technical protection of a radio-electronic product from fakes and illegal copies.

Kohonen’s algorithm in problems of classification of defects in printed circuit assemblies

The article presents a new method for diagnosing the technical condition of radio-electronic components, combining the methods of thermal diagnostics with the technologies of artificial neural networks. The structure of the method is shown, and the composition of the functional blocks is determined. The implementation of the method is a symbiosis of technologies for mathematical and simulation modeling of the technical state of a radio-electronic device with its physical tests and research of characteristics. When developing the method, specialized software tools for design and circuit design were actively used, such as Altium Designer CAD, SolidWorks, NI Multisim, the FloTHERM PCB thermal analysis module, as well as the MATLAB mathematical modeling and calculation package. With the help of these tools, a number of studies were carried out, including sets of numerical values of the power of circuit elements and temperature indicators of the printing unit, both for the correct state of the device and in states with artificially introduced defects. They, in turn, became the basis of the database of electronic node failures. To implement diagnostic procedures and identify the technical condition, an artificial neural network based on selforganizing Kohonen maps was created, its structure, parameters and algorithms of functioning were determined. The diagnostic procedure is based on the analysis of information from the fault database and its comparison with experimental data obtained as a result of a physical experiment. The results of the study showed that the network automatically classifies the characteristic defects of electronic components using the algorithms embedded in it. The list of characteristic defects in the proposed diagnostic method is limited to a discrete set of the most common faults, because, as their number increases, the use of the self-organizing Kohonen network for automatic classification becomes much more complicated and ineffective in terms of performance and reliability of identification. Among the advantages of this technology, it should be noted that the Kohonen network has the ability to convert largedimensional input data into a two-dimensional array. So, the results are easy to visualize and convenient to use when generating reports and recommendations for subsequent decision-making about the possibility of using an electronic device.

THERMOELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES FOR THERMAL STABILISATION OF REA POWERFUL TRANSISTORS

Abstract. Aim. The aim of the study is to analyse the problem of heat dissipation in high-power transistors and develop devices for their thermal stabilisation when used in electronic equipment. Method. A method is proposed for testing power transistors using a device to to ensure thermal stabilisation in the stating volume by means of a two-position temperature controller along with a model for the use of these components in electronic devices. The proposed devices support high thermal stabilisation accuracy of power transistors in a radioelectronic device system allowing temperature to be maintained at a given level with high accuracy by means of a thermoelectric battery. Results. Device designs were developed for increasing the accuracy of thermal stabilisation of power transistors with high efficiency, low energy consumption and small size. Conclusion. Based on the results of experimental studies, optimal designs for devices for the thermostabilisation of radioelectronic device components that dissipate significant power during their operation are presented. The devices can be used to increase the accuracy of thermal stabilisation of the radioelectronic device element by means of a working substance whose melting point coincides with its thermal stabilisation temperature. The developed devices have the following functions: the thermoelectric battery sections of the thermoelectric battery will be sequentially disconnected depending on the electrical signals from the temperature sensors to which the solid phase of the working substance has moved. The battery of the thermoelectric module (TEM) removes excess heat from the heat-stabilising substance while maintaining the required temperature of the radioelectronic device element. Excess heat from the heat-generating junctions of the TEM battery is removed by the heat exchanger. During melting of the working substance, the temperature of the thin-walled metal container – and, accordingly, the temperature of the CEA element – can be maintained at a constant value equal to the melting temperature of the working substance.

Testing Signals for Electronics: Criteria for Synthesis

Expressions for calculation of optimal criteria for highest information and sensitivity indices and lowest mean square error in test signals for radio-electronic systems (RES), working under influence of the additive Gaussian noise, are derived. In this framework, the technical state of a RES is determined via measurement of its dynamic characteristics. Because at negligible electromagnetic noise, all test signals are equivalently optimal, the test signal of the RES, which is optimal for a high-level noise, is considered to be optimal for the noise of lower level. It is proven, that at high levels of noise these three criteria (maximums of informative and sensitivity indices and minimum of mean square error) reduce into a single criterion. This universal criterion can be used to synthesize test signals with optimal parameters for determination of the technical state of any radio electronic device at any level of an additive Gaussian noise and can be applied in situ of RES operation.

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN RADIO-ELECTRONIC COMPONENT PRODUCTION

Findings on the hygienic assessment of working conditions in radio-electronic component development and production at a modern enterprise producing capacitors, microcircuits, resistors and semiconductor devices are reported. Working conditions of employees engaged in radio-electronic component development (developers, designers) and production (photolithographers, wiremen, radio-electronic component and semiconductor device assemblers, adjusters and quality control inspectors) were studied. Hygienic studies of the working environment and working process factors were carried out to assess working conditions: workplace noise and magnetic field levels, microclimatic parameters, illuminance, the air pollution by chemicals. Time studies were performed to evaluate the heaviness and intensity of the work process. As a result of our studies, the main adverse factors were identified to assess worker health risks. Working conditions in job groups engaged in radio electronic component design were evaluated as harmful of 3 class, 1 degree. Working process intensity caused by sensory and mental load was found to be the major adverse factor. Working conditions in the job group engaged in experimental and small-scale production are characterized by exposure to “low-intensity factors”. Visual strain and fixed working posture are common for such jobs as radio electronic device wireman and quality control inspector using optical equipment in their work, which rates the heaviness of their working process as harmful working conditions. Our findings are intended to be used to define main harmful factors for the health risk assessment of radio component production workers, to carry out a comprehensive occupational health risk assessment, identifying job and long-term employment duration risk groups, to develop risk management measures. Our findings can provide a scientific rationale and contribute to the development of a complex of hygienic and preventive medical measures to be introduced into the practice of health protection service.

Algorithm for multi-board radio-electronic devices synthesis on maximal accepted overheat

The provision of a normal thermal regime for the future design of the radio-electronic device at the design stage prior to its manufacture is considered. The effect of the form of the radio electronic device on its temperature regime at the stage of its design is established. Tha algorithm for the thermophysical design of single-unit radioelectronic devices has been developed. For the first time recommendations were received on the choice of the optimal form of the radio electronic device at the design stage prior to its manufacture.

Electrothermal models of structural elements of radioelectronic device

The paper considers basic features of thermal processes in structural modules of radioelectronic device (cell, microassembly) and elements of their electronic structure. The efficiency factors of modules and the indicators of energy performance of resistors, capacitors, and inductors were analyzed on the basis of models of equivalent two-pole networks. The mathematical model of microassembly thermal field was proposed and the analytical equation for determining temperatures of all its elements was derived.

NUMERICAL METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION THE CONSTRUCTION OF RADIOELECTRONIC DEVICE BY MANUFACTURABILITY CRITERION

The numerical method of optimization the construction of radio-electronic device at early design stages by criterion of manufacturability when the area of tolerances in space of input variables in which all points restrictions on a manufacturability index are executed is found is offered. Practical realization of a method allows to receive economy of cooperative expenses at all stages of life cycle of products.

A proportional counter for low intensity heavy ion flow measurements

A proportional counter designed for heavy ion flux measurements is described. The working gas of the counter is air. The counter is composed of three parallel glass-fiber frames with wire electrodes coiled on them. Based on the counter, there has been developed a diagnostic product measuring the density distribution of accelerated ion flux for radioelectronic device testing. To prevent the dependence of measurement results on weather conditions (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity) as well as on the type and energy of ions, there has been applied an automatic correction methodology. In the process of the set-up operation it has been established, that the counter is characterized by a high radiation resource, resistance to extreme downloads, adequate performance of up to 106 ions/s, it is not sensitive either to neutrons or to γ-quanta, and it is convenient to use.

A model of an instrument for measuring the parameter of symmetrical parabolic characteristics

A block diagram of an instrument for measuring the parameter of the symmetrical parabolic characteristics of a radio-electronic component or device is considered. The results of an analysis of the error in measuring the exponent of the parabola are presented. Areas of a possible application of the measuring instruments were indicated.

Apparatus and method for manipulating devices in orifices

First Page

Optimization of systems for parametric monitoring of the reliability of radioelectronic devices

Parametric monitoring of the reliability of a radioelectronic device has been presented as a problem in recognition of two multidimensional normal ensembles. Analytic expressions have been derived for the monitoring-error probabilities. A procedure has been proposed for selecting the most informative parameters. The problem of optimizing the monitoring system according to the number of measurements required for monitoring in the presence of restriction on the error probabilities has been solved. An example has been given.