Radio-electronic Components Research Articles

Проектирование двухдиапазонных антенн на основе возбудителя дипольного вида с концевым типом возбуждения

The project is aimed at the designing, based on a systematic approach to the design of antenna elements and systems, an algorithm for design of dual-band dipole antennas with non-traditional excitation. The ends-fed excitation technique, proposed in the work, makes it possible to space the central part of the substrate for placing additional radioelectronic components, and at the same time to reduce the electromagnetic interaction of the supply strips of the balun circuit. The proposed excitation technique allows designing new types of antenna, such as cardioid antenna, turnstile antenna, antenna array with principally different electrodynamic regimes. The parametric optimization algorithm for the thin-wire model, as well as the printed equivalent, is based on formal relationships for the input impedance and the generalized directivity function of the driver proposed. The corresponding closed-form expressions specify initial approximations of independent geometry parameters calculated for given central matching frequencies. The stated sequence of procedures allows, within the framework of a systematic approach, to determine the initial approximations of the geometric parameters of the driver. At subsequent design stages, the problem of pairing the driver and the matching-balun circuit is solved. Thus, the entire task is decomposed into independent computational blocks, simplifying and reducing computational costs.

ION-FAST as the NIRFI’s Ionospheric Diagnostic Platform

In December 2021, we presented a prototype of a fast ionosonde for vertical sounding based on the usage of publicly available radio-electronic components. This approach led to a major reduction in the cost of the created device. We called our development ION-FAST, which characterizes the key feature of the ionosonde: the possibility of continuous operation at a speed of one ionogram per second, which is required to study the rapid processes of redistribution of the electron concentration during heating experiments. In May 2022, an ionosonde for vertical sounding of the ionosphere, developed at the Radiophysical Research Institute of Nizhni Novgorod (NIRFI), was put into continuous operation at the SURA facility. This report provides a description of the improvements made to the prototype over the last year and the path to be passed from idea to implementation. The results of the first months of the prototype’s operation (especially the results of the supporting optic experiment in August 2022), as well as prospects for further use and modernization, are provided. In addition, the realization of the oblique chirp-sounding receiver prototype as an extension of the proposed diagnostic platform’s functionality, including the first results, is presented.

Control and diagnostics of sequential digital structures.

In the modern world of digital electronics, sequential digital structures are integral components of many electronic systems and devices. Such systems and devices find extensive applications across various domains of human endeavor, including communication systems, automatic, and automated devices. The tasks associated with monitoring and diagnosing these systems come with certain challenges. Research in this field holds particular significance for ensuring the resilience and reliability of digital systems in contemporary technological environments. In this context, the study of the characteristics of diagnosing sequential digital structures assumes a special importance. Diagnosing, in this context, refers to the systematic solving of problems related to determining the technical condition, localizing malfunctions (down to individual radio-electronic components), and forecasting the technical state over a specific period. Identifying individual Radio-Electronic Components (RECs) within a digital system means pinpointing a specific microchip whose functioning does not meet the technical specifications. This is crucial, as microchips, despite their complexity and multifunctionality, constitute minimal replaceable units. Monitoring the technical condition is especially crucial in systems containing a large number of interacting sequential digital elements. One of the key challenges in developing methods for monitoring sequential digital structures is their sheer numerical size and the presence of a multitude of logical elements, each of which can be a potential source of error when performing basic logical operations. Hence, engineers have to devise novel, efficient methods and algorithms for error detection in such systems.

Effect of the Configuration and Shape of External Ribs of Sealed Enclosures of Electronic Devices on Heat Removal Efficiency

Introduction. Modern computing and electronic devices are constructed on the basis of radio-electronic components, such as processors, graphics processing units, etc. During operation, these components emit tens of watts of thermal energy. Therefore, effective excess heat removal from both semiconductor electronic devices and electronic systems as a whole through the use of passive or active cooling systems represents an important research problem. Aim. To study the influence of the configuration and shape of external ribs of sealed enclosures of electronic devices, which use solely passive cooling systems inside, on the efficiency of heat removal from the processor for eachenclosure design under consideration based on their comparative analysis. Materials and methods. Simulation experiments were carried out using 3D parametric models of various device types, which were developed in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software environment. These models differed in terms of configuration of thermal channels formed by the external enclosure ribs. Results. The conducted simulation experiments allowed the authors to study the cooling process of processors installed in modern electronic devices. The influence of the configuration and shape of the enclosure ribs on excess heat removal from the processor was studied in a passive cooling mode and when blowing the devices with air moving from above (perpendicular to the cover) or laterally (parallel to the cover) with a gradual increase in a processor power from 10 to 25 W. A ribbed enclosure with passive cooling was shown to ensure a more effective heat removal from a 10 W processor compared to a non-ribbed enclosure (the temperature drop is 4.1 °C). For a 25 W processor, this value comprises 11.01 °C. When blowing the device, the direction (perpendicular or parallel) of air movement significantly affects the cooling efficiency of the heated surface (with a processor power of 45 W, the difference is more than 10 °C). Conclusion. The developed 3D models effectively simulate the cooling system of heat-loaded high-power radio-electronic components located in sealed enclosures, due to the implementation of their external ribbing.

Equivalent Circuits Application of Pin-Diodes and MEMS-Keys in Electrodynamic Modeling Problems

This article studies the possibility of using circuit formats to describe radio components in electrodynamic modeling problems. The study was carried out on the example of a controlled metamaterial in the form of an electromagnetic crystal with SPICE-models of equivalent circuits of pin-diodes and MEMS-keys. Also, the possibility of using Touchstone files as an alternative format for describing radio-electronic components was considered. The obtained results are illustrated by scatter matrix plots, as well as equivalent circuits and SPICE code. Obtained results can be used for the design of structures that combine active nonlinear radio components and microwave devices.

Variant of determining the technical condition of an electrolytic capacitor by contactless method

In the course of the full-scale war in Ukraine, the defense forces began to receive radio-electronic weapons from partner countries. The samples of weapons that are provided are mostly not new and have a certain service life and (or) shelf life. As a result, the issue of diagnosing the technical condition of such samples became more acute. The article provides a variant of determining the technical characteristics of one of the low-reliability radio electronic components (electrolytic capacitor) of modern pulsed power supply units of radio electronic equipment. Practical methods and measuring devices for diagnosis and typical problems that have to be faced during work on determining the technical condition of the control object are considered. The main physical properties are described, which are the basis of the proposed method of determining the technical condition and the presented equivalent circuit of the diagnostic signal sensor. Calculations of empirical studies and assumptions expressed in previous works of the authors have been mathematically confirmed. The presented method is based on the use of a non-contact induction method. The determination of the technical condition of the radio-electronic component is carried out on the basis of the analysis of the output signals of the functional nodes that contain this component. The use of the proposed method requires the availability of a reference signal (response to the test signal) with which the signal obtained during the test is compared. Based on the potential effectiveness, informativeness and safety of the proposed method, the expediency of a non-fundamental change in the design of the control object is substantiated, in order to effectively apply the proposed method both directly in the blocks of mounted boards and circuits and on test stands.

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OF HEAT SINKS WITH PARTIALLY CUT PLATE FINS AND TURNING OF THEIR CUT SECTIONS

Plate-fin heat sinks are widely used for cooling radio electronic, power electronic, and telecommunication components. The current trends in the development of radio and microelectronic systems dictate the need to dissipate large heat fluxes. The present article uses the methods of numerical simulation, verified by experimental data, to study convective heat transfer of different-type heat sinks with partially cut plate fins. The heat sink with partially cut plate fins served as the basis of study. Three types of heat sinks with extended surfaces were also considered. First, we analyzed the fin cut section turned at an angle of 30° and then - the fin cut section with diverging or converging shape. Comparing the thermal and hydraulic performance of such heat sinks showed that the thermal and hydraulic performance of heat sinks with a fin cut section with diverging shape at a turning angle of 30° is by 10% higher than that of heat sinks with partially cut plate fins. As the velocity distribution in the wake shows, the use of heat sinks with partially cut plate fins and turning of their cut sections for cooling real microelectronic devices needs to correctly design an installation, in which the device is located.

Тепловое состояние малого спутника при различной плотности расположения электронных плат

To reduce the cost of CubeSat satellites, an industrial level of performance for radio-electronic components designed for ground operations is applied. A specific tem-perature range should be maintained for such electronic components to operate under space flight conditions. Since the CubeSat spacecraft does not have an active temperature regulation system, the thermal conditions are determined by the balance between inactive absorbed and radiated energy flows, including internal heat release. This paper considers the effect of heat release from circuit boards of different packing density in the electronic equipment on the 1U CubeSat thermal conditions. Both the absorbed radiation from ex-ternal sources, the radiation from the CubeSat external surfaces, the inner heat release, and the re-radiation between the surfaces within the spacecraft are taken into account. The formulated problem is solved numerically. The results show the effect of circuit board packing density on the amplitudes of temperature oscillations and on the average temperatures of satellite structural elements.

The Prototype of a Fast Vertical Ionosonde Based on Modern Software-Defined Radio Devices

The description and test results of the prototype of a fast ionosonde for the vertical sounding of the ionosphere, which makes it possible to record ionograms once a second, are presented. Such a high rate of registration of ionograms is required to study the fast processes of redistribution of electron concentration during heating experiments, for registration of fast quasiperiodic and moving ionospheric disturbances in the F, E, and Es layers. The key feature of the presented development is the usage of publicly available radio-electronic components. This provided a significant reduction in the cost of creating the prototype. In the current version, the prototype is based on the software-defined radio (SDR) devices Red Pitaya SDRlab 122-16 and LimeSDR. The test results showed that the quality of the ionograms recorded using the prototype is not worse than the quality of ionograms recorded using the professional CADI ionosonde. The low cost of the components allows providing multi-position registration of ionograms for determination the dynamics of natural and artificial ionospheric disturbances in 3D region of space at a lower expenses rate, as well as to create a network of ionospheric observation points with an increased number of ionosondes.

ЧАСТОТНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СИГНАЛІВ ПРИ ДІАГНОСТУВАННІ ЦИФРОВИХ ТЕЗ ЕНЕРГОДИНАМІЧНИМ МЕТОДОМ

The article analyzes the type of energy-dynamic pulses in the space-time and frequency-spectral domains to improve the diagnostic process of digital standard replacement elementswith large integrated circuits and microprocessor-based large integrated circuits in their design.Creation of new and improvement of existing systems used to determine the technical condition of digital devices in complex conditions requires the development of new methods of diagnosis. This is due to the high complexity of radio-electronic equipment and the shortage of decision time when carrying out technical state control.In the scientific and technical literature on the development and operation of radio electronic equipment, the main attention is paid to the study of the possibility of minimizing the average recovery time and cost of means of diagnostics of the radio electronic equipment object.The main factor holding back the development of modern technical diagnosis systems is the lack of a methodological apparatus capable of significantly more effective use of developed diagnostic models to identify faulty logical elements. Application of the proposed scientific approaches to the processing of diagnostic information will allow: to determine in advance the elements whose characteristics are approaching critical; to determine the technical condition of radio electronic equipment in real time; to monitor the serviceability of elements of radio electronic equipment.It will also allow for more accurate processing of diagnostic parameter values, forecasting failure times of radio electronic components with a given reliability.This, in its turn, will lead to decrease of detection time of sudden failures of radio-electronic facilities and considerably reduce time spent on restoration of digital standard replacement elements of radio-electronic equipment, requirements to which are constantly growing in conditions of repulsion of the russian aggression by the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Kohonen’s algorithm in problems of classification of defects in printed circuit assemblies

The article presents a new method for diagnosing the technical condition of radio-electronic components, combining the methods of thermal diagnostics with the technologies of artificial neural networks. The structure of the method is shown, and the composition of the functional blocks is determined. The implementation of the method is a symbiosis of technologies for mathematical and simulation modeling of the technical state of a radio-electronic device with its physical tests and research of characteristics. When developing the method, specialized software tools for design and circuit design were actively used, such as Altium Designer CAD, SolidWorks, NI Multisim, the FloTHERM PCB thermal analysis module, as well as the MATLAB mathematical modeling and calculation package. With the help of these tools, a number of studies were carried out, including sets of numerical values of the power of circuit elements and temperature indicators of the printing unit, both for the correct state of the device and in states with artificially introduced defects. They, in turn, became the basis of the database of electronic node failures. To implement diagnostic procedures and identify the technical condition, an artificial neural network based on selforganizing Kohonen maps was created, its structure, parameters and algorithms of functioning were determined. The diagnostic procedure is based on the analysis of information from the fault database and its comparison with experimental data obtained as a result of a physical experiment. The results of the study showed that the network automatically classifies the characteristic defects of electronic components using the algorithms embedded in it. The list of characteristic defects in the proposed diagnostic method is limited to a discrete set of the most common faults, because, as their number increases, the use of the self-organizing Kohonen network for automatic classification becomes much more complicated and ineffective in terms of performance and reliability of identification. Among the advantages of this technology, it should be noted that the Kohonen network has the ability to convert largedimensional input data into a two-dimensional array. So, the results are easy to visualize and convenient to use when generating reports and recommendations for subsequent decision-making about the possibility of using an electronic device.

Application of 3d technologies for microwave range electronic components creating

This paper presents the results of the study of microwave radio-electronic components electrophysical parameters manufactured on a 3D printer. Laser sintering technologies for metal semiconductor and ceramic powders were used as experimental research methods. The resonant properties of one-sided surfaces in the form of a Mobius sheet made on the 3D printer are analyzed. An explanation of a traveling and standing wave formation in the oscillatory contours of the microwave range of one-sided surfaces in the form of a Mobius sheet is presented. The possibility to create digital active phased antenna arrays based on onesided surfaces in the form of a Mobius sheet is shown.

A Sealing Composition Based on Low-Molecular Dimethylsiloxane Rubber Modified with Erbium Oxide

This paper provides the results of studying a sealing material based on low-molecular dimethylsiloxane rubber modified with erbium oxide for creating a composition with enhanced physical mechanical and electric properties and handling abilities and with the capability of partially absorbing neutron and ionizing radiation due to the specifics of the filler. It is shown that the addition of erbium oxide to the composition allows using it for sealing radioelectronic components used on exposure to neutron and ionizing radiation.

THERMOELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES FOR THERMAL STABILISATION OF REA POWERFUL TRANSISTORS

Abstract. Aim. The aim of the study is to analyse the problem of heat dissipation in high-power transistors and develop devices for their thermal stabilisation when used in electronic equipment. Method. A method is proposed for testing power transistors using a device to to ensure thermal stabilisation in the stating volume by means of a two-position temperature controller along with a model for the use of these components in electronic devices. The proposed devices support high thermal stabilisation accuracy of power transistors in a radioelectronic device system allowing temperature to be maintained at a given level with high accuracy by means of a thermoelectric battery. Results. Device designs were developed for increasing the accuracy of thermal stabilisation of power transistors with high efficiency, low energy consumption and small size. Conclusion. Based on the results of experimental studies, optimal designs for devices for the thermostabilisation of radioelectronic device components that dissipate significant power during their operation are presented. The devices can be used to increase the accuracy of thermal stabilisation of the radioelectronic device element by means of a working substance whose melting point coincides with its thermal stabilisation temperature. The developed devices have the following functions: the thermoelectric battery sections of the thermoelectric battery will be sequentially disconnected depending on the electrical signals from the temperature sensors to which the solid phase of the working substance has moved. The battery of the thermoelectric module (TEM) removes excess heat from the heat-stabilising substance while maintaining the required temperature of the radioelectronic device element. Excess heat from the heat-generating junctions of the TEM battery is removed by the heat exchanger. During melting of the working substance, the temperature of the thin-walled metal container – and, accordingly, the temperature of the CEA element – can be maintained at a constant value equal to the melting temperature of the working substance.

Methods of protecting radio-electronic control systems from powerful electromagnetic interference

An analysis of methods of protecting control system equipment from powerful electromagnetic interference was done. The nature of possible damages of radio-electronic components under negative influence of electromagnetic fields was considered. All methods of protection against powerful electromagnetic interferences can were divided into three groups: structural, sheet-oriented and structurally functional. The most effective protection measures aimed at preventing possible damages were determined. The purpose of the paper was to consider thoroughly each of the existing methods aimed at increasing the resistance of radio electronic system to negative impact of powerful electromagnetic interferences.

Detection and Localization of Interference and Useful Signal Extreme Points in Closely Coupled Multiconductor Transmission Line Networks

This study highlights the importance of detecting and localizing useful and interference signal extreme points in multiconductor transmission lines (MCTL) by developing a new approach for detecting and localizing signal extreme points in MCTL networks of arbitrary complexity. A radio-electronic component is presented as a network consisting of a number of connected MCTL sections. Each MCTL section is divided into segments and the number of segments is set by the user. The approach is based on a quasi-static calculation of signal waveforms at any point (segment) along each conductor of an MCTL. The block diagrams of the developed algorithms are presented. Using the approach, a number of investigations have been done which include the following: the signal maximum detection and localization in the meander lines with one and two turns, the influence of ultrashort pulse duration on localization of its extreme points in the printed circuit board (PCB) bus of a spacecraft autonomous navigation system, the influence of ultrashort pulse duration on localization of crosstalk extreme points in the PCB bus, and the simulation of electrostatic discharge effects on the PCB bus. There are also some investigations with optimization methods presented. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimize the influence of ultrashort pulse duration on localization of the pulse and crosstalk extreme points in the PCB bus. Furthermore, the GA was used to optimize the PCB bus loads by criteria of the peak voltage minimization. A similar investigation was carried out with the evolution strategy. The obtained results help us to argue that the signal extreme points can be detected both in structures with different configurations and applying different excitations.

Рeculiarities of information obtaining and processing using physical diagnosis methods for a new technical diagnosis automated system of radio-electronics

The author has shown the usage of physical diagnosis methods to determine technical state of digital devices of radio-electronics’ blocks. Unlike the functional diagnosis methods widely used nowadays, the suggested methods allow to determine the real technical state of given devices. The pieces of diagrams have been depicted to explain mechanisms of obtaining diagnostic information as well as diagnostic parameter approximate functions of time obtained as a result of reliability tests of radio-electronic components as digital devices’ elements. It has been shown that, as a rule, the reason for the gradual breakdown of any block or digital device was endopathic cause reflecting degradation processes occurring in semiconductor crystals. This instigated the urgency to conduct extreme tests of the given elements. The availability of obtained dependences makes it possible to determine the operating time of radio-electronic components with a high probability, predict their technical state and calculate the residual life of digital devices.The depth of the research at this level is stipulated by the technical diagnosis’ requirements for the isolation of faulty radio-electronic components, as well as practical interest in comparing critical values of the diagnostic parameter of such elements with those calculated in the course of extreme tests, which will have a positive impact on the accuracy of the diagnosis and prediction results.The combined application of diagnostic information obtained using physical diagnosis methods and the extreme tests’ results has been suggested to build a new Technical Diagnosis Automated System of radio-electronics. The introduction of this system in the current politico-military conditions in Ukraine would make it possible both to save considerable funds, and to improve the main reliability indexes of radio-electronics.

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN RADIO-ELECTRONIC COMPONENT PRODUCTION

Findings on the hygienic assessment of working conditions in radio-electronic component development and production at a modern enterprise producing capacitors, microcircuits, resistors and semiconductor devices are reported. Working conditions of employees engaged in radio-electronic component development (developers, designers) and production (photolithographers, wiremen, radio-electronic component and semiconductor device assemblers, adjusters and quality control inspectors) were studied. Hygienic studies of the working environment and working process factors were carried out to assess working conditions: workplace noise and magnetic field levels, microclimatic parameters, illuminance, the air pollution by chemicals. Time studies were performed to evaluate the heaviness and intensity of the work process. As a result of our studies, the main adverse factors were identified to assess worker health risks. Working conditions in job groups engaged in radio electronic component design were evaluated as harmful of 3 class, 1 degree. Working process intensity caused by sensory and mental load was found to be the major adverse factor. Working conditions in the job group engaged in experimental and small-scale production are characterized by exposure to “low-intensity factors”. Visual strain and fixed working posture are common for such jobs as radio electronic device wireman and quality control inspector using optical equipment in their work, which rates the heaviness of their working process as harmful working conditions. Our findings are intended to be used to define main harmful factors for the health risk assessment of radio component production workers, to carry out a comprehensive occupational health risk assessment, identifying job and long-term employment duration risk groups, to develop risk management measures. Our findings can provide a scientific rationale and contribute to the development of a complex of hygienic and preventive medical measures to be introduced into the practice of health protection service.

Lego-like technologies in manufacturing power distribution boxes for contemporary radar station

The paper considers ways of increasing labour productivity in manufacturing radioelectronic system components. We used systems engineering methods to develop a new approach to describing manufacturing processes that makes it possible to reduce assembly duration. We present a promising technology for describing a manufacturing process in small-lot production using digital 3D modelling and a Lego -like approach to design building instructions for children's construction sets.

Thermal state simulation of radioelectronic components as a part of space vehicle with regard to internal heat and external heat exchange

Thermal state simulation of radioelectronic components as a part of space vehicle with regard to internal heat and external heat exchange