Radical Cation Assay Research Articles

Antioxidant effect and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production of sea mustard fractions from Busan, Korea

We investigated the chemical characteristics and nitric oxide (NO) production and antioxidant effects of sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) fractions obtained from Taejongdae in Busan, Korea. Dried sea mustard was extracted using different solvents, and antioxidant effects was evaluated based on the radical scavenging and DNA oxidation assays and the effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Total phenolic content was significantly higher in the 85% aq. MeOH fraction than that in the other factions. The 85% aq. MeOH fraction was more effective in scavenging free radicals than other fractions, as assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS) assays (P<0.05). All sea mustard fractions decreased H2O2-induced cellular ROS production compared to the control (P<0.05), however, the 85% aq. MeOH fraction exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on ROS production among all fractions. Moreover, the 85% aq. MeOH fraction significantly inhibited genomic DNA oxidation. In addition, we measured NO levels to determine the potential anti-inflammatory effects of fractions from sea mustard and observed the highest level of activity in case of the 85% aq. MeOH fraction. These results indicated that the antioxidant effects of sea mustard are associated with its higher phenol content. This study proposes that processed food products supplemented with sea mustard can be developed into functional foods to promote the health of the local populations.

Hierarchical plant extracts in silver nanoparticles preparation: Minuscular survey to achieve enhanced bioactivities

Extracts obtained from M. longifolia (Lamiaceae) and R. ellipticus (Rosaceae) were selected to utilize in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for achieving remarkable bioactivities. In brief, the cytotoxic potential of the as synthesize AgNPs was high at higher concentrations. In DPPH assay, maximum antioxidant potential was shown by AgNPs synthesized from M. longifolia. Meanwhile, Methanolic extracts exhibited more antioxidant potential than chloroform based extracts.Further, brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out to achieve 34.6 μg/mL & 25.65 μg/mL LD50 values against the NPs prepared from M. and R., respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities were carried by ABTS Radical cation assay where 38.6 μg/mL and 47 μg/mL IC50 values were obtained for the NPs obtained from M. longifolia and R. ellipticus, respectively. Reducing power assay (0.370–0.15 and 0.37–0.26 mean absorbance) and DPPH (% scavenging: 88.91–46.48 and 88.91–44.78) percentages were recorded for M. and R. synthesized AgNPs, respectively.In brief, M. longifolia functionalized particles performed better in comparison to R. ellipticus treated particles. In addition, the nano assembly dispersed in polar solvent demonstrated better results in comparison to non-polar solvents.In conclusion, the as synthesized AgNPs were better in bioactivities than crude extracts of the selected plants.In future, this work could be extended to isolating active components for the nanofabrication of biologically intelligent nanoparticles for pharmacological interest. In the proposed investigation, the purified bioactivities fractions would be highlighted for further consideration in various medical treatments.

Ameliorated antioxidant and phytochemical profiling of Canscora decussata – An ayurvedic medicinal plant

C. decussata (Shankhpushpi) is the popular Ayurvedic drug called ‘Medhya Rasayana’ that helps for memory and cognition. Moreover, it also supports the improvement of human health and protection. This study investigated the antioxidant and phytochemical potential of aerial parts of Wild and in-vitro regenerated C. decussata plants. Both wild and in-vitro regenerated plants were extracted separately using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The antioxidant and phytochemical profiling, including total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical cation assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, metal chelation assay, and phosphomolybdenum assay were investigated. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents presented in C. decussata were also determined by GC-MS analysis. In yield percentage, the wild variety of C. decussata gave more yield percentage of 9.2%. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of wild and in-vitro regenerated plants showed the highest potential of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, metal chelating activity and ferric reduces antioxidant activity with 342.85 ± 1.98 mg GAE/g, 383.77 ± 11.74 mg RE/g, 37.43 μg/ml of EC50, 14409.37 ± 34.45 μM TEAC/g, 265.41 ± 3.15 mg AAE/g, 184.61 ± 12.20 mg EDTA equivalents/g extract, 868.88 ± 23.41 mM Fe(II)/mg extract respectively. Several phenolic compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis, mainly 12-oleanen-3-yl acetate, Lupeol acetate, Lupeol, Lup-20 (29) -en-3-one, -Amyrin, Lup-20 (29) -en-3-one, Olean-12-en-3-one, and Taraxasterol, which are responsible for the higher activity of C. decussata. A wider influence on phytolining in C. decussata will be provided for this study. The above pieces of evidence are strongly indicates that natural source-based C. decussata is a potent candidate for pharmaceutical services and healthcare sustainability. It opens up new paths towards both economic and clinical sustainability. I hope this endeavour will ultimately create new opportunities for potential health applications.

Antioxidant, Anti-Skin-Aging, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Rourea oligophlebia Extracts.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-skin-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the hexane (n-hex), AcOEt, BuOH, MeOH, and aqueous extracts from R. oligophlebia roots. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 colorimetric assays. The antioxidant capacity was examined by reducing power (RP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS⋅+ , and DPPH⋅+ radical cation assays. All extracts potentially exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 2.93 to 5.73 μg/mL for ABTS⋅+ and from 5.69 to 7.65 μg/mL for DPPH⋅+ except the n-hex extract. The BuOH, MeOH, and aqueous extract possess promising anti-skin-aging activities, as observed by an attenuation of UV-A toxicity on human keratinocytes. We proposed that these anti-skin-aging properties are possibly due to direct scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species and upregulate cellular antioxidant machinery. Moreover, we found that the antioxidant capacity was well correlated with anti-inflammatory capacity against nitric oxide (NO) production in terms of the n-hex, AcOEt, and BuOH extracts with IC50 values from 23.21 to 47.1 μg/mL. In contrast, these activities were found to be poorly correlated with AchE activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antioxidant, anti-skin-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the extracts of R. oligophlebia roots. These findings indicated that this species could be a potential source of natural antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory agents. Consequently, it may be suggested as a medicinal plant that prevents diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

The Study of the Composition of Chloroform Fraction of Caltha palustris

The analysis presented in this article is a continuation of a broader qualitative study examining the composition of the chloroform fraction of Caltha palustris. The study discovered 29 compounds, and 26 of them have been identified:paraffinic hydrocarbons, esters, fatty aldehydes, morphine derivatives, thiazole derivatives, benzodiazepines, naphthalene, and a small amount of terpene. It was figured out that the investigated lipophilic extract has an antioxidant impact. For the investigation, there were used such assays as the DPPH radical and the ABTS radical cation assays. Moreover the investigated lipophilic extract has an antimicrobial activity both in terms of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 (F-49)), Bacillus cereus 34 (non-MDR), Enterococcus faecalis 26(MDR) and gram-negative, (Raoultella terrigena (ATCC 33257), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli 168) microorganisms and yeast Candida spp. In addition, the significant content of biologically active substances in the lipophilic volatile fraction of Caltha palustris indicates the prospects for further study.

Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds of Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) fruit.

The study aimed to determine the antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of Bambangan (Mangifera pajang), a type of wild fruit belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae during fermentation at room (28°C) and elevated temperature (35°C). The antioxidant capacity was estimated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric-ion-reducing power (FRAP), 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay and oxygen-radical absorbing capacity (ORAC). A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the phenolic compounds. Samples of bambangan fermented at 35°C achieved the highest FRAP (141.42mM Fe(II)/g extract) and ABTS values (5.00mmol TE/g) within the first six days as compared to the samples fermented at room temperature (28°C), which required 10days to achieve the highest FRAP and ABTS values. No significant difference was found (p > 0.05) on the antioxidant activity of the samples that were kept at prolonged fermentation and storage. The total phenolic content (TPC) increased throughout the fermentation with the highest value of 44.69 0.01mg GAE/g. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillin, -coumaric acid and rutin are the major phenolic compounds identified in the fermented product. The results suggested that the antioxidant capacity of bambangan is affected by the fermentation temperature and the fermented product could be a source of antioxidants.

Antioxidant Activity of Microalgae Extract Cosmarium sp. Using 2.2-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS) Radical Cation Assay

The demand for natural antioxidants has increased due to the harmful effects of synthetic antioxidants, such as toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Microalgae face this requirement as they can produce numerous substances that have the potential to be antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Cosmarium extracts using ABTS radical cation assay and identify compounds probably responsible for it. Dried biomass was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents using the maceration method. Extracts were partially purified with TLC and column chromatography. Compound identification was conducted using GC-MS analysis. The result showed that ethanol extract has the best activity with the IC50 at 55.95 ppm, followed by hexane and ethyl acetate extracts with IC50 as much as 104.339 ppm and 180.07 ppm, respectively. Two active fractions were selected fraction after partial purification with chromatographic analysis. Fraction 1 gave IC50 at 99.6 ppm while fraction 2 gave better IC50 at 53.562 ppm, both categorized as strong antioxidants. Compounds identification by GC-MS revealed that both fractions contain fatty acids compounds with 9.12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid) and hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) as the dominant compound in fractions 1 and 2, respectively. This study gave insight into the potential of ethanol fraction from Cosmarium sp. as a natural antioxidant.

Exploration of Molecular Structure, DFT Calculations, and Antioxidant Activity of a Hydrazone Derivative.

The hydrazine derivatives are known to possess several biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial and anti-fungal, anticonvulsant, and antioxidant. This communication presents the synthesis, X-ray crystal structure analysis, DFT calculations, cell cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity of the Schiff base 4,4'-((1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(benzene-1,3-diol) (compound 2). We have also isolated the side product compound 1 and characterized it using single X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of compound 1 depicts that the ensuing C-H···N hydrogen bonding interaction is presented and discussed herein. In addition, the calculations using density functional theory (DFT) approximation supported by experimental 1H and 13C NMR studies on the key compound 2 are reported. The results of theoretical and experimental 1H and 13C NMR were concordant. The antioxidant activity of compound 2 was determined by using 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical cation assays and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay. Compound 2 demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity in ABTS assay (IC50 = 4.30 ± 0.21 µM) and DPPH assay (IC50 = 81.06 ± 0.72 µM) with almost no cytotoxicity below 25 µM.

Fractions of laurel essential oil obtained by molecular distillation with greater antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil (LEO) and its fractions obtained by short-path molecular distillation. According to the chemical composition, it can be said that LEO and its fractions proved to have antioxidant activity sinceboth have a high content of total phenolic content (TPC). Short-path molecular distillation was used to separate essential oil fractions with superiorantioxidant activity. Laurel residue (LR) exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity, with higher values of trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity with ABTS radical cation (TEAC-ABTS) assay and TPC. In addition, LR had the lowest value of IC50-DPPH. For antimicrobial activity, all natural products tested had an effect on all foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. LEO, as well as its fractions, showed antimicrobial, bacteriostatic, or bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The LEO and its fractions obtained by molecular distillation can be used as antimicrobials and as food preservatives to prevent oxidation. Also, consumers considered the addition of LEO or its fractions in food products as positive.

Aralia cordata Thunb. as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity.

Plant primary and secondary metabolites are a significant source for many applications, including extractions of functional components, green synthesis development, and producing higher-added value products. However, in the variety of botanicals, Aralia cordata Thunb. plant is getting attention for its similarity to ginseng. This study comprehensively examines the biochemical and phytochemical profiles of different A. cordata morphological parts: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, berry, and seed. Additionally, the establishment of total phenolic content and quantitative analysis of powerful antioxidants such as chlorophyll, carotenoids (zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene), proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins content were evaluated. The results indicated that A. cordata stem and berries are an excellent source of anthocyanins in the range from 18.27 to 78.54 mg/100 g DW. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using three different methods based on the capacity to scavenge: DPPH• scavenging capacity, ABTS•+ radical cation assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ranged from 27 to 168 µmol TE/g DW, 8 to 117 µmol TE/g DW, and 18 to 157 µmol TE/g DW, respectively. This study proposes a novel competitive plant for many health-promoting applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, material, and food industries.

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in flowers of Rhododendron arboreum and evaluation of their antioxidant potential.

The current study aimed to investigate the anthocyanins, non-anthocyanins (flavonoids and phenolic acids), and free radicals scavenging potential in the flowers of Rhododendron arboreum using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with ion mobility quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 25 constituents including nine anthocyanins, six phenolic acids, and ten flavonoids were identified in the flower extract. The major anthocyanins identified were cyanidin-3-O-β-galactoside (1), cyanidin-3-O-α-arabinoside (4), and cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside (8), while quercetin glycosides were the main identified flavonoids in R. arboreum flowers. Additionally, ultra high performance liquid chromatography methods were developed and validated for the quantification of nine compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoid glycosides, and phenolic acids); five of them were quantified using internal standards. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolics (123.6mg GAE/g), anthocyanin content (1.76% w/w), and evaluated for antioxidant properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (IC50 : 102.06 and 96.92 μg/mL) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (112.25 and 45.59 μM TE/g) assays. The profiling of R. arboreum for anthocyanins is reported for the first time. The findings suggest that the flowers are a promising source of bioactive constituents and could be used as functional food, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. and Antioxidant Activity Thereof

In this work, silver nanoparticles (Ep-AgNPs) were synthesised using Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. The dried leaves of E. pallida were collected and heated at 55 and#176;C in deionized water, and filtered, and the leaf extract was treated with AgNO3 to produce the Ep-AgNPs. The Ep-AgNPs were analyzed by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The characteristic hydroxyl gave the peak at 3147 cm-1. In UV-Vis analysis, observation of absorption band at 468 nm proved the achievement of Ep-AgNPs synthesis. SEM analysis presented the spherical shape of nanostructures with an average size of 77.82 nm. The face-centered crystal structure of Ep-AgNPs was revealed by the XRD analysis. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2and#39;-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+) assays were employed for antioxidant study in which Ep-AgNPs exhibited excellent antioxidant effect. Ep-AgNPs displayed outstanding DPPH• activity (6.34, IC50, and#181;g/ml) compared to the standard BHT (10.78, IC50, and#181;g/ml). The high activity was observed for ABTS•+ and reducing power assays as well. Hence, Ep-AgNPs could be a valuable material for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Extracts from Miliusa velutina Flowers

The flowers of M. velutina were extracted with ethanol to obtain a crude extract that was consecutively extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. The crude extract and fractions were studied for the chemical composition and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The extracts had various phytoconstituents, namely steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and glycosides. The aqueous extract had the highest total polyphenol (12.6 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid (205.6 mg QE/g extract) content. The aqueous extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities in the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (EC50 = 4.0 µg/mL), reducing power assay (EC50 = 78.1 µg/mL), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation assay (EC50 = 48.2 µg/mL), total antioxidant capacity assay (EC50 = 8.7 µg/mL) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (EC50 = 9.3 µg/mL). The aqueous extract showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the activity of α-amylase (IC50 = 376.6 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 69.7 μg/mL). The results showed that the aqueous extract of M. velutina flowers can be a promising candidate for the control of diabetes and oxidative stress. This is the first report about the chemical components and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of M. velutina flower extracts.

Phytochemical content and antioxidant properties of Bornean wild durian from Sabah

Borneo is the centre of diversity of the genus Durio (family: Malvaceae; local name: durian). Durian fruit is known to contain high amounts of the major bioactive compounds (as antioxidants) such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids. Two types of wild durian species, namely Durio kinabaluensis Kosterm. & Soegeng (durian tupoloh) and Durio oxleyanus Griff. (durian sukang) were studied. The 80% methanolic extracts of flesh, seed and peel (mesocarp and exocarp) were analysed for antioxidant activities, total phenolic and total flavonoid content. The antioxidant activities were determined using three parameters; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay (DPPH), 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Durio kinabaluensis mesocarp extract displayed the highest antioxidant properties and total phenolic content. The non-edible parts of both durians (seed and peel) exhibited higher phytochemical contents and antioxidant properties compared to the flesh parts. This data may contribute to the pharmaceutical applications, health benefit information of wild durians and helps in popularising the potential of these fruits in international markets and ultimately protects them from extinction.

Antidiabetics, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity and polyphenolic profile of polyphenol rich extracts from three underutilized and indigenous vegetables (UIVs) from Nigeria

BackgroundDietary diversity is one of the major ways to end hidden hunger and micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries i.e. Nigeria. This work was to evaluate and assess the nutritional advantage of underutilized and indigenous vegetables (UIVs) that grows in Dutsin-Ma metropolis in the Northern part of Nigeria, to emphasize the importance of dietary diversity for rural populace. This was achieved by documenting the polyphenolic profile, antioxidant, antidiabetes and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenolic rich extracts of three UIVs i.e. Cyphostemma adenocaule, Anchomanes difformis, Ampelocissus Africana. ResultsThe leaves of Anchomanes difformis possessed the highest total polyphenolic content (mg GAEs/g extract) 26.34 ± 0.50, total flavonoid content (mg GAEs/g extract) 49.13 ± 0.51 and total iridoid content (μg mg AUCs/g extract) 23.86 ± 0.18 in that order. The various antioxidant assays (in vitro) employed, the polyphenolic extract of A. difformis displayed the most significant ability in terms of DPPH radical scavenging (43.64 ± 0.94 mg GAEs/g extract), H2O2 reducing power (64.28 ± 0.90 mg GAEs/g extract) and in ABTS radical cation assay (mg TEs/g extract) 98.79 ± 1.95. These extracts displayed insignificant enzymatic inhibition on AChE (mg GALAEs/g extract) 1.77 ± 0.07–2.29 ± 0.04; α-amylase (mmol ACEs/g extract) 0.56 ± 0.01– 0.60 ± 0.01. Whereas, the polyphenolic extract of A. difformis displayed an average effective inhibition towards α-glucosidase (mmol ACEs/g extract) 3.66 ± 0.02–22.81 ± 0.01. ConclusionThe study shows that these UIVs may be contemplated as a new springboard for antidiabetics, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory compounds in diets and food formulated products. The study further reiterates that neglected plant food and vegetables have immersed benefits to nutrition and health.

Isaria tenuipes Peck, an entomopathogenic fungus from Darjeeling Himalaya: Evaluation of in-vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of its mycelium extract

BackgroundIsaria tenuipes is one of the potent species in the members of the genus Isaria, which is well reported to possess multiple bioactive substances of therapeutic importance. Therefore, an in vitro experimental study was carried to evaluate the bioactivities of the crude methanolic extract from the mycelium of this fungus.MethodsThe fungus was authenticated through morphological characters and the species discrepancy was resolved using the nuclear rDNA ITS sequence. The methanolic extract was fingerprinted by FTIR. The antioxidant components in terms of total phenols and flavonoids were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents respectively. Antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract was assessed using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2/-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS0+), Fe2+chelating activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2, and PC3. Apoptosis was further studied by propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin-V/PI staining flow cytometric analysis. Anti-proliferation capacity was studied by colony-forming assay.ResultsIn the present study total phenol content of the dried methanol extract was 148.09 ± 3.51μg gallic acid equivalent/mg and flavonoid was 9.02±0.95 μg quercetin/mg. The antioxidant activities of methanol-water extract (8:2 v/v) from cultured mycelia of I. tenuipes investigated and evaluated with 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 value of 5.04mg/ml with an inhibition rate of 74.77% at 10mg/ml and with an iron-chelating assay the chelating ability was recorded to be 86.76% where the IC50 value was 4.43 mg/ml. In comparison among the antioxidant assays, 2,2/-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS0+) and hydroxyl assay exhibited radical scavenging rate of 44.42% and 49.82% respectively at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The IC50 value of the extract in MTT assay was 43.45μg/ml with HeLa cells, 119.33μg/ml with PC3 cells, and 125.55μg/ml with HepG2 cells.ConclusionIn this study, it can be concluded that the crude methanolic extract exhibited potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities suggesting natural antioxidative and antiproliferative agents.

Ascorbic Acid Induces the Increase of Secondary Metabolites, Antioxidant Activity, Growth, and Productivity of the Common Bean under Water Stress Conditions.

One of the most vital environmental factors that restricts plant production in arid and semi-arid environments is the lack of fresh water and drought stress. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity is severely limited by abiotic stress, especially climate-related constraints. Therefore, a field experiment in split-plot design was carried out to examine the potential function of ascorbic acid (AsA) in mitigating the adverse effects of water stress on common bean. The experiment included two irrigation regimes (100% or 50% of crop evapotranspiration) and three AsA doses (0, 200, or 400 mg L−1 AsA). The results revealed that water stress reduced common bean photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), carbonic anhydrase activity, antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical activity scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation assay), growth and seed yield, while increased enzymatic antioxidants (peroxidase), secondary metabolites (phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins), malondialdehyde (MDA), and crop water productivity. In contrast, the AsA foliar spray enhanced all studied traits and the enhancement was gradual with the increasing AsA dose. The linear regression model predicted that when the AsA dose increase by 1.0 mg L−1, the seed yield is expected to increase by 0.06 g m−2. Enhanced water stress tolerance through adequate ascorbic acid application is a promising strategy to increase the tolerance and productivity of common bean under water stress. Moreover, the response of common bean to water deficit appears to be dependent on AsA dose.

Natural antioxidant potential of selected underutilized wild yams (Dioscorea spp.) for health benefit.

Modern research is directed towards finding naturally-occurring antioxidants of plant origin for improving nutrition and health benefit. Wild yam species are used as indigenous food and medicine by various tribal groups of Koraput, India. However, detailed analysis of health promoting bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties are lacking. The present study aims to evaluate the flavonoid, total antioxidant capacity and in vitro antioxidant activity of different wild and cultivated Dioscorea species of Koraput. The extract of these tuber was screened for its potential antioxidant activities by various tests, such as DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and ABTS radical cation assay. The phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity of the samples were ranged from 2.19 to 9.62mgg-1 dry weight, 0.62-0.85mgg-1 dry weight and 1.63-5.59%, respectively. The IC50 values were 77.9-1164, 101.2-1031.6, 27.0-1022.6 and 47.1-690µgml-1 for DPPH, ABTS, superoxide and nitric oxide scavenging activity, respectively. Taken together, some wild yam species such as D. bulbifera, D. pubera and D. pentaphylla had significantly higher flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity along with the lower IC50 values than the standards in compared to the other species. The present studies confirmed that some wild yam tubers have superior potential for scavenging deleterious free radicals effectively. Results indicated that these wild yam species should be promoted as natural source of antioxidants.

Oenothera biennis (Genus oenothera)-A Ethnobotanical Review

The current context of research in the field of pharmacy is experiencing a shift towards natural medicine and to the vegetative product with curative properties. Genus Oenothera includes medicinal plants that are distributed throughout the world and are known since ancient times. Popular indications of different species of this genus include treatment of inflammation, diabetes, microbial infections, ulcer, tumors, kidney and liver problems. The plant of this genus are a botanical source for various pharmaceutically active components like sterols, alkaloids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, biflavonols and tocopherols responsible for the diverse range of biological activity. In this review the activities studied anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and hypocholesterolemic activities exhibiting a wide range of crude extracts of plants in in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico studies. Anti-inflammatory activity were done by using in-vivo studies towards the extract lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase aganist the stronger activity of the compound possessing the effect. Anti-bacterial activity was performed by in-vivo and in-vitro studies aganist microorganism using scavenging activity by the microorganism resistant. Anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by using Electron transfer (ET) based assay using DPPH free radical assay method and ABTS radical cation assay method. Anti-proliferative activity illustrated compounds targeting cell lines by MTT assay using in-vitro and in-silico studies. Hypocholesterolemic activity investigated the effect of six dietetic oil in cholesterol-fed rats. This review article provides an insight to the researchers regarding further exploration of unexplored species of this genus so that they can also be used as herbal drugs to cure various ailments.

Fractionation of metabolite compound from Medinilla speciosa and their antioxidant activities using ABTS.+ radical cation assay

Phenolic compounds are one of the main parts in secondary metabolites. Parijoto fruit is a family of Melastomataceae which contains flavonoids as phenolic compounds which are known to have antioxidant potential. Flavonoids have an-OH groups that play an active role as free radical scavengers. The study was conducted as initial screening in testing the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of the Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa). The study began with the phytochemical screening process using the Thin Layer Chromatography method to ensure the presence of flavonoid content in extracts and fractions of parijoto fruit, then proceed with the measurement of antioxidant power. Testing the antioxidant activity using the ABTS method (2,2 azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin) -6-sulfonic acid) which is specific, simple and easy to apply. Parijoto fruit extracts and fractions were made in a series of concentrations, measured antioxidant activity, and each IC50 value was determined. Phytochemical screening test results showed the presence of flavonoids in extracts and fractions of parijoto fruit. The results of measurements of antioxidant power in extracts and fractions of parijoto fruit gave IC50 values of 6,520 ppm in ethanol extracts with very strong antioxidant categories. The n-hexane fraction produced an IC50 value of 118,424 ppm with a moderate antioxidant category, while the IC50 value of ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions was 4,246 ppm and 3,874 ppm, respectively, with a very strong antioxidant category. The activity and value of IC50 produced by extracts and fractions of Parijoto fruits showed potential as a candidate of antioxidant.Keywords: ABTS, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Medinilla speciosa, Phenolic