Radical Attitudes Research Articles

The terror of the red partisans against the clergy and believers during the Civil War in the South-Western Siberia: an experience of generalization

The article summarizes the results of the analysis of a dramatic chapter in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) during the civil war in the South-Western Siberia. Based on archival material and information from publications of the early 20th century, as well as the works of Siberian historians, this study examines the reasons for the persecution of clergy, the geographical distribution of the red “partisanism” activities, the connection between anarcho-syndicalism and terror. In additions, the paper estimates approximate the number of victims and the consequences of these tragic events. It was revealed that pogroms of believers and clergy, robbery and destruction of prayer facilities took place everywhere throughout South-Western Siberia. The escalation of terror was exacerbated by the influence of anarchist ideas among the commanding staff of the partisan detachments, who took an implacable and more radical attitude than the Bolsheviks to the institution of the church and the clergy.

The Role of Kyai's Charismatic Leadership in Mitigating Religious Intolerance and Radicalism in Pesantren

This research discusses the critical role of kyai's charismatic leadership in mitigating religious intolerance and radicalism in pesantren. Kyai, as the primary leader in pesantren, has a significant influence in shaping the attitudes and thoughts of the santri. This research was conducted based on a field analysis study, followed by literature research incorporating various scientific arguments and information from relevant literature sources. This research was implemented at Pondok Pesantren Sabilurrosyad Gasek as a sample object, involving kyai, santri, and the surrounding community. Through his charisma and authority, the kyai can effectively convey the values of religious moderation to the santri. The approach taken by the kyai, which emphasizes the values of deliberation, balance, and tolerance, helps the santri understand religious teachings in a balanced manner and avoid radical attitudes. Islamic boarding schools also play a role in instilling religious moderation values through a well-structured religious education curriculum. Thus, the charismatic leadership of kyai is at the forefront of reducing religious intolerance and radicalism in pesantren, forming a generation of santri who understand religious teachings comprehensively and moderately, and contributing to creating an inclusive and peaceful society.

Analysis of causes and factors of the spread of takfirism in Kazakhstan

The purpose of this research is to analyse the emergence of takfirism, its spread and its evolution in contemporary Kazakh society. The methodological foundation of the study was provided by general theoretical methods of scientific cognition, and various methods of collecting and systematising information. Among the general scientific methods are the method of theoretical analysis; the historical method of comparing individual religious movements of different periods in Kazakhstan, and the specific scientific and philosophical-religious methods of research. The results have suggested that unfounded takfirism poses a threat to the sustainability of diverse communities in Kazakhstan. The religious, ideological and theological preconditions for takfirism in Kazakhstan were analysed. Noted the diversity of approaches by Muslim scholars to understanding and interpreting the ayats of the Qur'an. Presented aspects of distortion in interpreting the essence of Shariah texts. Noted that the influence of political and social factors is significant. Focuses on some of the socio- psychological aspects of the development of radical attitudes among young people. The qualities inherent in young people that enable them to resist external non-ideological attacks are identified. Illiteracy, poor quality of education and the low culture of some people in Muslim countries are among the key elements. It was noted that the main factor in takfirism in Kazakhstan is the influence of the Salafi-Wahhabi movement. The practical significance of the study is that its content is of interest in developing the worldview of contemporary young people in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results can be used as a teaching and practical material for students and researchers on contemporary history and religion in Kazakhstan.

“You are doomed!" Crisis-specific and Dynamic Use of Fear Speech in Protest and Extremist Radical Social Movements

Social media messages can elicit emotional reactions and mobilize users. Strategic utilization of emotionally charged messages, particularly those inducing fear, potentially nurtures a climate of threat and hostility online. Coined fear speech (FS), such communication deliberately portrays certain entities as imminently harmful and drives the perception of a threat, especially when the topic is already crisis-laden. Despite the notion that FS and the resulting climate of threat can serve as a justification for radical attitudes and behavior toward outgroups, research on the prevalence, nature, and context of FS is still scarce. The current paper aims to close this gap and provides a definition of FS, its theoretical foundations, and a starting point for (automatically) detecting FS on social media. The paper presents the results of a manual as well as an automated content analysis of three broadly categorized actor types within a larger radical German Telegram messaging sphere (2.9 million posts). With a rather conservative classification approach, we analyzed the prevalence and distribution of FS for more than five years in relation to six crisis-specific topics. A substantial proportion between 21% and 34% within the observed communication of radical/extremist actors was classified as FS. Additionally, the relative amount of FS was found to increase with the overall posting frequency. This underscores FS's potential as an indicator for radicalization dynamics and crisis escalation.

Pengembangan Buku ASWAJA an-Nahdliyah di Perguruan Tinggi Sebagai Upaya Membentuk Sikap Moderat Bagi Mahasiswa di Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar

The aim of this research is as a solution to ward off radical attitudes by instilling a Moderate attitude in students through the development of the Aswaja an-Nahdliyah reference book which is important to convey to students in tertiary institutions. This research uses a research design design to develop products, namely Research and Development (R&D) according to Thiagarajan, namely the 4-D model which consists of 4 research and development steps, namely defining, and designing , development, and dissemination. The solution to realizing a moderate attitude in students who are the nation's assets as the young generation is through cultivating the 5 social attitudes of Nahdlatul Ulama, namely Tawassut (being moderate), Tasamuh (being tolerant), Tawazun (being balanced) and I'tidal (being fair) and Amar ma'ruf Nahi Mungkar (inviting goodness and preventing evil) in understanding concepts, analyzing and will be realized in the implementation of attitudes that arise in real life in society, nation and state.

Dinamika Radikalisme di Pesantren: Tinjauan terhadap Isu dan Tantangan

Islamic boarding schools, known as pesantren, play a crucial role as traditional Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia and have been a focal point in discussions surrounding radicalism. This research aims to uncover the dynamics of radicalism that may occur within the pesantren environment and analyze the contributing factors to the spread of radical ideologies among the students. The research methodology employs a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and content analysis of relevant literature. The findings indicate that while pesantren play a significant role in shaping Islamic character and identity, they are also susceptible to the influence of radical ideologies. Factors such as economic inequality, social dissatisfaction, and a lack of inclusive education contribute to the emergence of radical attitudes among the students. Addressing the challenge of radicalism in pesantren involves enhancing understanding of moderate Islamic teachings, strengthening critical education, and fostering collaboration among the government, society, and pesantren. Prevention efforts should also focus on improving the well-being of pesantren, enhancing teacher capacity, and implementing inclusive educational approaches to minimize the potential for radicalization within pesantren communities. This research contributes to a better understanding of radicalism issues in pesantren and provides a foundation for the development of holistic and sustainable policies and prevention programs.

PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC LAW IN COUNTER-RADICALISM IN INDONESIA

Wrong understanding of jihad and mis-implementation in a non-war atmosphere (daar as salam), has given rise to radical attitudes that lead to violent acts of terrorism. Studies in this field are generally from the point of view of positive law and human rights as part of counter-radical thinking. This paper explains the background of thoughts that give rise to radical attitudes, and shows approaches to criminal law and Islamic law in the context of counter-radicalism. The legal instruments discussed are Law No. 15 of 2003 and Law No. 5 of 2018. The discussion of Islamic law takes the perspective of fiqh jinayat which is related to rebellion against the state and murder, the conditions for imposing rebellion and murder, and punishment for the perpetrators. Through this explanation, it is hoped that it can correct the meaning of the arguments for jihad which are the roots of radical attitudes.

Prevention of Radicalism and Terrorism in Riau Province to Maintain National Security

Terrorism arises due to radical attitudes that culminate in individuals inspired to commit destructive acts and even kill those who are considered a threat, as a means to commit jihad for him or her. It cannot be denied that the development of terrorist networks in Indonesia has begun to expand to the corners of the region scattered throughout Indonesia. Riau is a region that is also included as one of the targets and hideouts for Indonesian terrorist network perpetrators. This is because Riau is directly adjacent to two countries which have the potential to become an area and target for terrorist operations, as Riau is the entry point for world trade in the region. In the last six years, namely, from 2016 to 2021, there was an act of terrorism in Riau each year, which started with radicalism and then manifested by acts of terror. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach. Data Collection was done through literature studies and direct interviews, which were then analyzed through National Security theory. With the increase in radicalism and acts of terrorism, the Riau government, Riau Police, and TNI namely Korem 031 Wira Bima should have a strategy and synergy to prevent massive radicalism and terrorism in Riau Province, to maintain National Security

Information security of the domestic and global community

The article examines the state of information security in Ukraine in the conditions of Russian military aggression. The possibilities of realizing the goals specified in Ukraine's Information Security Strategy under martial law conditions are analyzed. It is shown that Ukraine's national interests require favorable conditions for the country's political development. Thus, the interests of the individual consist in the actual provision of political rights and freedoms of citizens, society needs to strengthen democracy, and the interests of the state are expressed in the need to effectively protect the constitutional system of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country, establish, and maintain political stability, including the strength of state power and its institutions. Based on Ukraine's national interests, strategic and current tasks of the state policy on ensuring information security are formed in the information sphere. Practical information activities have been proven to improve the state's efforts to resolve crises peacefully significantly. Conversely, ignoring informational factors and often deliberately altered information can provoke the most radical attitudes and outbursts of hostility, leading to catastrophic consequences. It is argued that the use of information technologies by the military has opened new opportunities for ensuring the state's defense. Possession of information resources and their protection in the military sphere has become the same indispensable attribute as weapons, ammunition, transport, etc. Ukraine's victory in the information conflict during the war with russia will contribute to achieving its strategic goals. It is substantiated that Ukraine's Information Security Strategy reflects the state's interests, which are expressed in the need to effectively protect the constitutional system of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country and establish and maintain political stability, including the strength of state power and its institutions. The analysis of the implementation of the Strategy's goals showed that this process continues despite all the difficulties of martial law. Keywords: information security, Information Security Strategy of Ukraine, national interests of the state, information technologies, information struggle.

Psychological Approach to Prevent Religious Radical Behavior in Children

This study aims to analyze the prevention of religious radicalism behavior in children through a psychological perspective. This qualitative research method relies on data collection instruments; interviews, observations, and in-depth literature studies on psychological factors that contribute to the process of children’s radicalization, as well as prevention strategies practiced at Green School Early Childhood Education, Pekalongan, Central Java. The research results show that the educational process at Green School Early Childhood Education plays a role in preventing children's radical behavior. However, individual identity, the influence of the social environment, and family dynamics also play a key role in forming radical attitudes and behavior. The prevention of religious radicalism behavior at Green School Early Childhood Education is carried out by promoting religious pluralism education, which is tolerance, by involving various parties. The theoretical implication of this research is the importance of a psychology-based approach in designing effective prevention programs. Education that emphasizes empathetic understanding, openness and critical understanding of religion can reduce the risk of radicalization. This study also reveals that recognizing the signs and seeds of potential radicalism in children as well as suitable, fast, and appropriate intervention is an important part of the strategy to prevent radicalism in children. The contribution of this study encourages the understanding that psychological approaches can be used as an urgent tool to prevent religious radicalism in children, in order to create a more inclusive, tolerant, and peaceful society.

Peranan Ikatan Pelajar Muhammadiyah (IPM) dalam Mencegah Penyebaran Paham Radikalisme yang Memicu Terorisme pada Siswa-Siswi SMA Muhammadiyah 4 Jakarta Timur

Indonesia is now inseparable from the threat of dissolution due to the emergence of radical ideas. The rise of radical movements in Indonesia has caused its own concern among the Indonesian people, because radicalism is closely related to terrorist attacks. The organization of the school plays an important role in creating a successful education. School activities (morning education/learning activities) and extracurricular activities (afternoon education/learning activities) are encouraged by school organizations. An attitude of leading, discipline, and many other positive things can be formed by participating in HDI, so that their talents are more channeled and honed. HDI is a role model for other students, so HDI plays a big role in shaping students' views on how to behave and deal with things, especially radical attitudes that trigger terrorism.

Criminological typology of radical criminals among sentenced to imprisonment

The article is devoted to the study of radical criminals among those sentenced to imprisonment. The purpose of the article is to provide a criminological typological characteristic of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment. The following tasks have been solved to achieve this goal: 1) to define the typological criteria for the division of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment; 2) to identify the relevant criminological types according to the criteria; 3) to identify and describe the signs of criminological types of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment.
 It has been proposed that 7 typological personal criteria should be used in scientific use and practical criminal prevention activities: by nature, by the direction of criminal and radical actions, by the contextual element of personal radicalisation, by the source of radical attitude, by the peculiarities of the radical’s predicate state, by the existential content of criminal and radical behaviour, and by the dominant social and role feature. According to them, 22 criminological types (including subtypes) of criminal radicals among convicts were identified. The author describes the key criminologically significant features of each type. The integrated typological characteristics of radical criminals among convicts give grounds to note that most of them can be correlated with an initiative, aggressive, rational-conformist, collectivist radical of an inclusive type.
 Both the initial diagnostic work of the relevant units and officials of the quarantine, diagnostic and distribution sectors of correctional colonies, as well as the further work of social and psychological work inspectors, should be aimed at identifying and recording these features. It has been argued that this information should also be taken into account when organising and carrying out operational work among prisoners in order to block the development of motivations for radical actions in a timely manner and to stop the tendencies of radicalisation among prisoners.
 It has been noted that the proposed typology of criminal radicals in penitentiary institutions is not closed, exhaustive, and can be supplemented with other criteria and types depending on the researcher's target setting and a specific applied request in the field of prevention of criminal radical manifestations in penitentiary institutions.

The Effect of Student Digital Literacy on Radicalism Attitudes at PTKIN in Aceh

Radicalism is an issue that has been frequently discussed in recent years, especially for Indonesia, which has five official religions, of course, interreligious contact is inevitable. Then, exposure to intolerance and radicalism is related to the development of information technology. Therefore, researchers conducted a study entitled The Influence of Student Digital Literacy on Radicalism Attitudes at PTKIN in Aceh. This study examines how the digital literacy of students at PTKIN in Aceh and the image of radicalism among students at PTKIN in Aceh, as well as how the influence of student digital literacy on attitudes of radicalism at PTKIN in Aceh. Then, this study used a mix methods approach with an explanatory design strategy and the techniques used in data collection were observation, questionnaires, and interviews. Next, from the results of the study it was found that (1) the level of digital literacy skills of students at PTKIN in Aceh has shown a high literacy ability of 82% with details of the ability level in terms of aspects of searching on the internet by 89%, aspects of text guides by 72%, the content evaluation aspect is 88%, and for the preparation aspect is 78%. (2) The results related to student attitudes towards radicalism show that in terms of cognitive response it tends to be high, namely 87% have heard of radicalism and the most widely obtained source is from social media, then in terms of affective response students tend to be moderate and tolerant , and in terms of conative responses students also tend to think moderately and stay away from actions that lead to radicalism. Finally, (3) the level of students' digital literacy ability has an influence on the attitude of radicalism at PTKIN in Aceh which is shown by the results of the level of student digital literacy ability which is higher than the attitude of radicalism possessed.

Counterradicalism Through Religious Education Curriculum: Solution to The Religious Literacy Crisis in Indonesian Islamic Universities

Islamic universities have been accused of being the milieu of the growing movement of radicalism along with the new facts about the involvement of two state Islamic universities among 10 state universities involved in radicalism. The campus management has responded to the movement by developing a religious curriculum and interreligious-based learning to improve religious literacy competence. This paper aims to evaluative the practice of religious curriculum and literacy as a strategy in improving counterradicalism in campus. The interviews, observations, and data analysis resulted in the finding that the religious curriculum development with open minded principles, religious universality, local wisdom, and humanism values in the learning activities in either classroom and or places of worship of other religions can foster good counterradicalism and interfaith literacy and eliminate the evolution of radical attitudes among students. This paper suggested that the learning of religious education in campuses and schools include observation to the areas of interreligious activities and religious literacy studies to improve students' understanding of religious values among religious communities, so tolerance and counterradicalism can be fostered.

MULTIPLE CRITIQUES AS A METHOD OF PROGRESSIVE MUSLIM THINKING CONFRONTING PLURALITY

Substantially, the term progressive Muslim in Islamic discourse is not a new thing. Progressive Muslims are Muslims who have a forward and open mindset. There are three major missions carried out, such as justice, gender equality, and accepting plurality. The purpose of this study is to find the root cause of the problem of religious exclusivism and how the role of progressive Muslims in solving this problem. Because misunderstandings about the meaning of plurality can then give birth to an attitude of radicalism that endangers many people. As a result, Islam is interpreted as a religion that is hard and rigid because some people criticize it in a narrow and way. How should a progressive Muslim try to reconstruct his thinking in facing plurality according to Omid Safi? The researcher uses descriptive and interpretive methods to explain the problem of plurality and Omid Safi's theory is related to contemporary problems. This research is library research by utilizing reading sources such as books and journals. From the research, it is found that Omid Safi uses multiple critiques as a progressive Muslim thinking method. According to him, multiple criticism or double criticism is an attempt to criticize Western and Islamic thought. Constructive criticism is necessary. Not only criticizing the hegemony of the West, but progressive Muslims also need to be criticized if they display an attitude that tends to be rigid, dogmatic, and authoritarian towards plurality. Safi associates plurality with humanism and open knowledge. Seeing that humans have the same values justice is one of the elements that must be upheld. Safi defines plurality as a form that goes beyond tolerance (Beyond pluralism). According to him, there is still a distance between tolerance in accepting differences. Like a poison that can still be tolerated by the human body. Plurality is when we can say “we” even though we have different beliefs. In the end, the idea of ​​plurality encourages us to be humanist and dynamic towards the times.

Takfiri Currents and International Order: Perceptions and Acts

The contemporary international order is understandable from the perspective of the concepts, interpretations and experiences of the modern time. This order, which is also interpreted as a liberal order, reflects the interaction and relations established between its actors, at the center of which is the nation-state. This order and this main actor in the 21st century were challenged by a new and emerging existence on the world stage; ISIL. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has clearly challenged the international order and its central idea; the nation-state. The paper hypothesizes that takfiri movements consider the hegemonic international order specifically as their main problem. The paper explains the attitude of takfiri radicalism towards the international order. Explain this claim through description the place of the idea of the nation-state in the contemporary international order, Analysis of the perception and understanding of takfiri movements from it and a description of how they act will get done.

Уроки війни для формування стратегії української східної політики: філософські міркування

The article analyzes the issues in political philosophy related to the attitude towards russians and everything russian in the context of a new phase of russian aggression against Ukraine. This attitude is polarized around two extremes – the total denial, deleting and canceling of everything associated with russia and the USSR, on the one hand, and the distinction and justification of russian culture or “ordinary people”, on the other. According to the classical polarization effect and the confirmation bias, social attitudes are polarized, centrist moderate at­titudes are deleted, and extreme attitudes prevail, which is detrimental to social stability and dialogue. If in Ukraine prevails the principle of total canceling of a russian, then outside Ukraine, especially in countries far from the war, the wrong approach of so-called prudence and moderation leads to the false contraposi­tion of the “Ukrainian” radical attitude of canceling and russian propaganda as two equal approaches, which is wrong from factual and logical side. Instead, the “moderate” position of distinction ignores some factual, historical, and political issues that relate to the genesis of russia’s ideology of war, the doctrine of “russian World.” These discussions are proof that Ukraine needs to develop a new clear strategy for russia and a russian, based on the rejection of the black-and-white approach, the provincial postcolonial complex, the attitude to russia not as “our one” but as “other one”, while Ukraine will considered as a center of thought and action, treating russia as a completely external factor. This strategy requires a dif­ferentiated approach to different strata of russian society, a critical attitude to russian civil religion, and must be based on the values of humanity and freedom, which in turn should be the leading narrative of russia’s transformation.

Unfairness in Society and Over Time: Understanding Possible Radicalization of People Protesting on Matters of Climate Change

In this manuscript, we introduce a theoretical model of climate radicalization that integrates social psychological theories of perceived unfairness with historical insights on radicalization to contribute to the knowledge of individuals’ processes of radicalization and non-radicalization in relation to climate change. We define climate radicalization as a process of growing willingness to pursue and/or support radical changes in society that are in conflict with or could pose a threat to the status quo or democratic legal order to reach climate goals. We describe how perceptions of unfairness can play a pivotal role in processes of climate change related radicalization. Without taking any position or judgment regarding climate concerns and associated actions, we suggest that although these behaviors drive many people to participate in peaceful climate protest, they may also lead others to radicalize into breaking the law to achieve their climate goals, possibly in violent ways. This process of climate radicalization, we argue, can be driven by people perceiving certain situations to be blatantly unfair. Specifically, we discuss how radical attitudes and behaviors can be products of perceived unfairness stemming from the past, the future, the immediate social environments of perceivers, as well as those that are spatially distant from them. We further argue that because radicalization processes are shaped by an interaction between individuals and movements, on the one hand, and societal actors and developments, on the other, they tend to develop in non-linear and dynamic ways. We therefore propose that climate radicalization is a (1) dynamic, contingent, and non-linear process, often of an escalating (and sometimes de-escalating) kind, (2) that develops over time, (3) through various interactions between individuals and their contexts, and (4) in which people and groups move back and forth from peaceful protest, through disobedient and unlawful methods, to violent actions. Implications, strengths, and limitations of our model are discussed.

Anticipative Strategy of Understanding and Attitude of Radicalism During the Covid-19 Pandemic at Nahdlatul Ulum Islamic Boarding School Soreang Maros

This study aims to analyze anticipatory strategies for understanding radicalism during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Nahdlatul Ulum Islamic Boarding School, Soreang Maros. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Collecting data using the methods: of interviews, observation, and documentation. The examination of the validity of the data in this study was carried out by perseverance of Observation, Triangulation, Description of details, and Auditing. The results of the study indicate that the dynamics of the life of Islamic boarding schools have entered a stage of rapid progress in many ways. The development of contemporary issues from various fields and aspects of life, including the COVID-19 pandemic outside the pesantren, has also not gone unnotified. Including the issue of the rise and development of radicalism in the global community. In addition, the Nadlatul Ulum Islamic Boarding School is consistent in building fortresses of morality, solidity, solidarity, control, and collaborativecommunal as a force to maintain its internal harmonious stability from radicalism and behavior.

Faces of security. Radicalization of prisoners as a challenge for the future of security of the Polish penitentiary institutions

An issue that is essential to contemporary society is the question of state security and personal safety of the citizens. Therefore, the state has to deal with one of the most important threats, i.e. radicalization. The phenomenon of home-grown radicalism is known in Western European countries. The phenomenon of radicalization should not be identified solely with contemporary domestic Islamic terrorism. Radicalism is not limited to one ideology. The question about the process of acquiring extremist beliefs is one of the most important for political scientists, political psychologists, sociologists and criminologists. Wanting to deal with the etiology of the decision about a terrorist attack, the focus should be on the moment when potential terrorists start and undergo the process of radicalization. The article aims to signal the problem of radicalization in Polish penitentiary units. The authors do not provide the knowledge necessary to counteract this phenomenon in penitentiary units. However, they point to the definition problems, the theoretical model of radicalization, the place of radicalization in the European Union's policy. They also present the penitentiary unit as a place susceptible to radicalization. They formulate general remarks on combating radicalization among prisoners. They inform that the Prison Service should not be left alone in counteracting the radicalization of prisoners. It is an element of the state security system. It also cooperates with other entities in the rehabilitation of prisoners. The authors acknowledge that the way to prevent the negative effects of the radicalization process of prisoners is first of all training personnel in this field. It is also the fundamental issue to isolate prisoners who are a source of danger. In this area, the authors suggest that if the radical attitudes of prisoners are intensified, it is worth considering introducing legislative solutions facilitating faster and adequate operation of prison staff in such cases.