Electromagnetic Wave Radiation Research Articles

Fabrication and Evaluation of an Electromagnetic Shielding Material Made of Randomly Chopped Tape Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 6 Composites

Abstract Environmental pollution generated by electromagnetic wave radiation has significantly increased including in automotive applications. Thus, material technology, including polymer composite, has attracted a reduction of the negative effect of electromagnetic radiation. In this study, carbon fiber reinforced polyamide thermoplastic (PA-6/CF) made of carbon fiber with polyamide 6 tape, in the shape of a half-box, was produced using the hot compression method with different tape-length, and then the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding performance were evaluated. The electrical conductivity was obtained from the resistivity measured by using a digital multimeter. Whilst the effectiveness of electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI-SE) was investigated using two methods, calculation, and actual measurement. The result shows that there is a different electrical conductivity between base and slope area of the PA-6/CF box composite. It also was observed that the actual EMI shielding performance shows a corresponding increase with the length of chopped carbon fiber tape and has a higher value compared to the calculated EMI-SE. Then, the highest value obtained for actual EMI-SE was 54 dB for the PA6/CF composite with 20-mm tape length, in the frequency range 0.3 – 1 GHz, and on horizontal antenna polarization. Whereas the composite with 10-mm and 15-mm tape length was the lowest EMI- SE (38 dB) on vertical antenna polarization, in the same frequency range. Furthermore, the microscopy analysis depicted that there are more voids exist in the slope area compared with the base area of the PA-6/CF composites. Finally, the molded PA-6/CF composites can be used as the battery enclosures of electrical vehicles in automobiles.

Initially reactive and concentrated generalized materials wavy motion with the applications of disorder theory: A computational study

The wavy flow of generalized fluid namely, Cross fluid is mathematically formulated on a gravitationally affected vertical wavy surface with significant physical effects which is the main theme of this work. This particular dynamics of chemically reactive materials is further explored with an irreversible process. A significant heat transfer is measured through thermal resistance during the consideration of entropy optimization. Since entropy generation is associated with the mechanical systemenergy loss is more helpful in monitoring the entropy production in different engineering and industrial processes. Specifically, such irreversibility process appearance causing a noticeable low efficiency in the relevant practical sectors. For better performance in the minimization of friction on the wavy surface, flow is dissipated in terms of heat. However, the measure of loss in terms of work is introduced in the form of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, magnetic field, and first-order chemical reaction. Additionally, the expected pressure drooping on the wavy surface is another goal of the entire study. The non-linear mathematical equations are determined by following the maximum viscosity approach. Relevant and important results are portrayed to show the various features of the newly developed work. The significant findings are approximated via one of the collocation methods while using MATLAB software. The Richardson number and buoyancy parameter enhanced the flow speed of the materials. The heat transfer rate is decreased by both Eckert number and wavy amplitude and the chemical reaction factor enhanced the mass transfer rate. The heat energy of the materials is escalated with the help of electromagnetic wave radiation and temperature ratio factor. Strengthening the chemical reaction factor declined the mass flow during the typical motion of the liquid. In the last, a comparison is provided to show the accuracy of the numerical approach.

Lightweight and flexible polysulfonamide/polyurethane-CNTs@Ag fiber paper for electromagnetic interference shielding

Nowadays, electromagnetic wave radiation is one of the sources of environmental pollution, which seriously affects human health and and the environment. Fiber paper made from high-performance fibers has shown potential for use in the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding due to adapting different complex working environments. However, achieving lightweight, high-efficiency, and flexible electromagnetic shielding remains challenging. To address this issue, we design a lightweight polysulfonamide/polyurethane-CNTs@Ag (PSA/PU-CNTs@Ag) fiber paper with double-layered structure and high electromagnetic shielding efficiency (EMI SE) via vacuum-assisted filtration and heat treatment. The results show the content of Ag nanoparticles 0.3 g in PSA/PU-CNTs@Ag fiber paper, the resistance is less than 1 Ω, the electrical conductivity reaches 883.57 S/m. At the same time, the thickness of Ag film increases, the EMI SE value reaches 90.537 dB. The EMI SE value of PSA/PU-CNTs@Ag fiber paper after folding one thousand times has decreased, but still maintains 95% of the original shielding performance. Moreover, its EMI SE values still maintain above 60 dB in various extreme environments (hot 150 °C, cold −70 °C). In summary, this work shows PSA based EMI shielding materials own excellent overall performance and hold broad different working extreme environments.

Hierarchical triplet-metallic oxide/carbon nanocomposites constructed from 2D layered double hydroxides and metal-organic frameworks for high-performance microwave absorption

In the face of increasingly severe electromagnetic wave radiation and interference, it is of great significance to design and prepare excellent absorbing materials. Particularly, hierarchical structure has emerged with enhanced physicochemical properties, offering enormous potential for designing absorbing materials. Here, a hierarchical structure composite constructed by ZIF-8 and fungus-like nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (Ni, Co-LDH) nanosheets were synthesized by in-situ self-assembly growth process. A series of Zn@NiCo-Lc composites were obtained by calcination under air. Calcined derivatives of dielectric and magnetic metallic oxides and carbon give rise to multiple polarizations and magnetic losses. The matching of the dielectric and magnetic losses of the hybrid material is further tuned by varying the feed ratio of the bimetallic LDH nanosheets, resulting in a sample with tunable EMA performance. All samples exhibit comparable EMA performance, especially large EABmax of above 5.5 GHz, and Zn@NiCo-Lc-2 has the strongest EMA intensity performance (RLmin is −67.61 dB at an ultra-thin thickness of 1.71 mm). This study provides a tractable method for the fabrication of hierarchical structural composites of high-performance MOF/LDH-derived absorbers, further broadening the application and development of novel electromagnetic wave absorption materials.

Bimetallic two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks nanosheets derived bimetallic@C composite materials for effective electromagnetic wave absorption

The development of information technology has resulted in serious environmental pollution and health concerns due to electromagnetic wave radiation. There is a necessity to develop electromagnetic wave absorbers with strong absorption, wide bandwidth, thin thickness, light weight, and environmental friendliness. In this study, a series of Ni4Cux@C composite materials was synthesized through a simple coprecipitation and pyrolysis process. The morphology and absorption properties of the composite materials were precisely tuned by adjusting the ratio of the bimetallic Ni and Cu. The Ni4Cux@C two-dimensional nanosheets were designed to possess a high specific surface area and abundant porous structure, thus optimizing impedance matching. Its strong dielectric loss capability is collectively contributed to the excellent graphitization degree and multiple polarizations. Additionally, the dispersion of NiCu alloy nanodisks within the carbon matrix leads to the aggregation of a large number of free space charges at the heterogeneous interface, inducing the formation of interfacial polarization. The well-designed Ni4Cu2@C composite materials exhibit outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities, with the optimal reflection loss reaching -74.9 dB, and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth reaching 6.8 GHz (2.9 mm). This work provides an important research foundation for the rational design of a new generation of two-dimensional bimetallic electromagnetic waveabsorption materials.

Multifunctional electromagnetic wave absorbing carbon fiber/Ti3C2TX MXene fabric with superior near-infrared laser dependent photothermal antibacterial behaviors

Developing multifunctional materials which could simultaneously possess anti-bacterial ability and electromagnetic (EM) absorption ability during medical care is quite essential since the EM waves radiation and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening people’s health. In this work, the multifunctional carbon fiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene (CM) were synthesized through repeated dip-coating and following in-situ growth method. The as-fabricated CF/MXene displayed outstanding EM wave absorption and highly efficient photothermal converting ability. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of −57.07 dB and ultra-broad absorption of 7.74 GHz could be achieved for CM composites. By growth of CoNi-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) sheets onto MXene, the absorption bandwidth for carbon fiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene layered double hydroxides (CML) could be reach 5.44 GHz, which could cover the whole Ku band. The excellent photothermal effect endow the CM composites with excellent antibacterial performance. The antibacterials tests indicated that nearly 100 % bactericidal efficiency against E. acoil and S. aureus was obtained for the CM composite after exposure to near-infrared region (NIR) irradiation. This work provides a promising candidate to combat medical device-related infections and EM pollution.

Cubical radiator for three‐dimensional flexible beam controller with multiple radiation beams and directions

AbstractA novel approach for generation of the multiple three‐directional and controllable beams from a cubical electromagnetic (EM) wave radiator is proposed in this paper. This cubical radiator is a multiple‐mode EM resonator, which is formed by a cubical metal cavity. Three resonant modes are excited in this cavity resonator by a feeding slot. Besides the feeding slot, a few additional slots are opened on the side wall(s) of the cavity to act as the EM wave radiation elements. Various combinations of radiation slots contribute to different beam directions, for example, side‐direction (single radiation slot), edge‐direction (two radiation slots), and vertex‐direction of the cavity (three radiation slots). More combinations of these slots are further studied in the cases of side + edge and edge + vertex to illustrate the diversity in the directions of the produced EM beams. To validate the predicted results, two prototypes are fabricated and measured to display their far‐field radiation patterns. The measured results agree well with the full‐wave simulated ones, thereby demonstrating the possibility of a large number of the flexible EM beams, as well as the capability of the controllable beam directions.

Nitrogen-doped bean-like SiC-based nanofibers for thermal insulation and electromagnetic wave absorption

SiC nanofibers that can be used to absorb electromagnetic wave (EMW) radiation and as thermal insulators simultaneously are highly desirable. In this work, nitrogen-doped bean-like SiC-based nanofibers were prepared by a simple electrospinning and high-temperature pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere, focusing on studying the effects of nitrogen atom doping on the microstructure, EMW absorption, and thermal insulation properties of the fibers. The results showed that nitrogen doping promoted the formation of the SiOxCyNz phase in the fibers, which improved their interfacial thermal resistance and endowed the fibers with extremely low thermal conductivities (∼0.024 W·m−1·K−1 at 25 ℃, 0.092 W·m−1·K−1 at 1000 ℃). Furthermore, the density of carbon defects in the fibers was improved by nitrogen doping, which created numerous new polarization centers and effectively improved the dielectric loss. With a 4 mm thickness, a minimum reflection loss of −51.8 dB was exhibited at 6.3 GHz, indicating that these fibers are highly promising as an absorption material in harsh environments.

Piezo‐Turned Magnet Rotation for ELF/SLF Cross‐Medium Communication in Omni‐Direction

AbstractExtremely/super low frequency (ELF/SLF) electromagnetic (EM) waves offer efficient propagation in challenging cross‐medium environments. However, conventional coil antennas, when emitting ELF/SLF EM waves, face constraints related to size, radiation efficiency, and high power consumption. To overcome these limitations, a disc‐rod structured piezoelectric rotating resonator is proposed, which can turn a NdFeB permanent magnet disc into rotation with an impressive high‐speed up to 10 000 r min−1 via wobbling motion of the rod tip, effectively generating ELF/SLF magnetic field radiation via rotational oscillation other than common linear and swinging oscillation of the magnetic dipole moments. The piezo‐turned magnetic rotation (PTMR) method leads to a two to five‐fold enhancement in magnetic field emission compared to existing piezo‐actuated acoustic resonant antennas, and a 370 times higher emitting efficiency compared to the traditional coil antenna with a comparable size. In contrast to unidirectional EM wave radiation at their solely resonant frequencies, the PTMR antenna showcases omnidirectional B‐field radiation with continuous tunability in a dual frequency band spanning from 10 to 100 Hz. Moreover, an air–seawater cross‐medium magnetic field communication is successfully demonstrated. With outstanding performance metrics, the PTMR antenna emerges as a promising solution for efficient long‐distance ELF/SLF cross‐medium communication.

Artery Pulse Waveform Acquired with a Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

For most patients admitted to a hospital, it is a requirement to continuously monitor their vital signs. Among these are the waveforms from ECG and the pulmonary arterial pulse. At present, there are several electronic devices that can measure the arterial pulse waveform. However, they can be affected by electromagnetic wave radiation, and the fabrication of electronic sensors is complicated and contributes to the e-waste, among other problems. In this paper, we propose an optical method to measure arterial pulse based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer composed of two mirrors. A pulse sensor formed by an acrylic cell with a thin membrane is used to gather the vasodilatation of the wrist, forming an air pulse that is enacted by means of a tube to a metallic cell containing a mirror that is glued to a thin silicone membrane. When the air pulse arrives, a displacement of the mirror takes place and produces a shift of the interference pattern fringes given by the Fabry-Perot. A detector samples the fringe intensity. With this method, an arterial pulse waveform is obtained. We characterize this optical device as a test of concept, and its application to measuring artery pulse is presented. The optical device is compared to other electronic devices.

SiC particles/Ti3C2Tx aerogel with tunable electromagnetic absorption performance in Ku band

In response to the issues stemming from electromagnetic wave (EMW) radiation or pollution, there has been a growing emphasis on the research and development of novel electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. In this work, we synthesized an EMW absorbing aerogel composed of SiC particles and Ti3C2Tx, with the structure regulated by PVA. The aerogel features a well-organized 3D network comprising Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (NSs), SiC particles, and PVA wires. At a mass ratio of 1:1 for SiC particles to Ti3C2Tx, the aerogel, when combined with PVA, demonstrated a remarkable reflection loss of -54.5 dB in the Ku band and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.4 GHz at a thickness of 2.04 mm. Even at low densities of 8.8 mg cm−3, the aerogel demonstrated significant mechanical strength, supporting a load equivalent to 1000 times its weight. The superior absorption capabilities of the SiC particles/Ti3C2Tx aerogel can be ascribed to the multiple interface polarization between Ti3C2Tx and SiC particles, and the impedance matching improved by the presence of PVA. These findings underscore the exceptional EMW absorption properties of the SiC particles/Ti3C2Tx aerogel, particularly in the Ku band.

SICK BUILDING SYNDROME experimental study on the effect of bio geometry design on electromagnetic (wi fi) waves in architectural spaces

ABSTRACT Electromagnetic wave are one of the most important source of the invisible pollutants, As these radiation increases with the advancement of the various transmission and wireless technology, When the rate of these electromagnetic wave radiation exceeds the safe or permissible limits, it becomes an environmental pollution affecting human health, especially within the architectural spaces, Which led to the emergence of science comes in the forefront of bio geometry, Which helps to protect against these harmful effects of modern technology while retaining them. The research attempts to reorganize the relationship between architectural design and negative effects of electromagnetic waves, and taking advantage of the organized energy of geometric shape, by conducting a set of laboratory experiments to verify the effect of bio geometry on electromagnetic contaminants within architectural spaces, The study of the effect of Wi Fi waves on groups of mice, Given the similarity of rat characteristics with human characteristics, to be studied, Access to results can be generalized to human, In collaboration with a group of health care professionals. One of the most important basic keys for generating this energy from geometric shapes is the center of the circle or any formation that results in movement (such as overlap, repetition, transparency), chromatic harmony, balance, and the qualitative effect of angles and numbers.

Development of high performance microwave absorption modified epoxy coatings based on nano-ferrites

With the rapid spread of wireless technologies and increasing electromagnetic energy, electromagnetic waves (EMW) have become a severe threat to human health. Therefore, minimizing the harmful effects of electromagnetic wave radiation is possible through the development of high-efficiency EMW absorption coatings. The aim of this work was to generate microwave absorbance coatings containing synthesized nano-CuFe2O4 and nano-CaFe2O4. Firstly, nano-CuFe2O4 and nano-CaFe2O4 were synthesized using the sol–gel method. Then, their structure, electrical, dielectric, and magnetic properties were investigated to find out the possibility of using these materials in high-frequency applications (e.g., microwave absorbance coatings). After that, two dosages (2.5 wt% and 5 wt%) of nano-CuFe2O4 and nano-CaFe2O4 were incorporated into epoxy resin to prepare modified epoxy resin as microwave coatings. The dielectric studies show that the AC conductivity of the prepared samples is high at high frequencies. Additionally, the magnetic properties reveal a low coercivity value, making these samples suitable for high-frequency devices. The microwave results illustrate that adding nano-ferrites with high content enhances the absorption characteristics of the tested films. The results showed that the two films have two absorption bands with RL < –10 dB ranging from 10.61 to 10.97 GHz and from 10.25 to 11.2 GHz. The minimum return loss achieved for the two cases is −13 and −16 dB, respectively. Indicating that the film coated with CuFe has a better absorption value than the one coated with CaFe.

Partial Discharge Detection Method of Electrical Equipment Based on UHF Method

Partial discharge is an early symptom of insulation defects. In the field application, the detection method can not accurately identify those noise signals mixed in the partial discharge signal, which limits the detection to a certain extent. Based on UHF method, a partial discharge detection method for electrical equipment is designed. When partial discharge occurs, the exchange between charges, the radiation of electromagnetic waves and the consumption of energy will occur at the discharge position, causing the change of electrode potential. For the phase distribution spectrum, the signal characteristics produced by partial discharge are extracted from three aspects: statistical information, time domain information and frequency domain information. During detection, UHF sensor is placed on the basin insulator, and then UHF signal is received. Insulation defects are identified according to various differential discharge patterns formed by the discharge characteristics of different defects. Test results show that the signal spectrum detected by UHF partial discharge roughly matches the typical discharge spectrum, and it is determined that there is partial discharge in this area. This method has high positioning accuracy and meets the detection requirements of electrical equipment.

Second Harmonic Electromagnetic Wave Emissions from a Turbulent Plasma with Random Density Fluctuations

In the solar wind, electromagnetic waves at the harmonic plasma frequency 2ω p can be generated as a result of coalescence between forward- and backward-propagating Langmuir waves. A new approach to calculate their radiation efficiency in plasmas with external background density fluctuations is developed. The evolution of Langmuir wave turbulence is studied by solving numerically the Zakharov equations in a two-dimensional randomly inhomogeneous plasma. Then, the dynamics of the nonlinear electric currents modulated at frequencies close to 2ω p are calculated, as well as their radiation into harmonic electromagnetic waves. In the frame of this non-self-consistent approach where all transformations of Langmuir waves on density inhomogeneities are taken into account, the electromagnetic wave radiation rate (emissivity) is determined numerically as well as analytically, providing in both cases similar results. Moreover, scaling laws of the harmonic wave emissivity as a function of the ratio of the light velocity to the electron plasma thermal velocity are found. It is also shown how the emissivity depends on the average level of density fluctuations and on the isotropic/anisotropic character of the Langmuir waves’ and density fluctuations’ spectra.

Electromagnetic radiation estimation at the ground plane near fifth‐generation base stations in China by using machine learning method

AbstractA novel method based on machine learning is proposed to estimate the electromagnetic radiation level at the ground plane near fifth‐generation (5G) base stations. The machine learning model was trained using data from various 5G base stations, enabling it to estimate the electric field intensity at any arbitrary radiation point when the base station provides service to different numbers of 5G terminals which are in different service modes. The inputs required for the model include the transmit power of the antenna, the antenna gain, the distance between the 5G base station and 5G terminals, terminal service modes, the number of 5G terminals and the environmental complexity around the 5G base station. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the estimation method, with the mean absolute percentage error of the machine learning model being approximately 5.98%. This level of accuracy showcases the reliability of the approach. Moreover, the proposed method offers low costs when compared with on‐site measurements. The estimated results can be utilised to reduce test costs and provide valuable guidance for optimal site selection, thereby facilitating radio wave coverage or electromagnetic radiation regulation of 5G base stations.

Mapping of Electromagnetic Field Radiation Intensity in the JL Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Area. Kenangan 05 and the Impact of Health in Society

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Electromagnetic waves are a type of wave phenomenon. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that arise due to changes in electric fields and magnetic fields that oscillate with each other. Electromagnetic waves can be generated, one of the ways, from BTS towers so that they can produce intense electromagnetic field radiation. Health problems resulting from exposure to electromagnetic wave radiation cannot be felt directly. However, the longer you are exposed to electromagnetic wave radiation, the more dangerous it will be to your body's health. The aim of this research is to carry out mapping from measuring the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation in the BTS area and to determine the health impact of large electromagnetic field radiation on the surrounding community. Data processing in this research was carried out using quantitative techniques and qualitative techniques, namely by measuring the intensity of the electric field and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves and evaluating the results of the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation as well as conducting interviews as a public health survey. The data obtained in this research was processed using ArcGis and Surfer software for mapping results. Based on the evaluation and mapping results, it shows that the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation is still below the threshold value according to the 2020 ICNIRP standards. Based on the results of this research, there are no significant health effects occurring in the surrounding community.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Investigation of electrical conductivity and electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities of water hyacinth biocarbon impregnated with Cu atom

This paper discusses the impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature of water hyacinth bio carbon composite. This composite is used as an absorber of electromagnetic waves. Because the inference of electromagnetic waves can cause damage to other electronic equipment. In addition, electromagnetic wave radiation can cause various human health problems. The purpose of the research is to obtain a material that is able to absorb electromagnetic waves and increase electrical conductivity, impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature of water hyacinth bio carbon composite. The composite material uses a composition ratio of water hyacinth powder and phenol-formaldehyde of 30:70. The carburization temperatures used were 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C with a heat increase rate of 7 °C/minute. This study used Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), LCR Meter, and vector network analyzer. The results show that the impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature can increase the area of the nanostructure, thereby increasing the formation of micropores in the composite. The higher the carbonization temperature, the percentage of Cu and carbon compounds can increase, while the percentage of crystal structure decreases. Impregnation of Cu atoms further strengthens the composite's absorption of electromagnetic wave radiation. Impregnation of Cu atoms in water hyacinth bio carbon composites at carbonization temperature can increase the electrical conductivity of the composite. The results of this research have potential applications in the electronics industry, batteries, and electrical devices, and can be used to protect devices from electromagnetic interference, especially in telecommunications and the medical field

Lightweight aramid nanofibers/carbon nanotubes/MnFe2O4 composite aerogel for highly efficient microwave absorption

With the booming development and wide applications of modern communication technology, wearable devices are becoming more and more popular in our life. Meanwhile, the pollution and radiation of electromagnetic wave (EMW) is becoming increasingly prominent and threating to human health, equipment operation and military security. Multi-component regulation and spatial microstructure design of microwave absorption materials is an effective strategy for solving the pollution and radiation of electromagnetic wave. Herein, aramid nanofibers/carbon nanotubes/MnFe2O4 (ACF) composite aerogel were prepared through the combination of freeze-drying technique and hydrothermal method. Impedance matching of aramid nanofibers/carbon nanotubes aerogel is improved by introducing MnFe2O4 particles, inducing to that EMW is more easily incident into aerogel and then attenuated by microwave absorber. In addition, the three-dimensional networks structure of aerogel can enhance the multiple reflection and scattering, and improve the loss capacity of EMW. ACF05 aerogel exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −64.6 dB at 12.0 GHz and broad effective absorption bandwidth of 5.0 GHz under thickness of 2.1 mm. The excellent microwave absorption (MA) performance of ACF aerogel mainly comes from the synergistic effect of three-dimensional networks structure, impedance matching, dielectric loss and magnetic loss.

A COMPACT HONEYCOMB-STRUCTURED RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA WITH COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE FEED FOR MULTIBAND WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

The design and implementation of reconfigurable antennas in wireless applications play a tremendous role in minimizing the hardware size of wireless devices. An antenna with the potential to vary its frequency of operation, radiation pattern, and polarization according to the requirement is known as a reconfigurable antenna. Here a novel honeycomb-structured frequency and pattern-reconfigurable monopole antenna has been designed. A honeycomb structure provides better bandwidth as it has multiple edges; angles of the hexagon allow for more efficient radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves and it offers a symmetric radiation pattern. It is compact, with higher packing density. A lowcost FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm and a compact size of 25 mm &amp;times; 42 mm is used in the design. The antenna can be operated in four modes using two PIN diodes. In mode 0 it can resonate at 2.4 GHz, which is commonly used for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth communication, while in mode 1 it operates at 2.8 GHz and 1.8 GHz for mobile communication. In mode 2 it operates at 2.7 GHz as well as 1.8 GHz, and in mode 3, it works at 1.8 GHz and 3.6 GHz for WiMAX communication. This antenna has a peak gain value of 3.99 dBi. Thus, by changing the geometry/structure, antenna performance can be improved. The proposed design is fabricated on FR-4 substrate material, and the parameters such as return loss (S&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;) and bandwidth are validated. The simulated results and the measured results match well.