Superficial Palmar Branch Of Radial Artery Research Articles

Digital skin defect management: Hand and wrist volar flap solutions

BackgroundSelecting the optimal flap for managing digit skin defects is challenging, particularly for inexperienced surgeons, given the numerous reconstructive options and insufficient evidence supporting one flap type's superiority over another. This retrospective study introduces four efficacious hand flaps to address volar skin defects and transverse and oblique cuts, examines the optimal flap advancement distance, and discusses effective management. MethodsPatients with digit skin defects who underwent flap surgery between 2009 and 2022 were included. Fifty-four patients treated with oblique triangular, volar VY advancement (unilateral and bilateral pedicled volar VY advancement flaps for fingers and thumbs, respectively), reverse homodigital island, and radial artery superficial palmar branch flaps were included. We evaluated the flap advancement distance, flap length, range of motion, complications, and Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire results. ResultsThe median flap advancement distances for triangular oblique (19 patients), unilateral (11 patients), and bilateral pedicled (5 patients) volar VY advancement flaps were 1.3, 1.8, and 2.0 cm, respectively. The flap lengths for the reverse digital island (8 patients) and radial artery superficial palmar branch (11 patients) flaps were 2.4 and 5.0 cm, respectively. Five, three, and one cases of proximal interphalangeal flexion contractures of ≥ -20° were observed in the VY advancement, reverse digital island, and radial artery superficial palmar branch flaps, respectively. One unilateral VY advancement flap case caused severe numbness and neuroma. All complication cases featured >15 and > 20 mm defect lengths on the fingers and thumb, respectively. ConclusionsTo minimize sensory disruption and contractures, we recommend oblique triangular and unilateral pedicle volar VY advancement flaps for finger skin defects up to 12 mm and defects sized 12–15 mm, respectively. Advancement flaps are unsuitable for >15 and > 20–25 mm defects on the fingers and thumb, respectively.

Finger defect reconstruction using the radial artery superficial palmar branch free flap

Purpose: The radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASP) free flap is accepted as a surgical technique for the reconstruction of finger defects. This study revisited the RASP free flap and evaluated its reliability and usefulness in a variety of finger defects. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2022, multiple surgeons at a single institution performed a total of 315 RASP free flap reconstructions. Basic patient demographics and information on the finger defect and flap were assessed, and immediate postoperative flap and donor site-related complications were also studied. Data regarding long-term outcomes, such as the thumb joint range of motion and static two-point discrimination (S2PD), were collected and evaluated to identify statistically significant differences from the unaffected or non-innervated side. Results: The mean postoperative follow-up was 14.8 months. The total flap survival rate was approximately 91.4%. There was no statistically significant difference in mean postoperative palmar abduction and radial abduction between the affected and unaffected thumbs in both groups. In the single-digit group, there was a statistically significant difference in S2PD between the innervated flap and unaffected side. A statistically significant difference was also found between innervated and non-innervated flaps in the multiple-digits group. Conclusion: The RASP free flap is a valuable surgical option in reconstructing finger defects. It has already been proven to be safe and useful in coverage of single and tip defects. Stability should be ensured when there are multiple defects. Finally, the donor site morbidity is minimal and the recovery of sensation, once the flap is reinnervated, could be promising.

Dual intravascular stent flipping technique for microvascular anastomosis

The anastomosis of vessels <0.5mm in diameter is challenging. We developed a supermicrosurgical anastomosis technique, the dual intravascular stent flipping technique with a double or single clip (dual flipping technique, double-clip technique, and single-clip technique). In the dual flipping technique, we used a 7-0 nylon intravascular stent and clipped the vessel along with the nylon. The double-clip technique was performed in 10 rats with 20 saphenous and 15 superficial inferior epigastric arteries. Immediate and 1-week patency rates were assessed. Subsequently, we examined ten epigastric arteries in five rats with the single-clip technique. The clinical application was performed in six cases involving finger/fingertip amputations, two cases involving radial artery superficial palmar branch flap, and one case involving superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. Using the double-clip technique, the immediate patency rate was 90% and 93% in the saphenous and superficial epigastric arteries, respectively, whereas the 1-week patency rate was 81%. With the single-clip technique, the immediate patency rate was 100%. The replantation and flaps were successful. The advantages of the dual flipping technique included easy insertion, rare slipping-out possibility, and spontaneous vessel dilation by the flipped nylon. Additionally, the posterior vessel wall could be sutured more easily than could the anterior wall. By using the elasticity of the thread to invert the blood vessel, the posterior wall can be sutured without the double clip. When forceps tip insertion into the lumen is difficult, the dual flipping technique enables a relatively easy anastomosis if the 7-0 nylon is inserted into the vessel lumen.

Video recording of hand surgeries using a field of view (FOV) matching USB camera module and smartphone in the era of COVID-19.

As the online medium has gained in popularity due to the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, video recording of surgical procedures has become crucial in medical education. Various methods for recording are available but many require professional equipment and experienced personnel. Here, we propose a feasible and acceptable method for video recording of surgeries. An M12 mount USB camera, which is based on an Android micro-USB, was utilized. The device was purchased from a website for $32-$40. The camera was mounted between the eyes of the binocular loupes. Surgical procedures were recorded with the camera. The optimal settings were determined according to the types of surgeries. We recorded the following surgical procedures: radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASP) free flap harvest, carpal tunnel release, and free flap operation. The default values were retained for all settings, but the highest image quality (1080 p) was selected with an 8 mm lens. The camera battery was sufficient to record each surgery in its entirety. The USB camera produced high-quality videos that perfectly matched the surgeon's field of view without the need for additional staff for recording. This low-cost equipment could be widely employed for the recording of educational videos for surgeons, especially in the era of COVID 19.

Facilitated harvesting of a radial artery superficial palmar branch flap for reconstruction of moderate finger skin defects

Radial artery superficial palmar branch harvesting is technically challenging, especially for inexperienced hand surgeons. The short pedicle and a damaged recipient digital artery require proximal digital artery dissection and relatively long pedicles. Herein, we describe a facilitated flap elevation technique and its application in various cases. From 2013 to 2021, 10 patients with finger injuries received radial artery superficial palmar flaps. We assessed flap survival, sizes, complications, two-point discrimination, and the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test results. The main shortcoming of a radial artery superficial palmar flap is its short pedicle. Therefore, we developed a long skin flap design in the long axis direction, and the accompanying vein was dissected proximally to the radial artery to obtain a long pedicle. All flaps survived. The median flap dimension was 5.0×2.2cm (maximum size: 6.0×2.0+5.0×2.0cm [for a bilobed flap]). While nerve reconstruction was performed in one patient, all patients had preserved sensation. A sufficiently long pedicle can be obtained by dissecting the accompanying vein proximally to the radial artery. Perforators found in the skin around the scaphoid tubercle in all cases suggest value in including this region in flap design. To obtain a longer pedicle, the flap was developed with the long-skin design in the long-axis direction. Although the accompanying vein is usually thin and difficult to anastomose with the finger vein, its proximal dissection led to the accompanying vein of the radial artery that facilitated the harvesting of a sufficiently long vein.

Observation of the Absence of Ulnar Artery in a Patient Planned to Free Dorsoulnar Artery Perforator Flap for Finger Defect: Is Preoperative Doppler evaluation of Perforator Alone Sufficient?

Abstract Background Volar finger defects where critical structures exposed are always challenging for plastic surgeons. In these types of defects, local flaps, cross finger flaps, abdominal flaps, and free flaps are used. Free dorsoulnar artery perforator (DUAP) flaps and superficial palmar branch of radial artery (SPBRA) flaps are also used. In this case, we present a patient who was scheduled to receive a DUAP flap to address defect on the second finger of right hand; however, we repaired the defect with a SPBRA flap because intraoperative absence of the ulnar artery was observed. Materials and Methods A 34-year-old male patient was admitted with a wound that exposed the tendon and neurovascular bundle on the volar side of the second finger of the right hand. A free DUAP flap was planned for the patient. A perforator was detected during the preoperative Doppler ultrasound examination. While dissecting the perforator, we noted the absence of an ulnar artery proximal to the perforator vessel. The elevated SPBRA flap from same extremity and the defect were closed. Results Postoperative computer tomography showed an absence of the ulnar artery distal to the right antecubital region. No complications were seen in the donor and recipient areas. Long-term motor movements were natural, and the patient's quality of life was good. Conclusion Determining the perforator site using Doppler alone may not be sufficient in preoperative evaluation of patients scheduled to receive DUAP flaps. Performing an Allen test and using advanced imaging methods can prevent surgeons from encountering a bad surprise.

Anatomical variations of the innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch flap: A series of 28 clinical cases.

BackgroundThe innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch (iRASP) flap was designed to provide consistent innervation by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCMN) to a glabrous skin flap. The iRASP flap is used to achieve coverage of diverse volar defects of digits. However, unexpected anatomical variations can affect flap survival and outcomes.MethodsCases in which patients received iRASP flaps since April 1, 2014 were retrospectively investigated by reviewing the operation notes and intraoperative photographs. The injury type, flap dimensions, arterial and neural anatomy, secondary procedures, and complications were evaluated.ResultsTwenty-eight cases were reviewed, and no flap failures were observed. The observed anatomical variations were the absence of a direct skin perforator, large-diameter radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASP), and the PCMN not being a single branch. Debulking procedures were performed in 16 cases (57.1%) due to flap bulkiness.ConclusionsIn some cases, an excessively large RASP artery was observed, even when there was no direct skin perforator from the RASP or variation in the PCMN. These findings should facilitate application of the iRASP flap, as well as any surgical procedures that involve potential damage to the PCMN in the inter-thenar crease region. Additional clinical cases will provide further clarification regarding potential anatomical variations.

Comparison of therapeutic efficacy between venous flap and the flap with superficial palmar branch of radial artery in reconstruction of the defect of finger with segmental defect of proper digital artery

Objective To compare the effectiveness of venous flap and the flap based on superficial palmar branch of radial artery (SPBRA) in the reconstruction of the defect of finger with segmental defect of proper digital artery. Methods From July, 2014 to March, 2018, 40 patients with soft tissue defects of finger and the proper arteries were treated by the venous flaps (18 cases, group A) and the flaps based on SPBRA (22 cases, group B). The operative time, postoperative 2-PD of the flaps, appearance, patient satisfaction, flaps donor site complications, flaps survival rate and the motion of digital joints were observed and compared by software SPSS 17.0. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Forty flaps all survived, and the wounds healed primarily. The operative time of group A was (78.89±7.36) min, which was shorter than that of group B (97.27±9.26) min, with statistically significant difference (P 0.05). Conclusion A higher survival rate and satisfactory clinical efficacy can be achieved by the venous flaps and the flap based on SPBRA while the area of defect in hand soft tissue, where there exists a segmental defect of proper arteries, is small. In terms of the recovery of sensing, the first choice is the flap based on SPBRA. In considering of the difficulty in surgical operation, the venous flap is a relatively simple procedure. Key words: Superficial palmar branch of radial artery; Venous flap; Finger injuries; Microsurgical operation

Repairing dorsal complex tissue defect of finger with flaps based on superficial palmar branch of radial artery with palmaris longus tendon

Objective To explore the clinical effects in repairing dorsal complex tissue defect of finger with the flap based on superficial palmar branch of radial artery (SPBRA) with palmaris longus tendon. Methods From May, 2011 to October, 2017, dorsal complex tissue defects of 15 fingers and thumbs in 15 patients were treated by the flaps which were based on SPBRA with palmaris longus tendon. There were 10 males and 5 females, in an average of 35.8 (19-51) years. All the defects (3 thumbs, 5 index, 2 middle and 5 ring fingers) were dorsal complex tissue defects and all had extensor tendon defects. The areas of soft tissue defect measured 2.0 cm×1.5 cm to 4.0 cm×2.0 cm. The lengths of tendon defect measured 2.0-4.0 cm. All patients received emergency surgery. The time before the surgery was 1.5-3.0 hours. The surgery time was 3.0-4.5 hours, 3.6 hours in an average. Postoperative regular follow-up. Results All of the wounds healed in stage I and all flaps survived. Texture of the flaps was soft with rosy color. No obvious swelling occurred. All the donor sites healed in stage I. The patients were followed-up for 4-18 months, 8 months in an average. The appearance and function of the repaired fingers and thumbs were satisfactory. The pain, temperature and touch sensations were good. The color of flaps was similar to the normal finger without swelling. The wear resistance of the flaps was good. Thin-line scars were in the wrist donor sites without contracture. The range of motion of active palmar flexion of the wrist was from 0° to 80° and active hyperextension was from 0° to 70°. No obvious limitation was found. Conclusion It is able to achieve a satisfactory clinical effects by using the flap that is based on SPBRA with palmaris longus tendon in repairing the dorsal complex tissue defect of hand. The advantages of the technique are that the donor site is concealed. The wound is small, and the flap is easy to be harvested and anastomosed. Key words: Superficial palmar branch of radial artery flaps; Complex tissue flaps; Palmaris longus tendons; Finger; Repair

The free neurovascular transverse wrist crease flap for repairing soft tissue defects of the fingers: clinical outcomes of multiple centers

BackgroundFlap transplantation is often needed for soft tissue defects of the fingers that cannot be closed directly. Sensory reconstruction of the fingers is important for patients to recover feelings. In this study, we report clinical outcomes of using free neurovascular transverse wrist crease flap for repairing finger defects from multiple centers.MethodsThis case series includes 72 consecutive patients with finger defects between June 2013 and June 2016 from multiple centers. A neurovascular transverse free radial artery superficial palmar branch flap, named transverse wrist crease flap, was designed to reconstruct soft tissue defects of the fingers with microvascular anastomosis. When there were soft tissue defects of the fingers with digital nerve defect, end-to-end neurorrhaphy between the median palmar cutaneous branch and the digital nerves was also performed. The donor incision was sutured directly. All the patients were followed-up for more than 24 months.ResultsThe soft tissue defects of the fingers were all completely covered with this free neurovascular transverse wrist crease flap, and the flaps in 71 patients survived completely without ischemia. Vascular crisis appeared in one case, and the wound healed gradually after changing wound dressing for nearly 1 month. Slight infections of wounds appeared in eight cases. There were no complications in the donor site, like infection and poor wound healing. At the last follow-up, the mean static two-point discrimination was 9.6 ± 2.4 mm on the injured finger and 4.5 ± 0.8 on the contralateral corresponding finger. The motion range of the distal interphalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint on the injured finger were 72.5 ± 23.3% and 78.7 ± 32.5% of the contralateral corresponding finger, respectively. Patient self-evaluations were good in 53 cases and fair in 19 cases.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the free neurovascular transverse wrist crease flap is a good choice for repairing soft tissue defects of the fingers.Level of evidenceTherapeutic IV

Using Flow-through flap pedicled with superficial palmar branch of radial artery for bridging finger replantation complex defect of soft tissue and vessel

Objective To evaluate the surgical technique and clinical effect of applying Flow-through flap pedicled with superficial palmar branch of radial artery for bridging finger replantation complex defect of soft tissue and vessel. Methods From February, 2013 to March, 2018, 9 cases of severed fingers composited defect of soft tissue and vessel were treated with Flow-through flap pedicled with superficial palmar branch of radial artery. The flap was designed from the proximal end of rasceta and the donor sites were sutured directly. The size of flaps was 3.0 cm ×1.5 cm-4.0 cm×2.2 cm. The superficial branch of the radial artery in the flap was used to bridge the finger artery. And the vein of proximal and distal ends in the finger was bridged by the subcutaneous vein. The proper palmar digital nerve defect was bridged by palm skin graft of median nerve. The appearance, feeling and joint function of fingers was followed-up regularly after operation. Results All transfering flaps survived and all cases were followed-up for 7 to 33 months. The donor sites got primary healing with straight scars. The appearance and texture of the flaps were satisfactory. Two-point discrimination ranged from 8 to 11 mm. The pain sensation, warmth sensation and touch sensation of the flaps got better. And the appearance and functions of severed fingers recovered well. Conclusion The Flow-through flap pedicled with superficial palmar branch of radial artery is easy to harvest and anastomose, which is masked and a small incision for the donor site. It is an ideal method for bridging severed fingers and repairing of finger wound. Key words: Surgical flap; Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery; Flow-through; Replantation of severed digits

Reconstruction of Multiple Fingertip Defects Using the Innervated Radial Artery Superficial Palmar Branch Perforator Flap

Reconstruction of Multiple Fingertip Defects Using the Innervated Radial Artery Superficial Palmar Branch Perforator Flap

Reconstruction of the Fingertip Defect with a Free Radial Artery Superficial Palmar Branch Flap and Iliac Bone Graft

Reconstruction of the Fingertip Defect with a Free Radial Artery Superficial Palmar Branch Flap and Iliac Bone Graft

Clinincal research for superficial palmar branch of radial artery flaps with anastomosed accompanying vein to treat soft tissues defec

Objective To investigate the clinincal curative effects of superficial palmar branch of radial artery(SPBRA) flaps with anastomosed accompanying vein repairing soft tissues defects in fingers. Methods From January, 2016 to June, 2017, 10 cases with soft tissues defects received the operation of superficial palmar branch of radial artery flaps transplantation. In the process of operation, the superficial palmar branch of radial artery(SPBRA) was carefully separated, accompanying vein and superficial vein. The SPBRA was anastomosed with the proper digital artery, while the accompanying vein of superficial palmar branch and superficial vein were anastomosed with the palm vein. The nerve supplied this flap was anastomosed with the proper digital nerve. Mesured the range of motion and two-points discrimination of fingers with following-up. Regular followed-up was performed after operation. Results All patients were followed-up ranged from 6 to 24 months, averaged of 13.8 months. All flaps survived. The shape of flaps was plump and the two-points discriminations ranged from 8 to 12mm. Conclusion Using SPBRA flaps with anastomosed accompanying vein to repair soft tissues defects in fingers, there were minor damage to donor and recipient sites, and the shape and sense of recipient site was perfect. It is a promising treatment choice for patients with soft tissues defects in fingers. Key words: Superficial palmar branch of radial artery; Surgical flap; Finger; Soft tissues defects

Reconstruction of finger composite defects with perforator free flap from the superficial palmar branch of radial artery

Background: Relatively rare scarce number of flaps are used to repair composite defects occurring as a consequence of finger injuries. The main objective in this study is reconstruction of the composite defects of the fingers to share in our study; we aimed to transfer our the experience with the use of the free perforator flap of the radial artery superficial palmar branch (SUPBRA). Materials and Methods: A total of 10 (three women and seven men; age between range, 18 and 47 years) patients who had undergone free composite SUBPRA flap reconstruction, operations between 2010 and 2013 were included in the study. Defect sizes ranged between from 2 cm × 3 cm to 3 cm × 5 cm. The patients were followed up postoperatively for a median an average period of 11.5 (six‑18 months) months. All patients were assessed with static and dynamic two‑point discrimination tests, Semmes‑Weinstein monofilament test, cold intolerance test, time of returning to work, the active total range of motion of the injured fingers, cosmetic appearance of the donor/recipient sites and were also assessed for neuroma the development of neuroma on the donor site. Results: All composite free flaps survived completely, and the follow‑up duration was 11.5 months. The average median operative time was 194 min (180–260 min) and the patients returned to their work their normal life after an average of 13 weeks (11–21). Any complication concerning with donor sites and wrist movements when primary closures were performed was observed. Conclusion: Free SUBPRA flap can be elevated from ipsilateral extremity under regional anesthesia which can be easily used for the reconstruction of composite defects with an advantage of providing a relatively hairless and thinner coverage. Therefore, it can be a perfect alternative for the repair of composite tissue defects encountered in the practice of hand surgery. Keywords: Composite defect, finger injuries, free flap, SUBPRA

The free flap from the superficial palmar branch of radial artery innervated by the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm repair the defects of finger pulp

Objective To explore the outcomes of free flap from the radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASP) innervated by the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm for repairing the defects of finger pulp. Methods From April, 2013 to February, 2015, 20 fingers in 20 cases were treated with free flap from RASP innervated by the later-al cutaneous nerve of the forearm. The area of flap was from 1.8 cm×2.0 cm to 2.0 cm×4.0 cm. Postoperative follow up was done termly. Results All 20 flaps survived. All cases were followed-up for 7-20 months(averag, 12 months). The flaps appeared well with good texture. The two-point discrimination was from 7 mm to 12 mm, and graded with S3 and S3+ sensation.There was little scar noted at the donor site in the wrist.There was no influence of hand and wrist func-tion. Conclusion The method of using free flap from SASP innervated by the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm to repair the defects of finger pulp has good clinical effect. Key words: Free flap; Superficial palmar branch, radial artery; Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm; Finger; Injury

Repairing the defected volar finger with the free micro-flap based on the superficial palmar branch of radial artery

Objective To discuss the clinical application of free micro-flap based on the superficial palmar branch of radial artery (SPBRA) to repair the palmar soft tissue defect of the finger. Methods From October, 2012 to September, 2015, this flap was used in 25 patients to repair the palmar soft tissue defect of the finger. The artery, the vein and the never in the flaps was anastomosed respectively with that in the recipient site. The donor area was sutured directly. Results All patients were followed-up for a mean of 11 months (range, 6-20 months). All 25 flaps survived. The character of flap was good, the appearance and sensitive function obtained satisfactory resume. At the last follow-up, the two-point discrimination was 5-10mm on the affected side. According to the Standard of Evaluation of Thumb-Finger Reconstruction of the Chinese Medical Association, there were excellent in 17 cases, and good in 8 cases. The wounds of donor site healed by 1st intention with no visible scars. The function of thumb was not damaged. Conclusion The free micro-flap based on the SPBRA is feasible for soft-tissue defects of finger bacause the undamaged major blood vessels of donor site, the inconspicuous scar, and the good appearance and sensitive function of repaired fingers. Key words: Radial artery, superficial dorsal branch; Finger, palm; Thenar eminence; Repair; Microsurgical technique

The use of innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch perforator free flap for complex digital injuries reconstruction

Loco-regional flaps have been widely used for the reconstruction of digital injuries without requiring microvascular anastomosis, however, they result in scarring and compromised functional outcomes. This study demonstrates our experience utilizing the innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASPB) perforator free flap for complex digital injury reconstruction. From May 2007 to March 2014, the innervated RASPB perforator free flap was used to reconstruct 79 distal complex hand and digital soft tissue defects of which 14 were used to re-vascularise the distal digit in a flow-through fashion. All free flaps were innervated by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. All 79 free flaps survived and all 14 digits re-vascularized successfully. One flow-through free flap developed distal skin necrosis which healed uneventfully without further procedure. The average follow-up was 21.5 months. Measurement of two-point discrimination ranged from 7 to 13 mm. All patients were satisfied with the aesthetic results. The innervated RASPB perforator free flap is a feasible and effective option for the reconstruction of complex digital defects and the flow-through concept, when utilized in cases with compromised vascularity, provides reliable re-vascularization. Level III, therapeutic study.

Comparison of clinical outcomes of emergency and sub-emergency transfer of radial artery superficial palmar branch flap to repair soft tissue defect of the fingers

Objective To investigate the clinical outcomes of emergency and sub-emergency transfer of radial artery superficial palmar branch flap for repair of soft tissue defect of the finger. Methods From January 2014 to December 2015, 12 cases with traumatic soft tissue defect of the finger were treated. Emergency debridement and radial artery superficial palmar branch flap transfer was carried out in 6 cases. The other 6 cases were treated with debridement vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) and sub-emergency flap transfer. The operation time and two-point discrimination (2-PD) were recorded and compared. Results All 12 flaps survived. Postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 24 months. The operation time in the emergency flap transfer group was shorter than that in the sub-emergency flap transfer group. The difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). Conclusion For coverage of soft tissue defects of the fingers, both emergency and sub-emergency transfer of the radial artery superficial palmar branch flap have equivalent outcomes. Key words: Finger injuries; Surgical flaps; Superficial branch of radial artery; Skin and soft tissue defects

Reconstruction of totally degloved fingers: a novel application of the bilobed spiraled innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch perforator flap design provides for primary donor-site closure.

To investigate the results of resurfacing completely degloved digits using bilobed innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASPB) perforator flap in a spiral fashion. A detailed anatomic study on 30 adult fresh frozen cadavers preinjected with silicone rubber compound to demarcate arterial anatomy documented locations, numbers, and diameters of arteries and skin perforators with surrounding nerves. The flap-raising procedure was performed using four fresh cadaver specimen. We reviewed the reconstruction of 12 digits by using a bilobed spiraled innervated RASPB free perforator flap after non-replantable degloving injury. Two skin paddles were marked out using standard points of reference. At least two separate cutaneous perforator vessels were identified using a hand-held Doppler and were dissected back to the RASPB in retrograde fashion. The skin paddles were then divided between the two cutaneous perforators to provide two separate paddles with a common vascular supply. The skin paddles were stacked in a spiral fashion on the flap inset, effectively increasing the width of the flap to cover the totally degloved finger while still allowing closure of the primary donor-site. The RASPB was present within the flap in all cadavers. The direct perforator and the musculocutaneous perforator were available in 93.33 and 76.67%, respectively, with neither of them in 6.67% of the cases. The constantly present two perforators allowed the design of a new bilobed spiraled innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch perforator flap. We used the proposed flap to reconstruct completely degloved digits in 12 patients (mean age 28.6years; range 17-35years). With our proposed flap, no flap failure or re-exploration occurred and the donor site was closed primarily in all cases. All the flaps survived uneventfully. Total active motion ranged from 92° to 140° and 111° to 155° in the cases with and without metacarpophalangeal joint involvement, respectively. The static 2 point discrimination test varied from 6 to 11mm. All the patients were satisfied with the overall results. The bilobed flap is large enough to cover totally degloved finger defects and contain direct skin perforators, provides a bespoke cover for complex soft tissue defects of completely degloved digits while also improving morbidity and cosmesis of the donor site. Level IV, retrospective series.