Racial Hygiene Research Articles

"Undoubtedly a race, but they are not human": Immuno-politics and the Recognition of the Jew as Pathogenic Nonself in Art Spiegelman's Maus.

This article engages with the immuno-political juxtaposition of the healthy self and the pathogenic other to critically examine the representation of Nazis and Jews in Art Spiegelman's Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel Maus (1996). Written as a postmemory narrative, Maus recounts the horrors experienced by the author's father Vladek Spiegelman as a survivor of the Holocaust that claimed an approximate six million Jewish lives. Beginning with the years leading up to World War II, Spiegelman's novel reimagines the discrimination, dislocation, and dehumanization suffered by Vladek and his family at various prison camps in Nazi-occupied Poland before being transferred to Auschwitz. Deploying an immuno-political reading of Maus, this article investigates how the Third Reich undertook a systematic extermination of the Jewish race by construing them as immunological nonself or pathogenic others. It further argues that Nazism's fantasy of constructing a racially aseptic German identity by eradicating the Jews as vermin or parasites was reinforced by the late nineteenth-century eugenicist ideologies of racial hygiene. This article finally considers how policies of excessive immunization thatwasdeployed by Nazi biopolitics against the Jewish community, as well as exercised by the Jews to survive the Holocaust, eventually assumed the form of an autoimmune pathology that culminatedwith the attempted destruction of the entire medico-juridical infrastructure of the German Reich on the one hand and the fostering of suicidal tendencies by the Jewish survivors on the other.

Social hygiene in Germany in the early twentieth century: Science subject and methodology

Introduction. At the beginning of the 20th century, the theory of social hygiene was widely recognized worldwide. This science’s birthplace is Germany, and its founder is Alfred Grotjahn. In 1904, he presented a scientific concept of social hygiene, including a new hygienic science, field of study, subject, methodology, and scientific methods. Purpose. This study examines the scientific approaches to social hygiene in German academic literature from the early 1900s to the late 1920s. Materials and methods. This study gathered the necessary data by comprehensively reviewing key German manuals and periodic annual compilations. Results. A. Grotjahn viewed social hygiene as a science combining descriptive and normative approaches. By social hygiene, he meant the study of conditions affecting the social hygiene culture of individuals about place, time, and social environment, as well as their offspring. The descriptive component of the science aims to analyze these conditions, while the normative side investigates measures to improve hygienic culture among individuals and their offspring. He proposed to apply the probability theory as a scientific methodology and utilized the scientific methods of statistics, economics, history, sociology, and politics. Until the 1920s, German social hygienists followed Grotjahn’s theory in their manuals. In the mid-1920s, Ferdinand Huppe introduced the concept of constitutional hygiene theory in a multi-volume handbook of social hygiene. It was based on the methods of biology and the principles of racial hygiene. Conclusion. Grotjahn’s scientific concept of social hygiene underwent significant changes and evolution in the early twentieth century. These transformations, which were influenced by introducing new theories and applying different scientific methods, are crucial to understanding the development of social hygiene as a discipline.

The National Front and environmental politics, 1967–90

Abstract The green entanglements of the inter-war British far right are well-documented. Martin Pugh has drawn attention to the predominantly rural, agricultural support base of the British Union of Fascists. We know that the aspiration to go ‘back to the land’ was deeply enmeshed with a politics of racial hygiene, which equated the urban with miscegenation and the rural with purity. However, in the post-war world, British far-right ecologism has typically been interpreted as a curious anomaly driven by cynical realpolitik. This article contends environmental themes as an intellectual staple of British fascism—running from the interwar far right, through the NF, and into the latter’s largest successor organization, the Flag Group. The Front’s preoccupation with the environment, and its racism, were mutually reinforcing, central pillars of its politics. Its environmentalism was alternately revolutionary and conservative, nostalgic and future oriented.

Motherhood, Mental Incompetence, and the Denial of Reproductive Autonomy in the Early Years of Israeli Statehood

Abstract As the State of Israel defined citizenship rights for its Jewish population after independence in 1948, it also began to articulate the rights of those affected by disabilities of the mind—i.e., psychiatric, cognitive, and learning disabilities—by issuing, for example, the “Law for the Management of Institutes” (1952) and the “Law for the Treatment of the Mentally Ill” (1955). Due to haphazard state-building and insufficient funding, however, this process was slow and uneven. In the meantime, people with mental and cognitive disabilities often remained vulnerable to abuse and sexual violence in domestic and institutional spaces and suffered from a lack of proper care and accommodation. Operating on the assumption that disability of the mind could be transmitted from generation to generation, some medical professionals contemplated sterilization as a way to prevent the reproduction of mental disability in the children of affected parents, but the lingering trauma caused by the Holocaust and Nazi racial hygiene hindered their plan. This article examines a 1954 case involving a cognitively disabled woman who was brought to court for neglecting her children. Due to her delinquent parenting, she was slated to undergo sterilization, but her legal incompetence raised a host of ethical questions that tested the psychiatrists’ and judicial authorities’ assumptions about cognitive competence, civic fitness, and reproductive autonomy. By examining contemporary press reports of the legal proceedings, their larger context, and their consequences, this article shows how the woman remained hostage to male-dominated power structures that devalued her dual status as a mother and as a cognitively impaired citizen. While this case study shows how easily overridden were the liberties and protections of those affected by disabilities of the mind, it can also be viewed as a situation that impelled the Israeli public to contemplate the rights of the cognitively disabled, foreshadowing later movements aimed at expanding the boundaries of society to include members of many degrees of ability.

“In Women’s Hands”

Eugenics had popular appeal and expressions in early 20th-century Denmark. This article tells two stories of what eugenics looked like ‘in the hands’ of bourgeois Danish women as they promoted ‘racial hygiene’ through cultural production. The first story highlights the eugenic feminism of nationally acclaimed women’s rights advocate Thit Jensen through a reading of her play The Stork (1929). The second tells of the Copenhagen Housewife Association’s engagement with new media technology and race science through their eugenics radio Listener Group (1934). Read through a lens that pays especially close attention to race and class, I argue that this work identifies them as significant proponents of eugenic ideology and as contributors to the targeting of the poor and working class in the name of ‘racial hygiene’ – a decidedly racist project.

Nazi persecutee and opponent of racial hygiene: The extraordinary life of the “ethnopathologist” Max Kuczynski (1890–1967)

The pathologist Max Kuczynski (1890–1967) gained recognition for his bacteriological research but is also considered the founder of the so-called ethnopathology. As a “non-Aryan,” Kuczynski emigrated from Nazi Germany to Peru, where his elder son was later even to become president. However, the circumstances surrounding the end of Kuczynski’s career in Germany are hardly known. This article takes this research gap as an opportunity to reconstruct his life, the circumstances of his emigration, and his work in South America. Numerous archival documents serve as sources. In the mid-1920s, Kuczynski developed “ethnic pathology,” a new interdisciplinary approach that offered a counter-concept to the increasingly popular racial hygiene in Germany. But his career in Germany ended even before the Nazis came to power in 1933. He was dismissed from the Charité Pathological Institute in October 1932 at the instigation of its new director, Robert Rössle (1876–1956). Personal and financial reasons played a role, but Kuczynski’s rejection of racial hygiene may also have been a decisive factor: Rössle himself turned increasingly to questions of racial hygiene in the Third Reich and used the corpses of Nazi victims for his research. It can be shown that the circumstances of Kuczynski’s dismissal were already catalyzed by anti-Semitic and eugenic tendencies, which were to unleash themselves radically in Germany only a few months later – and even caught up with him in Peruvian exile.

PELAYANAN KEBERSIHAN DINAS KEBERSIHAN, PERTAMANAN, DAN TATA RUANG KOTA BANJARBARU

This research aims to: 1) to find out the hygiene services performed by the Department of hygiene, Gardening, and Spatial Banjarbaru, 2) to know the obstacles faced by the hygiene, Gardening, and Spatial Banjarbaru city janitorial service in 3) to find out a solution to overcome the obstacles faced by the hygiene, Gardening, and Spatial in-Banjarbaru City Janitorial service.This research use the method diskriftif. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation and documentation. Samples taken with the technique of sampling aksiden with a population of 50 people. While the data analysis technique used is qualitative.Results of the study showed, 1) Services Service hygiene, Gardening, and Spatial Banjarbaru in providing services to the citizens of the community hygiene Banjarbaru include: Implementing local regulations concerning the Hygiene of the city, the transport of Waste every day, Garbage Wagon Fleet, Procurement and revenue increase a janitor. 2) obstacles faced by the hygiene, Gardening, and Spatial Banjarbaru in dealing with the issue of hygiene in areas of the city such as: place of the lack of public awareness of the meaning of cleanliness and lack of supervision by a supervisory officer in the field. 3) solution that has been Reached on the basis of constraints faced by a solution undertaken by the Department of hygiene, Gardening, and Spatial Banjarbaru to overcome problems of hygiene in the region namely: Banjarbaru Give socialization to society about the sense of the importance of hygiene service, Held the race – race hygiene and beauty of the city, Assigned to the officer's supervisor in the field to active checking and supervising janitor and hauled back trash bins are still lags behind – because society throw late in his time.

The ideological roots of Nazi eugenics in pathology and its pioneers Martin Staemmler, Ludwig Aschoff, Robert Rössle, and Georg B. Gruber.

This study examines the ideological roots of Nazi eugenics and racial hygiene in the medical field of pathology and its key figures Martin Staemmler (1890-1974), Ludwig Aschoff (1886-1942), Robert Rössle (1876-1956), and Georg B. Gruber (1884-1977). The focus is on their specific approaches to racial hygiene and its legitimization by pathology and its representatives. The study is based primarily on the scientific works and statements of these four pathologists on the content of racial hygiene and the impact of these contributions on Nazi eugenics and its practical implementation in the Third Reich. The paper provides three key findings: (1) Staemmler, Aschoff, Rössle, and Gruber each had a significant impact on the implementation of Nazi eugenics and the legitimization of the Third Reich's health and population policies. (2) They all proclaimed the superiority of the Volksgemeinschaft ('people's community') over the individual and pursued the major objective of ensuring Volksgesundheit ('national health') by preventing the spread of hereditary diseases through sterilizations. (3) The specific relationship to racial hygiene was different for each of the four pathologists: Staemmler had a direct vision of racial hygiene in a national socialist context, Aschoff was committed to the subject long before 1933 and used the Nazi rise to power to reaffirm and expand his position, Rössle and Gruber adopted racial hygiene ideas not until the mid-1930s, but later radicalized their views and lent additional legitimacy to Nazi eugenics in theory and practice. (4) Albeit to varying degrees, all four pathologists bear some responsibility for the medical crimes that resulted from Nazi eugenics and the related policies. It can be concluded that Staemmler, Aschoff, Rössle, and Gruber made considerable contributions to the theory of Nazi eugenics and provided the much-needed scientific legitimization for the Third Reich's health and population policies.

The "Hilfsverein für Geisteskranke" in the Kingdom of Saxony, a Philantropic Organisation for the Mentally Ill

This article provides an overwiew of the history of the "Hilfsverein für Geisteskranke" in the Kingdom of Saxony (later Free State of Saxony) from its foundation in 1898 until its probable dissolution during World War II. The "Hilfsverein" was a philantropic organization that aimed to provide support for the mentally ill and their relatives through financial aid and education. It relied on a network of representatives spanning all of Saxony´s regions. Its work continued during the Weimar Republic after World War I, though by then it had lost influence due to economic loss and other structures of public welfare being established. In the context of the rise in eugenic and social darwinist tendencies during the 1920s, the implications of "racial hygiene" and hereditability came to be discussed among its members. After the takeover of the National Socialist Party in 1933, the "Hilfsverein" was forcibly assimilated into the Nazi welfare system and used to propagate racial ideology.

Nazi functionary or oppositionist in disguise? The complex life of the anatomist Enno Freerksen (1910-2001)

Enno Freerksen (1910-2001) is one of the most prominent German anatomists of his time, as evidenced by numerous international awards. His political role in the Third Reich, however, remains controversial. While some authors describe him an avowed National Socialist, Karl-Werner Ratschko recently speculated about a late turn of Freerksen towards political resistance.The present work takes these contradictions as an occasion for a comprehensive source-based analysis of Freerksen’s activities in the Third Reich. For the first time, a synoptic evaluation of primary sources from eight different archives is undertaken. The study is supplemented by a systematic re-analysis of all available research contributions on Freerksen.The study demonstrates that Freerksen not only joined numerous Nazi organizations – partly even before Hitler came to power –, but also took on several important functions in the Nazi apparatus and worked on National Socialist research topics (e.g. racial hygiene). It can also be shown that his steep scientific career was closely linked to his political activities. The thesis that Freerksen opposed Nazi ideology towards the end of the war, on the other hand, must be clearly rejected. On the contrary: The sources show Freerksen as a National Socialist polyfunctionary, who did not self-critically reflect on his role in the Third Reich even after 1945.

Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics by Jenny Bangham (review).

Reviewed by: Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics by Jenny Bangham Stephen Pemberton Jenny Bangham. Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 328 pp. $40.00 (978-0-226-74003-4) Blood Relations is an extraordinarily perceptive study of the material and ideological relationships that constituted human genetics as a scientific discipline in the mid-twentieth century. The book is remarkable in numerous ways. Chief among them is Jenny Bangham’s nuanced use of historical evidence from Britain to explain how serological studies of blood groups facilitated the advancement of human genetics before, during, and after World War II. A great deal was at stake then, as it is now, in making human genetics an authoritative, trustworthy science. That said, the stakes were significantly different in the mid-twentieth century than they are today. Human genetics in the 1920s was a scientific field in its infancy. Geneticists viewed A, B, and O blood groups with keen interest in the interwar period because these newly discernable hereditary traits seemed wholly unaffected by environment. When large data sets for human blood groups became available with mass blood donation in Britain, geneticists could analyze them with their proven statistical methods and thereby map human genetic diversity at the population level. Historians of science and medicine will thus find in Blood Relations an exemplary study of human genetics that is tightly focused on explaining how the discipline’s epistemic authority was constituted out of a potent intermingling of British “blood, bodies, and bureaucracy” in the mid-twentieth century (pp. 4–5). As Bangham emphasizes, Britain was at the center of the world’s largest empire following World War I. While remaining highly influential, that empire was also in decline. By the time Nazi Germany made clear it posed an existential threat to this island nation, Britain was aggressively searching for “redemptive narratives of community and internationalism” (p. 5). Ironically, then, a foreign nation invested in racial hygiene and German superiority sent Britons en masse to donate blood for the survival of their own body politic. Blood Relations thereby explores how blood “transfers and exchanges” occasioned by a clash of ethnic nationalisms brought “the contours of nation, class, friendship, institution(s), and ethnicity” to bear on the making of human genetics (p. 14). Blood Relations also interprets transfusion medicine’s rise in the late 1930s and 1940s as the scientific and humanitarian opportunity it was in the minds of Britain’s leading geneticists. Bangham’s effective approach is, first, to describe intricately how the serologist’s “wet” laboratory practices were aligned with the “dry” practical paperwork of British state bureaucracy. The latter made transfusion networks robust enough to meet the health demands of a population at risk of annihilation during World War II. Bangham then explains how the large scale of genetic data produced by this wartime infrastructure evolved in the 1950s into a practical means for reforming the eugenic elements within British race science. Such reform was necessary after World War II for developing a humanitarian scientific and state apparatus capable of creating international networks devoted to understanding human genetic diversity at the population level. [End Page 464] If population data on blood groups became the preferred and effective means in Britain for elevating human genetics into a trustworthy science in the mid-twentieth century, then the book’s chief contribution lies in Bangham’s detailed presentation of this acculturated preference. In the 1950s, the trustworthiness of human genetics was rendered consonant with Allied visions of a post-WWII order that openly valorized democratic and humanitarian values. Yet, as Bangham successfully explains, the infrastructure of blood and bureaucracy that gave human genetics its earliest validity also reinforced “the racial ordering of people” (p. 209). Anthropology’s critical role in challenging the race-based science of human genetic diversity is also given its proper due. The book concludes with a thoughtful discussion of what this founding regime of human genetics entailed after DNA supplanted blood as the preferred standard of genetic know-how and governance. Bangham says, “genetics has overwhelmingly maintained its image as an unbiased methodology for detecting human diversity in medical and...

A New Approach to the Life and Oeuvre of Karl Leonhard: His Role as a Psychiatrist under National Socialism and the Influence of "Erlangen School" on his Scientific Position

The aim of this study was to present a new approach to the life and oeuvre of Karl Leonhard, focussing on his role as a psychiatrist during the period of national socialism and on his scientific affiliation to the "Erlangen school". For the first time, documents from Franconian archives have been evaluated. At the University Hospital of Psychiatry in Erlangen, Leonhard described psychopathological states in a very detailed manner as a main component of his phenomenological approach. Although Leonhard was classified as a "follower" during his denazification, temporarily he was "incriminated" due to a denunciation. Leonhard as an opportunist supported the NS racial hygiene without any actual eugenic orientation. Further studies are needed to clarify Leonhard's proclaimed active opposition to NS "euthanasia".

College Chemistry Textbooks Aid and Abet Racial Disparity

This study examines the representation of people of color in 10 US general chemistry textbooks published between 2016 and 2020. On average, people of color appear every 320 pages of text, while white figures are observed every 24 pages. The average percentage of people of color in the textbooks (12%) is well below the percentage in the US general population (40%), college population (46%), and science technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce (33%). Of the images that do include people of color, 26% portray explicitly negative stereotypes (e.g., unclean, poor, sick, primitive, unskilled) and only 31% depict STEM activities. Several textbooks in this study were reported in 2007 to contain racial bias, but no evidence of improvement was observed. To understand the persistence of racial bias, biographical information was used to illuminate the values held by the eight scientists that all 10 textbooks have in common. These eight universally prominent scientists include a lifelong supporter and profiteer of slavery, a trustee of the Human Betterment Foundation (an organization promoting mandatory sterilization for “race betterment”), an executive board member of the Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene, an anti-Semitic bigamist, and a modern advocate of eugenics. We posit that general chemistry textbooks reveal two mechanisms by which racial disparity in STEM is preserved and advanced: (1) through the invisibility and negative stereotyping of people of color and (2) via an oblivious idolatry of scientists who have promoted racist ideologies.

Nazi, collaborator or opponent? The role of the pathologist Robert Rössle in the Third Reich

For many, Robert Rössle is one of the most important pathologists of the first half of the 20th century. His research in the fields of inflammation, constitution, growth and age, and immunity gave him the status of a pioneer. Because he was not a nominal member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Rössle did not have to undergo denazification proceedings and was able to continue his academic career seamlessly after 1945. Only recently, the question of Rössle’s actual role in the Third Reich has been raised – in connection with a possible renaming of the Robert-Rössle-Straße in Berlin. Our paper takes this issue as an opportunity to critically examine Rössle’s involvement in National Socialism. For this study, all available literature and extensive primary material on Rössle from various archives was reviewed and evaluated with regard to the question posed. The investigations show that Rössle held a number of offices in the administrative apparatus of the Nazi state even though not being a party member. They gave him access to high-ranking representatives and most likely also knowledge about medical crimes. Rössle researched and published on hereditary biology and racial hygiene issues, thus supporting the ideology of the Nazi State. Robert Rössle must be regarded as an early proponent of racial hygiene, political collaborator and profiteer of the Third Reich. However, it remains unclear whether he was directly involved in human experiments. There is no evidence that he critically distanced himself from his role in the Third Reich after 1945.

Brain research on Nazi “euthanasia” victims: Legal conflicts surrounding Scientology’s instrumentalization of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society’s history against the Max Planck Society

ABSTRACT In 1985, historian Götz Aly published an article showing that the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, neuropathologist Julius Hallervorden (1882–1965), had acquired brains of Nazi “euthanasia” victims and brain specimens of at least 33 children gassed at the Brandenburg killing center on October 28, 1940, which were still kept by the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research. Aly criticized that the Max Planck Society had suppressed articles by journalist Hermann Brendel in the 1970s claiming that institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society had conducted brain research within the framework of “euthanasia.” New sources show that these articles, which were the subject of a lawsuit, were published in a newspaper called Freiheit run by the German branch of Scientology, of which Brendel was editor-in-chief. The articles were part of Scientology’s antipsychiatry campaign. They mixed historical facts about racial hygiene and “euthanasia” in Nazi Germany with ludicrous and unfounded accusations alleging that violent, racist, and dehumanizing research methods typical in Nazi research were still carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry. The legal conflict between the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG) and Scientology about the role of brain researchers in the Nazi era is analyzed here through combining perspectives from the history of neuroscience and socio-legal history. In contrast to trials of Nazi war crimes against “euthanasia” perpetrators, the civil law case of the MPG against Scientology from 1972 until 1975 instead concerned the instrumentalization of the Nazi past of psychiatry and brain research for ideological and commercial motives. The Scientology case caused social and legal ripples, and its after effects extended to 1986, when the MPG considered taking legal steps against Aly’s publication.

NAROD I RAD: PRILOG PROUČAVANjU NACIFIKACIJE NEMACA U MEĐURATNOJ JUGOSLAVIJI

In mid-1930’s, previously united leadership of the German minority in Kingdom of Yugoslavia became torn apart by the fallout between two mutually opposed and irreconcilable fractions. Group of older and conservative but democratic politicians, with political experience gained already in pre-1918 Austria-Hungary was still in charge of affairs, holding key positions within Schwäbisch-deutsche Kulturbund, the umbrella Volksdeutsche organization in Yugoslavia; however, they were challenged by the so-called Renewalists – younger, energetic politicians who were educated in Germany where they embraced national-socialism and brought it home with them afterwards. Second half of 1930’s oversaw bitter and merciless struggle for power between these two parties that was eventually resolved in mid-1939 by complete victory for Nazis. This paper provides the analysis of the annual publication titled Volk und Arbeit (engl. People and Work), edited by leading Renewalists such as Jakob Awender, Sepp Janko, Gustav Halwax, Fritz Metzger, Heinrich Reister etc. In total of 3 issues available today, stemming from 1937 to 1939, this magazine (”calendar”) published cca. 60 various texts on subject of history, literature, physical education, racial hygiene (eugenics), music, political situation in regard of German minorities in Southeast-European countries etc. Accompanied with powerful and suggestive imagery, these written contributions openly disseminated Nazi ”blood and soil” propaganda among Yugoslav Volksdeutsche readership. However, the impact of Volk und Arbeit remains unclear, as there are no data regarding this matter – no surveys or statistic were made whatsoever. Nevertheless, views and ideas promoted through this magazine clearly indicate which way to look in order to find culprits for tragic events that occured not only during the war, but also in its close and immediate aftermath.

Философский анализ проблемы усовершенствования человека в свете расширения возможностей биотехнологий

The paper examines the transformation of ethical norms governing the activities of “eugenicists” in the context of increasing opportunities for biotechnology. The main question is formulated as follows: whether the successes of science bring novelty to the “humanitarian” sphere of eugenics. Eugenic discourse since its formation in ancient times is characterized by repetitive structural elements, such as the thesis of the degeneration of man in the course of civilizational de­velopment, a reference to “scientific” knowledge and an appeal to power struc­tures as the force that should carry out eugenic transformations in society. It is also noted that at all times eugenic programs have represented a certain chal­lenge to public morality, since the improvement of the “human breed” reduces man to the position of an agricultural animal. The development of biotechnology has made it really possible to adjust the genome (for the first time since the birth of the eugenic idea). However, ethical standards have not changed significantly since the criticism of racial hygiene programs. The progress of biotechnology gives the impression that significant progress is taking place in the “humanitar­ian” part of eugenics. However, a balanced analysis shows that completely dif­ferent processes are taking place in this area. Thus, the turn towards the liberal project marks the abandonment of the central task of classical eugenics, namely the improvement of the species homo sapiens. Whereas the goal of liberal eugen­ics is to correct individual genomes, which cannot significantly affect the ge­nome of mankind. The use of digital technologies, in addition to the direct pur­pose of processing large amounts of data, also serves to blur responsibility for interfering with the human genome, since part of the decisions (for example, di­agnosis and determination of the treatment strategy) are transferred to machine intelligence. This circumstance shows that the search for new arguments in favor of (or against) eugenic policy will be appropriate and in demand.

Reproductive justice for the haunted Nordic welfare state: Race, racism, and queer bioethics in Finland.

The Nordic welfare state aims to offer universal healthcare and achieve good health, bar none. We discuss past and present moral blind spots in welfare state bioethics through reproductive justice and queer bioethics, particularly focusing on race and racism, based on ethnographic data from Finland. Globally portrayed as aspirational and mostly uninterrogated, it is crucial to have a thorough bioethical evaluation of a Nordic model informed by Black and queer perspectives. We have come to conceptualize the Finnish welfare state as haunted. We fear that the seemingly non‐racial racial hygiene continues to haunt bioethics of the welfare state as structural racism. A key cause for this concern is the lack of racial awareness in public politics and the reluctance in discussing racism due to the national agenda of color‐blindness. This crucially compounds to our findings that medical professionals prefer to think they operate on “purely medical” reasoning as opposed to nuanced ethical contemplation, the latter associated with “social issues” that allegedly cannot be resolved and are outside medical interest. We discuss how the bioethical aftermath of eugenics remains unresolved. Racist, classist, sexist, ableist, and cis‐ and heteronormative stratification of reproduction requires a nuanced moral compass for Nordic welfare state bioethics, not “strictly medical practice.” We suggest queer bioethics as a moral theory for recalibrating this compass, joining forces with other justice movements to tackle racism in healthcare and further to interrogate racism, sexism, ableism and cis‐ and heteronormativity in bioethics.

Double Dealing Homunculus, Jung, and Fascistic Proclivities

Fascism is a system of government merging the most extreme features of both authoritarianism and totalitarianism, and is classically considered to be at the far-right end of the political continuum, and sees racial hygiene, political violence, battle, and expansionism as means that can attain national rejuvenation. Emergence of Fascism in the last century in Europe, which had been raised up from somewhat democratic settings, has not been overlooked by intellectuals, who are in search of origins and physiognomies of Fascism. While many of researchers appreciate Fascism as a sociological phenomenon that demands psychological autopsy, there are investigators, as well, who are in search of developmental, biological, political, economical or administrative backgrounds of Fascism. In this regard, the connection between Jung and Fascism, also, was an intricate story that has been reflected again in a number of new studies. In the present article, Fascism, as a political dogma in the spectrum of authoritarianism, though not an unfamiliar administrative scheme in the globe and history, has been looked over psychosocially, along with some remarkable standpoints of some of the most known intellectuals, who were studying Fascism, Fascists, and masses in close proximity.

EUGENICS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND POLITICS IN LATVIA DURING WORLD WAR II: THE INVESTIGATION FILE OF THE MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY OF THE LATVIAN SSR IN THE CASE OF THEODOR UPNERS

This study, based on the materials of the 1948 investigation of the Ministry of State Security of the Latvian SSR, traces and analyzes the scientific and administrative activities of Theodor Upners (1898-1992) during the Nazi occupation regime in Latvia. From 1942 until the end of the occupation in 1944, Upners was formally the leading eugenics specialist in Latvia. During this time, in 1942 he visited Germany on a scientific trip, gave a course on eugenics at the University of Riga, and in 1943 published the book «The Role of Eugenics in the Life of the Nation and the State». In the 1948 investigation, he was accused of collaborating with the Nazi occupation authorities and glorifying Nazi racial theory. The materials of the investigation indicate that the Upners’ Case was, at least in part, an episode of the repressions towards genetic that began in the Soviet Union. Upners acknowledged his collaboration with the Nazi occupation authorities, but denied – and this is confirmed by his published work – the glorification of racial theory and any calls for racial hygiene. Upners continued to fight to have these charges dropped until his rehabilitation in 1990. In this study, analyzing Upners’ activities during the Nazi occupation in the range between collaboration and resistance, against the background of his story, it is argued that the ideas of Nazi racial hygiene did not find support and adherents among Latvian academic scientists, and the rare public speeches about racial superiority were a tribute to political interests of the occupation regime.