Quiet Phase Research Articles

A Multiplex Rupture Sequence Under Complex Fault Network Due To Preceding Earthquake Swarms During the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula, Japan, Earthquake

AbstractA devastating earthquake with moment magnitude 7.5 occurred in the Noto Peninsula in central Japan on 1 January 2024. We estimate the rupture evolution of this earthquake from teleseismic P‐wave data using the potency‐density tensor inversion method, which provides information on the spatiotemporal slip distribution including fault orientations. The results show a long and quiet initial rupture phase that overlaps with regions of preceding earthquake swarms and associated aseismic deformation. The following three major rupture episodes evolve on segmented, differently oriented faults bounded by the initial rupture region. The irregular initial rupture process followed by the multi‐scale rupture growth is considered to be controlled by the preceding seismic and aseismic processes and the geometric complexity of the fault system. Such a discrete rupture scenario, including the triggering of an isolated fault rupture, adds critical inputs on the assessment of strong ground motion and associated damages for future earthquakes.

Measurement of the lengths of different sections of the upper airway and their predictive factors.

No studies have been conducted to define the lengths of the upper airway's different segments in normal healthy adults. This study aimed to determine the length of the subglottis and extrathoracic trachea and the factors affecting it. This was an observational retrospective review study. Included 102 adult patients who underwent CT scan during the quiet inspiration phase of the upper airway. The results revealed significant positive linear relationships between height and both anterior and posterior subglottic measurements (p < 0.001). Additionally, a statistically significant, moderately strong negative correlation between age and extrathoracic tracheal measurements (p > 0.001) was observed. Men exhibited longer anterior (p < 0.001) and posterior (p > 0.001) subglottic measurements. In both sexes, the average length of the anterior subglottis was 14.16 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.72) mm, posterior subglottis was 14.51 (SD: 2.85) mm and extrathoracic trachea was 66.37 (SD: 13.71) mm. We concluded that a normal healthy adult's anterior subglottis length is 6.3-19.3 mm (mean: 14.16 [SD: 2.72] mm), posterior subglottis length is 6.1-20.0 mm (mean: 14.51 [SD: 2.85] mm) and extrathoracic trachea length is 25.2-98.5 mm (mean: 66.37 [SD: 13.71] mm). Age, height and sex affected the upper airway length.

Multimission view of the low-luminosity ‘obscured’ phase of GRS 1915+105

ABSTRACT GRS 1915+105 has been observed in an ‘obscured’ phase since 2019 May, exhibiting steady and low X-ray luminosities with sporadic re-brightenings. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive and wide-band analysis of the spectral and timing properties of the source during the period 2019–2021 using observations from AstroSat (SXT: 0.5–8 keV; LAXPC: 3–60 keV), the Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) (0.5–12 keV), and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) (3–60 keV). Spectral analysis reveals the presence of a highly variable obscurer ($N_{\rm H_{\rm 1}}\sim$ 1022–1024 atoms cm−2) throughout the observation period. The source is detected in the low/hard state for most of the time, with the spectra being described by a Comptonized component (Γ ∼ 1.16–1.79, kTe ∼ 2–31 keV). The source spectra steepen (Γ ∼ 2.5), indicating a softening of the spectrum, during the rise of the re-brightenings. Various emission and absorption lines corresponding to the neutral Fe Kα, Fe xxv Kα, Fe xxvi Kα, and the Ni xxviii Kα were detected, with the equivalent widths varying in the range 70 eV–3.5 keV. The column density of the absorbing plasma varied in the range 1016–1018 atoms cm−2 at a distance ≤2 × 1010 cm. Interestingly, the source is also seen to exhibit various variability classes (ρ, λ, δ, χ) at relatively low luminosities (∼0.01 LEdd) during the re-brightening phases. Different variability classes show the signature of quasi-periodic oscillations (νQPO: 20–180 mHz, rmsQPO: 7.5 per cent–16 per cent). The source showed a maximum bolometric luminosity (Lbol) of ∼0.01 LEdd (re-brightening phases) and a minimum Lbol of 0.004 LEdd (quiet phase) during the period. We discuss the possible disc dynamics around the black hole during this low-luminosity ‘obscured’ phase.

A highly stable and fully tunable open microcavity platform at cryogenic temperatures

Open-access microcavities are a powerful tool to enhance light–matter interactions for solid-state quantum and nanosystems and are key to advance applications in quantum technologies. For this purpose, the cavities should simultaneously meet two conflicting requirements—full tunability to cope with spatial and spectral inhomogeneities of a material and highest stability under operation in a cryogenic environment to maintain resonance conditions. To tackle this challenge, we have developed a fully tunable, open-access, fiber-based Fabry–Pérot microcavity platform that can be operated under increased noise levels in a closed-cycle cryostat. It comprises custom-designed monolithic micro- and nanopositioning elements with up to mm-scale travel range that achieve a passive cavity length stability at low temperature of only 15 pm rms in a closed-cycle cryostat and 5 pm in a more quiet flow cryostat. This can be further improved by active stabilization, and even higher stability is obtained under direct mechanical contact between the cavity mirrors, yielding 0.8 pm rms during the quiet phase of the closed-cycle cryocooler. The platform provides the operation of cryogenic cavities with high finesse and small mode volume for strong enhancement of light–matter interactions, opening up novel possibilities for experiments with a great variety of quantum and nanomaterials.

Movement Onset Detection Methods: A Comparison Using Force Plate Recordings

Computational approaches for movement onset detection can standardize and automate analyses to improve repeatability, accessibility, and time efficiency. With the increasing interest in assessing time-varying biomechanical signals such as force-time recordings, there remains a need to investigate the recently adopted 5 times the standard deviation (5 × SD) threshold method. In addition, other employed methods and their variations such as the reverse scanning and first derivative methods have been scarcely evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the 5 × SD threshold method, 3 variations of the reverse scanning method, and 5 variations of the first derivative method against manually selected onsets, in the countermovement jump and squat. Limits of agreement with respect to onsets, manually selected from unfiltered data, were best for the first derivative method using a 10-Hz low-pass filter (limits of agreement: -0.02 to 0.05s and -0.07 to 0.11s for the countermovement jump and squat, respectively). Thus, even when the onset of unfiltered data is of primary interest, filtering before calculating the first derivative is necessary as it reduces the amplification of high frequencies. The first derivative approach is also less susceptible to inherent variation during the quiet phase prior to the onset compared to the other approaches investigated.

Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite

Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry crucial information regarding their origin and propagation throughout the interstellar environment. When observed at the Earth, after traversing the interplanetary medium, such spectra are heavily affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field permeating the inner sectors of the heliosphere. The activity of the Sun changes significantly over an 11 yr solar cycle—and so does the effect on cosmic particles; this translates into a phenomenon called solar modulation. Moreover, GCR spectra during different epochs of solar activity provide invaluable information for a complete understanding of the plethora of mechanisms taking place in various layers of the Sun’s atmosphere and how they evolve over time. The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) has been continuously collecting data since 2018 August, during the quiet phase between solar cycles 24 and 25; the activity of the Sun is slowly but steadily rising and is expected to peak around 2025/2026. In this paper, we present the first spectra for ∼50–250 MeV galactic protons measured by the HEPD-01 instrument—placed on board the CSES-01 satellite—from 2018 August to 2022 March over a one-Carrington-rotation time basis. Such data are compared to the ones from other spaceborne experiments, present (e.g., EPHIN, Parker Solar Probe) and past (PAMELA), and to a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model describing the GCRs propagation through the heliosphere.

Association of Dry Eye with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a common allergic disease seen in children. The allergic component is caused by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and mast cell-mediated pathway. It is proposed to be a combination of immune system, genetic, and environmental factors. Secondary dry eye develops secondary to inflammatory disease namely vascular, allergic, environmental conditions like allergens, cigarette smoke, hormonal changes, systemic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, eye surgeries such as refractive surgery and systemic medications, such as diuretics and antihistamines. Co-existence of dry eye and VKC can worsen the symptoms of the patient and may also lead to prolonged and unnecessary treatment of the disease. Aim: To study the association of dry eye with VKC by Schirmer’s test and Tear Film Breakup Time (TBUT). Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Opthalmology, Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Research Centre, Tumkur, Karnataka, India, from December 2020 to June 2022. Thirtythree patients of age group between 5-20 years with symptoms of VKC were evaluated for dry eye using Schirmer’s test and TBUT, respectively. Each patient was subjected to detailed history taking, followed by ocular examination as per the predesigned proforma. The patients were subjected to the tear film analysis using Schirmer’s test and TBUT. A total of 33 patients were evaluated and the data was compiled. The association between categorical variables were analysed by using Chi-square test. The data was analysed by using Statistical Package fot the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. The parameters compared were the type of dry eye with the type of VKC. Results: The mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age of the study group was found to be 11±1.5 years. Out of 33 patients, 69.69% of all the cases were seen in the 5-12 years age group. There was male preponderance in the present study with 63.63% of patients being male child. VKC was most commonly seen as mixed accounting for 57.57% of cases. In the current study, it was discovered that 60.6% of cases showed no sign of dry eye, whereas 39.82% of cases had dry eye. The dry eye was more commonly seen in mixed type of VKC. The p-value was statistically significant (p-value&lt;0.001) for association of dry eye with mixed type of VKC. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the co-existence of dry eye with VKC. There was a significant association of dry eye with VKC and type of VKC as well, which might have long-term effects on the ocular surface. These ocular surface alterations exist during active and the quiet phase of VKC. The patients of VKC may need a long-term follow-up and treatment for this ocular surface alteration.

Spitsbergen Through The Times

British mining and exploration companies were active in Spitsbergen, today Svalbard, between 1904 and 1953. This period was marked by events like the First World War and the signing of the Spitsbergen Treaty, some say Svalbard Treaty, and was therefore politically charged. This article investigates the British Arctic enterprise as portrayed in an influential newspaper, the London Times, where a diverse range of items appeared across the sections Advertising, Business, News, Editorials, and Letters to the Editor. Reports of the London Stock Exchange and the London Gazette serve as factual counterweights to potentially subjective media coverage. In four distinct phases, we see the archipelago’s emergence in global politics, post-war optimism until the settlement of all claim disputes in 1927, a quiet phase caused by global economic depression, and renewed but short-lived optimism after the Second World War. The paper concludes that the British Government took a stance in the Spitsbergen Question already in 1907, and the Times could not be instrumentalised to change this official political opinion. The study offers a baseline for new and comparative research using similar historical sources.

Targeted Search for Fast Radio Bursts with Nanshan 26 m Radio Telescope

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are radio transients that are bright and have short duration, with their physical mechanism not being fully understood. We conducted a targeted search for bursts from FRB 20201124A between 2021 June 2 and July 20. High time-resolution data were collected for 104.5 hr using the ROACH2-based digital backend. We introduce the details of our FRB search pipeline which is based on HEIMDALL and FETCH. Testing of the injected mock FRBs search could help us better understand the performance of the pipelines, and improve the search algorithms and classifiers. To study the efficiency of our pipeline, 5000 mock FRBs were injected into the data and searched using the pipeline. The results of the mock FRB search show that our pipeline can recover almost all (≳90%) the injected mock FRBs above a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) threshold of 15, and the performance is still acceptable (≳80%) for injected S/Ns from 10 to 15. The recovery fraction displays relations with S/N, dispersion measure and pulse width. No bursts were detected from FRB 20201124A in the middle of 2021. The non-detection of FRB 20201124A may be due to its quiet phase window or no emission above the threshold of the Nanshan telescope.

Research of visual attention in basketball shooting: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Visual attention has a significant impact on shooting performance in basketball. Over the past 35 years, researchers have explored individual concepts of visual attention, such as gaze fixation, the number and direction of saccades, and their effects on shooting accuracy. The last gaze fixation, also known as the quiet eye, was found to be particularly important. The aim of this paper was therefore to systematically review the literature to present how visual attention and the quiet eye contribute to shooting performance and how they are affected by anxiety, training, defensive pressure, and fatigue. The 26 articles selected were divided into two categories; the first category included studies that examined visual attention during free throws, and the second category included studies examining jump shots. In addition, we performed a meta-analytic comparison to determine whether the duration of the quiet eye differs with respect to temporal constraints. Results show that for both jump shots with or without defence and free throws, a longer quiet eye durations and a lower number of gaze fixations are associated with better performance. For a successful shot, the quiet eye phase must occur at the right moment, which is likely due to visuomotor reaction latency prior to elbow extension. Furthermore, improvement in shooting performance can be achieved through quiet eye training or traditional training. Nevertheless, individual factors such as quiet eye timing, systematic training, and visual attention in top basketball players of different playing positions need to be further explored as this will provide even more information for individual’s improvement.

Influence of the relative insulin deficiency of the mother on the functional state of the central nervous system of the fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy

85 women from the 28-th to the 40-th week of pregnancy were examined.Nineteen women with impaired glucose tolerance in the third trimester of pregnancy formed the control group. Forty women had gestational diabetes and 26 insulin independent diabetes. The data reveal negative influence of relative insulin insufficiency in expectant mothers on formation of the central neural system of the fetus that is displayed in shortening or even absence of quiet state phase, prolongation of the intermediate state, decrease of motor-cardiac reflex. The intensity of these disturbances depends upon the diabetes type and the rate ofits compensation.

Effect of Lingual Frenotomy on Tongue and Lip Rest Position: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial

Introduction The tongue plays an important role in the development of craniofacial structures. At rest, the light and constant pressure of the tongue against the hard palate, counterbalanced by the pressure provided by proper lip sealing, serves as a guide for maxillary growth. Ankyloglossia makes tongue coupling against the hard palate difficult, impacting maxillary development, which may lead to breathing disorders. Objective To verify the effect of lingual frenotomy on the resting position of the tongue and lips in infants with ankyloglossia. Methods The sample consisted of 334 infants aged between 1 and 60 days old diagnosed with ankyloglossia. The groups were divided in: a) experimental group (EG), which consisted of infants whose mothers agreed with lingual frenotomy; b) control group (CG), which consisted of infants whose mothers either refused lingual frenotomy or were waiting for surgery. Both the position of the lips and of the tongue at rest were assessed while the infants were sleeping during the quiet sleep phase. For mothers who refused their infants to undergo the surgical procedure, a follow-up of the infants was proposed to verify possible interference of the frenulum with the resting position of the tongue and lips. Infants whose mothers agreed with surgery were referred for lingual frenotomy. Results Regarding the position of the tongue and lips at rest at the initial and final assessments, the statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences between both groups. Conclusion Lingual frenotomy enabled infants diagnosed with ankyloglossia to maintain both tongue coupling against the hard palate and closed lips at rest.

Cyclic tectono-magmatic evolution of TTG source regions in plume-lid tectonics

The appearance of the earliest felsic crust can be estimated by dating zircons and rocks of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) composition. However, the necessary geodynamic processes that form the basis for metamorphism and differentiation as well as the role of emerging TTG crust on evolving crustal dynamics is still poorly understood. To investigate the formation of felsic crust with TTG composition, we conduct a detailed analysis of a series of previously published 3D high-resolution magmatic-thermomechanical models at elevated mantle temperature corresponding to Archean conditions.In these models we observed two distinct phases during coupled cyclic tectonomagmatic crust-mantle evolution: a long quiet growth phase followed by a short rapid overturn phase. Results of the detailed model analysis presented here suggest that(1) Low- and medium-pressure TTGs are formed at the base of the crust during both growth and overturn phase. The formation of low- and medium-pressure TTGs is linked with Moho depth. The ratio of low- to medium-pressure TTGs changes with crustal growth or thinning and gives an approximation for crustal thickness. (2) To form high-pressure TTGs an entirely different mechanism is required, as hydrated basaltic rocks need to be buried below the crust. Direct partial melting of cold eclogitic drips can be excluded as a valid mechanism due to their low temperatures and rapid sinking into the deep mantle. Rather we suggest delamination (peeling-off) or subduction as the main process for some high-pressure TTG production.

Extreme Space-Weather Events and the Solar Cycle

Space weather has long been known to approximately follow the solar cycle, with geomagnetic storms occurring more frequently at solar maximum than solar minimum. There is much debate, however, about whether the most hazardous events follow the same pattern. Extreme events – by definition – occur infrequently, and thus establishing their occurrence behaviour is difficult even with very long space-weather records. Here we use the 150-year aa_{H} record of global geomagnetic activity with a number of probabilistic models of geomagnetic-storm occurrence to test a range of hypotheses. We find that storms of all magnitudes occur more frequently during an active phase, centred on solar maximum, than during the quiet phase around solar minimum. We also show that the available observations are consistent with the most extreme events occurring more frequently during large solar cycles than small cycles. Finally, we report on the difference in extreme-event occurrence during odd- and even-numbered solar cycles, with events clustering earlier in even cycles and later in odd cycles. Despite the relatively few events available for study, we demonstrate that this is inconsistent with random occurrence. We interpret this finding in terms of the overlying coronal magnetic field and enhanced magnetic-field strengths in the heliosphere, which act to increase the geoeffectiveness of sheath regions ahead of extreme coronal mass ejections. Putting the three “rules” together allows the probability of extreme event occurrence for Solar Cycle 25 to be estimated, if the magnitude and length of the coming cycle can be predicted. This highlights both the feasibility and importance of solar-cycle prediction for planning and scheduling of activities and systems that are affected by extreme space weather.

A Single‐Point Method to Quantitatively Diagnose the Magnetotail Flapping Motion

AbstractQuantitatively estimating magnetotail flapping motion is critical for understanding and characterizing its dynamical behaviors. Such estimation can be achieved in principle by the multipoint analysis of spacecraft tetrahedron, for example, Cluster or MMS mission, but, owing to the inability of single‐point measurement to separate the spatial‐temporal variation of magnetic field, would be inadequate for a single spacecraft. Since single‐point missions dominate explorations of planetary magnetotail, we have developed a single‐point method based on the magnetic field measurement that quantitatively estimates the parameters of flapping motion, including spatial amplitude, wavelength, and propagation velocity. By comparing several applied cases with the multipoint analysis of Cluster, we demonstrate that our method can be reasonably applied to infer the average parameters over the whole flapping period when magnetotail is during quiet phase (magnetic field in magnetotail does not experience significant temporal variation). Thus, this method could be applied widely to the “big data set” accumulated by single‐point spacecraft missions in order to study magnetotail flapping dynamics.

Microcracking behavior of three granites under mode I loading: Insights from acoustic emission

The mineralogy and texture of granite, which is a common host rock in geotechnical engineering practices such as tunneling, enhanced geothermal systems and nuclear waste disposal, significantly affect its microcracking behavior. However, the effects of these two attributes on the microcracking behavior of granite are not entirely understood. We study and compare the microcracking behavior of three granites, namely fine-grained (gf), medium-grained (gm), and coarse-grained (gc) granites, subjected to mode I loading using the semi-circular bending tests. The microcracking mechanisms are interpreted from the recorded acoustic emissions (AEs). Based on the AE signatures, three phases of microcracking processes, namely initial quiet phase, slow AE development phase, and rapid AE development phase, are identified. We find that the pre-existing microcracks affect the characteristics of the temporal evolution of microcracking behavior and associated energy release. The gm, which contains more pre-existing microcracks, has a relatively longer rapid AE development phase, during which the AE event rate and energy increase more gradually as compared with the gf and gc with fewer pre-existing microcracks. However, the grain size and mineralogy are found to have insignificant effects on the temporal evolution features of AE events and energy. The three granites show distinct AE event spatial evolution features, which results in different AE event distributions. The microcracking mechanisms derived from the AE results in laboratory study can shed light on interpreting the micro-seismic signals caused by the microcracking processes in geotechnical engineering practices with different granites as the host rocks

Characteristics of Reconnection Sites and Fast Flow Channels in an MHD Simulation

AbstractWe investigate an interval of moderate magnetic activity from 0–8 UT on 14 March 2008 by using a global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation with high spatial and temporal resolution. Observations show several distinct substorms during this interval. One of these with onset at 04:44 UT occurs at 04:42 UT in the simulation. The simulation shows reconnection is continuously present at multiple sites. During the growth phase, the number of X‐lines decreases as their total length increase and their locations approach the Earth. The X‐lines create multiple fast flow channels with dipolarization fronts. The total length and area of these channels increase during the growth phase as they penetrate closer to the Earth carrying more magnetic flux. The 04:42 UT onset in the simulation was preceded by the growth of an X‐line that eventually extended 55 RE from 12 RE premidnight to 50 on the dawn side. It produced a narrow flow channel parallel to the X‐line that eventually penetrated inside 10 RE rapidly depositing magnetic flux as the expansion phase developed. Despite this good agreement in expansion phase onset time, ground and satellite observations suggest a quiet growth phase with a sudden onset of reconnection. It may be possible to explain the difference between observations and simulations if all growth phase activity in the simulation maps to the ionosphere at very high latitudes. An auroral streamer at onset maps in the simulation very close to Earth. A recovery phase streamer maps to the middle tail.

The Extreme Space Weather Event in 1903 October/November: An Outburst from the Quiet Sun

Abstract While the Sun is generally more eruptive during its maximum and declining phases, observational evidence shows certain cases of powerful solar eruptions during the quiet phase of solar activity. Occurring in the weak Solar Cycle 14 just after its minimum, the extreme space weather event in 1903 October–November is one of these cases. Here, we reconstruct the time series of geomagnetic activity based on contemporary observational records. With the mid-latitude magnetograms, the 1903 magnetic storm is thought to be caused by a fast coronal mass ejection (≈1500 km s−1) and is regarded as a superstorm with an estimated minimum of the equivalent disturbance storm time index (Dst’) of ≈−531 nT. The reconstructed time series has been compared with the equatorward extension of auroral oval (≈44.°1 in invariant latitude) and the time series of telegraphic disturbances. This case study shows that potential threats posed by extreme space weather events exist even during weak solar cycles or near their minima.

Experimental investigation of crack dynamic evolution induced by pulsating hydraulic fracturing in coalbed methane reservoir1

To evaluate the crack initiation and propagation behavior during pulsating hydraulic fracturing (PHF) process, lab tests on PHF of coal samples were performed by using a self-developed true triaxial testing system. The results demonstrate that: the crack could be better developed under pulsating hydraulic load. And as PF increase, the initiation pressure decreases firstly, then increases and reached minimum when the PF is 4 Hz. Besides, the changes of acoustic emission (AE) behavior can be divided into four stages: quiet phase, acceleration phase, lifting phase and resting phase. And the accumulated energy of acceleration and lifting phase increased respectively about 4.81 and 17.21 times (average) in comparison with quiet phase. Our results also show that the proportion of minor AE events and great AE events were higher in acceleration phase, and lifting and resting phase respectively. And when the PF is 4 Hz, the proportion of smaller AE events is larger.

Acoustic Emission Simulation on Coal Specimen Subjected to Cyclic Loading

The damage and failure state of the loaded coal and rock masses is indirectly reflected by its acoustic emission (AE) characteristics. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the AE evolution of loaded coal and rock masses for the evaluation of damage degree and prediction of collapse. The paper mainly represents a numerical simulation investigation of the AE characteristics of coal specimen subjected to cyclic loading under three confining pressures, loading‐unloading rates, and valley stresses. From the numerical simulation tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The final cycle number of coal specimen subjected to cyclic loading is significantly influenced by the confining pressure, followed the valley stress. With the increase in confining pressure or valley stress, the cycle number tends to increase. However, the loading‐unloading rate has a little influence on it. (2) The AE counts of coal specimen subjected to cyclic loading are greatly influenced by the confining pressure and the valley stress. With the increase in the confining pressure, the cumulative AE counts at the 1st cycle tend to increase but decrease at a cycle before failure; with the decrease in the valley stress, the cumulative AE counts per cycle increase in the relatively quiet phase. However, the loading‐unloading rate has a little influence on it. (3) The failure mode of coal specimen subjected to cyclic loading is significantly influenced by the confining pressure. Under the uniaxial stress state, there is an inclined main fractured plane in the coal specimen, under the confining pressures of 5 and 10 MPa, the coal specimen represents dispersion failure. The loading‐unloading rate and valley stress have little influence on it. (4) The AE ratio is proposed, and its evolution can better reflect the different stages of coal specimen failure under cyclic loading. (5) The influence of confining pressure on the broken degree of coal specimen subjected to cyclic loading is analyzed, and the higher the confining pressure, the more broken the failed coal specimen.