This paper presents a quick search algorithm of the fracture angle of inter-fiber fracture (IFF) criterion and a progressive damage model considering the dynamic fracture toughness effect. The fracture angle determination of the IFF criterion is necessary and time-consuming, which has limited its practicality. Therefore, to accurately calculate stress exposure factors under various combinations of stress states, a highly efficient algorithm is needed. In this paper, a novel algorithm using stress tractions on the fracture plane and the golden section search (GSS) is promoted. Through a series of simulation tests, this novel algorithm has been proven to be exact and efficient compared with other two common algorithms, which saves an average of 63.2 % and 28.1 % of the time in 1 million calculations and 2 h 2 min 4 sec and 39 min 2 sec in simulations. Additionally, fracture toughness, which controls material damage evolution process, also has strain-rate effect like elastic modulus and strength. Hence, a new progressive damage model considering the dynamic fracture toughness effect is proposed. The results of dynamic compression and ballistic impact tests and simulations demonstrate the fidelity of the novel damage model.