Parental Questionnaire Research Articles

The association between social anxiety disorder and parenting style among nursing students

BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common mental health concern affecting students globally and in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of SAD among nursing students and examine its association with various parenting styles.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 141 female nursing students at the College of Nursing at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS). Participants completed the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The study data were collected using Microsoft Forms. An ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between SAD and parenting styles.ResultsThe prevalence of SAD among the nursing students was 47.5%, with 6.4% having severe SAD and 2.8% having very severe SAD. The authoritative parenting style was the most frequently reported, with 58.2% of the students reporting having an authoritative mother and 44.7% reporting having an authoritative father. Maternal (odds ratio [OR] = 0.181, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.062, 0.527, p = 0.001) and paternal (OR = 0.186, 95% CI = 0.060, 0.574, p = 0.003) authoritative parenting styles were associated with a decrease in the odds of experiencing symptoms of SAD among nursing students. Additionally, a paternal authoritarian parenting style (OR = 2.816, 95% CI = 1.011, 8.218, p = 0.048) was associated with an increase in the odds of experiencing SAD symptoms. However, maternal authoritarian parenting style was not significantly associated with SAD symptoms among students (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe parenting style is an influential factor contributing to the experience of SAD in nursing students. In this study, both authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles were significantly associated with the symptoms of SAD. Nursing educators and mental health professionals must establish appropriate strategies to help students cope with SAD. Moreover, educational programs targeting parents must be implemented to increase their awareness of the impact of parental practices on their children’s mental health.

Pain in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-sectional Survey Study.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence, intensity, and location of pain in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and analyze pain-related symptoms and participation restrictions. Children and adolescents aged 2 to 16 years diagnosed with CP were invited to participate in a pain survey. The questionnaire was based on the German Pain Questionnaire for Children, Adolescents and Parents (DSF-KJ). It was administered to children (2-11 years) by their caregivers, while adolescents (12-16 years) were asked to complete the questionnaire themselves or with the help of their caregivers. Fifty-seven of 133 children and adolescents with CP (43%) reported having pain in the past 12 months, of whom 17 (30%) reported chronic pain. Patients with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) IV-V reported more frequent pain (p = 0.003) and higher pain intensity (p = 0.011). Lower extremity pain was the most common. Twenty-three percent of participants with pain did not receive any treatment. Pain often restricted participation, specifically by reducing sports activity in patients with GMFCS I-III, focusing attention on patients with GMFCS IV-V, and activities with the family in both GMFCS level categories. Pain is common in children and adolescents with CP and frequently restricts their participation. Therefore, it must be consistently recorded and addressed during the consultation. The goal of treatment should be not only to reduce pain but above all to increase participation.

Early childhood education for sustainability: Outcomes for social and emotional learning

Early childhood influences value formation and mental wellbeing later in life. Early Childhood Education for Sustainability (ECEFS) aims to bolster children’s social emotional skills and instil environmentally sustainable attitudes and behaviours through transformative learning. The current study investigated the Learning in Nature Program (LNP), an ECEFS curriculum at an inner city preschool in Melbourne, Australia. Data from the 2021 ( n = 27) and 2022 ( n = 56) cohorts generally supported the expectation that children’s pro-environmentally sustainable attitudes and behaviours would increase after completing the LNP, both in the quantitative data analysis and the qualitative data from parent ( n = 17) questionnaires. There were significant decreases in peer problems, emotion problems, hyperactivity, conduct problems and negative coping. There were significant increases in positive prosocial behaviour and empathy.

Cybersex behavior and related factors among adolescents in Indonesia

Cybersex behavior can lead to potential harm and addiction among adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze factors that influence cybersex behavior among adolescents. The design used in this study was a cross-sectional. Data was collected from students at senior high school from March to June 2022 using simple random sampling. Total sample was 140 students. The questionnaire were parental sexual communication questionnaires, family monitoring questionnaires, peer interaction questionnaires, internet addiction test (IAT), internet sex screening test. Data was analyzed using Spearman's Rho test. The results showed that parental sexual communication was in the low category (55.7%), family monitoring was in the low category (39.3%), most of the adolescent’s peer interaction was at a moderate level (88.6%), the use of social media was moderate (85%), cybersex behavior was at risk was 97.1%. The results show that there was a relationship between parental sexual communication and cybersex behavior (p=0.002); peer interaction and cybersex behavior (p=0.002), social media and cybersex behavior (p=0.000); family monitoring and cybersex behavior (ρ=0.000) among adolescents. Parental monitoring and communication, social media use education and look for positive peer are important factors to prevent cybersex behavior among adolescents.

School-based hearing screening of first-grade students in Saudi Arabia: A pilot study.

Hearing loss in children is a global concern. Early identification and intervention are critical for minimising the adverse effects of hearing loss. Despite the implementation of hearing screening programmes in Saudi Arabia, more research is needed on the audiological profiles of first-grade students. This study aimed to characterize the audiological profile of first-grade students in Saudi Arabia and to raise awareness among parents, schools, and decision-makers about the need for hearing screening programs and the implementation of an effective monitoring and management system in the country. This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed the audiological profile of 308 first-grade students in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, using pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and tympanometry. Additionally, two questionnaire-based assessments, one for parents and one for the home teacher, were developed to predict students who failed PTA. Among the students screened, 26.3% failed PTA. Tympanometry identified abnormal middle ear function in 30.5% of the students. The discrimination capacity of both questionnaires in identifying students who failed PTA screening was poor. A 26.3% prevalence rate of PTA screening failure, and a 30.5% of middle ear pathologies were noted. Both parent and teacher questionnaires were ineffective tools for identifying hearing loss among first-grade children who failed PTA screening.Contribution:This pilot study recommends that primary schools incorporate hearing screening as a regular practice of their preventative healthcare system. The study emphasises the importance of establishing international standards for school-based hearing screening to enhance its efficacy and develop more effective hearing screening questionnaires.

The Relationship Between Authoritative Parenting Style, Oral Sensory Processing, and Eating Behaviour Related to Picky Eaters among Toddlers in Klang Valley, Malaysia

This study aimed to examine the relationship between authoritative parenting style, oral sensory processing, and eating behaviour related to picky eaters among children aged 3 to 5 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 99 mother/father-child dyads from several Klang Valley nurseries and kindergartens. Online survey data collection, including the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Child Sensory Profile 2 Questionnaire (CSP-2) (Oral Domain), the Parental Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ), and a demographic questionnaire. Appointment-based collection of anthropometric measurements (weight and height) was conducted. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between eating behaviour (picky eaters), oral sensory processing, and authoritative parenting scores, independent t-test to determine nutrition status and eating behaviour, and chi-square test to examine picky eater status and oral sensory processing classification. Results show that the prevalence of picky eaters is 45.5%. Picky eaters scored low in food responsiveness and food enjoyment but high in satiety response and slowness in eating. There was only an association between picky eating behaviour and oral sensory processing (r=0.22, p=0.003), but no correlation between these indicators and authoritative parenting styles (p>0.05). No significant difference was found in nutrition status between non-picky eaters and picky eaters (p>0.05). According to this study, nearly one out of two children is a picky eater, which is defined by less enjoyment of food, less responsiveness to food, eating slowly, and feeling full quickly. This research is likely to aid in the development of more targeted intervention programmes for picky eaters.

Psychometric Evaluation of the New Translated and Culturally Adapted Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire in German-Speaking Women.

This study aimed to evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the newly adapted German version of the Parental Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) in a group of mothers drawn from the general population, with children aged 12-24 weeks. This assessment followed a thorough linguistic validation, which was conducted through a systematic, multi-step translation process. 363 women completed the PBQ online 12-24 weeks after delivery. Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used to assess internal consistency reliability and construct validity. The original 4-factor model could not be confirmed. The new PBQ provides a single factor solution. Ten items were removed from the original 25-item PBQ to produce the abbreviated German PBQ-15, which showed strong internal consistency. The Cronbach's alpha for this version was 0.86. While further research is needed to establish diagnostic thresholds and strengthen the construct validity of the shortened version, the German-language 15-item version of the PBQ holds promise as an accessible tool for recognizing bonding issues in a general population of German-speaking women 3-6 months postpartum.

The emotional power of educational branding: exploring parental decision-making in South Australia’s preschool choices

ABSTRACT While some research has focused on the implications of choice discourses in childcare settings, insufficient attention has been paid to how parental figures of preschoolers are activated and summoned through contradictory discourses that position them as both rational and emotional. Through a qualitative analysis of twenty parent questionnaires, this paper captures the dynamics of inclusion/exclusion flowing from these processes, and the transformation of the preschool sector in South Australia. Using an affective-discursive analytical approach, the research highlights how language, discourse and imagery are powerful tools that engage peoples’ feelings and emotions within a broader classed, raced, and gendered social environment. Its contribution to knowledge, therefore, rests in its effort to broaden our understandings of the meanings and practices of parents choosing a pre-school for their child, by adding affect theory to what otherwise might be ‘only’ a discursive analysis of the wider macro-economic and political trends linked to neoliberalism.

ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTIVE EMOTIONAL INTERACTION OF PRESCHOOLERS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF EDUCATION

In the modern world, due to the rapid pace of information technology development and the great attention to this problem in the fi eld of education, the social and emotional spheres of human development are fading into the background. This implies the importance of developing social emotions in the context of digitalization of society. However, these processes can also coexist if the educational process is competently built, starting from preschool age. The purpose of this study is to identify possible ways of constructive interaction between adults and children, children with each other in the digital space, taking into account the inclusion of various types of joint activities for emotional interaction. The research used the following methods: test “Diagnosis of children’s abilities to partner dialogue” by A. M. Shchetinina; questionnaire for parents to determine computer addiction in older preschoolers by V. G. Pisarev. The study involved  children of senior preschool age. Based on V. G. Pisarev’s questionnaire, a questionnaire was created for parents to determine computer addiction. The pilot study showed that the level of social emotions in most children is at an average level, while the degree of computer dependence on the reaction of parents in most children is at a high level. This suggests the need to create effective pedagogical conditions for children to interact with peers and adults outside of digital activities. As a result, requirements and recommendations have been developed for further use both in professional activities by teachers and parents. The proposed methodological recommendations are aimed at developing the child’s social emotions, and the joint use of the material will lead to an even faster achievement of mutual understanding between an adult and a child within the framework of this task. The research was carried out with the support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation № --, https://rscf.ru/project/--/.

Measuring Parental Response Styles to Child Stress in Severe Pediatric Illness: A Validation Study.

Pediatric illnesses not only impose physical challenges on affected children, but also profoundly impact their emotional well-being. Understanding how parents respond to their children's psychological distress during medical experiences is crucial for enhancing the overall support provided to these families. This study evaluated the internal structure of the Parental Response Styles Questionnaire (PRSQ), designed to differentiate parental responses to psychological distress in children with pediatric illnesses. A sample of 701 parents of children with medical issues responded to the PRSQ, reporting their different emotional expressions and responses to their children's expressions of distress during the medical experience. Factor analysis confirmed, in three of the five subsamples, an internal scale structure consisting of four factors: apathy and dysphoria, irritability and rejection, overprotectiveness, and perceived maladjustment. The invariance analyses revealed that congenital heart disease and neurological disorders are more similar in function to each other than pediatric cancer. Parents of children with neurological disorders exhibited a notably insecure pattern of parental responsiveness. In pediatric contexts, parental responses to their children's emotional distress are significant factors in the process of adaptation. These responses can be measured, differentiated, and, ideally, managed by nurses and other healthcare professionals. The Parental Response Styles Questionnaire (PRSQ) is a promising tool for assessing parental reactions during their children's treatment, and its structure appears to be particularly robust across diagnoses such as pediatric cancer, congenital heart disease, and neurological disorders.

Parent-child interaction frequency: associations with age, sibling presence, and child health.

Parent-child interaction plays a crucial role in child development. This study investigated associations between the frequency of parent-child-interactions and sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, socio-economic status, family structure, number and age of siblings), physical and psychological symptoms in children, and mental health of parents. The frequencies of 11 different parent-child interactions (shared reading, singing, moving, painting, building, puzzle, playing ball, role games, language games, number games and talking about problems) were assessed in 739 children aged 2-6.5 years-old using a standardised parental questionnaire, within a population-based cohort study in Leipzig, Germany. Physical and psychological symptoms were investigated using the HBSC Symptom-Checklist and parental depression symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire. We applied regression analyses to assess associations between variables. Shared reading was the parent-child interaction reported most frequently, with an average occurrence of several times a week. Number games were reported least frequently, with an average occurrency of every two weeks. Fewer parent-child interactions were significantly associated with higher child age, higher number of siblings, presence of older siblings and a lower level of physical and psychological symptoms. The other variables (sex, SES, living situation, presence of younger siblings or both (younger and older), depression symptoms of parents) were not significantly associated with the frequency of parent-child interactions. The findings show that age of children and number as well as age of siblings at home may shape the frequency of parent-child interaction in preschool children. In addition, the findings suggest that parent-child interaction might be related to the health of children rather than the (mental) health of parents. This study assessed the associations between the frequency of different types of parent-child interactions and sociodemographic as well as health-related parameters in a large sample of children. There still exist sex-specific differences in the frequency of parent-child interactions related to traditional role models of girls and boys. A higher frequency of parent-child interactions is associated with more physical and psychological symptoms in children. Parent-child interactions are less frequent in families with more children, especially when older siblings are present.

Food rejection is associated with tactile sensitivity and tactile appreciation in three-year-old children

Food rejections are common in young children and often include healthy foods, hereby impairing the quality of their diet. Previous studies indicate that food texture may play a role in children's food preferences and intake. Building on these findings, as part of an ongoing longitudinal project, the present study investigated whether food rejection is related to tactile sensitivity and tactile appreciation in three-year-old children. A total of 259 children and 289 parents participated in the study. Child food rejection was measured using an ad libitum taste test, in which children were asked to try four different types of vegetables. Next to this, parents reported on their child's food rejection tendencies by completing the Child Food Rejection Scale (CFRS), and indicating their child's liking of 14 vegetables and 11 fruits (Liking of foods). Tactile appreciation was measured using a behavioural Affective Appreciation of Textures (AAT) task, in which children were asked to feel five different objects with their hands and were asked to indicate the pleasantness of the sensation on a three-point smiley-scale. The subscale Touch of the parental questionnaire Sensory Profile (SP-t) was further used to measure tactile sensitivity. Results show that stronger food rejection measured using an ad-libitum taste test is related to a dislike of textures measured using the AAT task. Similarly, parent-reported food rejection measured using CFRS and Liking of foods is positively related to parent-reported tactile sensitivity measured using SP-t. Together, these findings suggest that some children do not only reject food because of its taste, but also because of their dislike of textures. To increase healthy food intake in picky children, it may thus prove helpful to improve children's appreciation of textures.

Profiles of Primary School Children's Sports Participation and Their Motor Competencies.

Children participate in various organized and informal physical activities (PAs) in their leisure time, presenting diverse objectives and environments for motor and social development. However, current research often focuses on specific, mostly organized activities, overlooking the complexity of participation across different settings. This study aimed to (1) identify groups of children with similar characteristics based on their participation in five organized and informal sports activities and (2) examine how the groups differ regarding gender, age, BMI, motor competencies (MCs), and attendance in institutionalized care at school. The study included n = 1717 1st and 2nd graders (M = 7.60 years, SD = 0.59, 50.7% girls) and n = 1319 3rd and 4th graders (M = 9.46 years, SD = 0.57, 49.4% girls) from the "EMOKK" study, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Data were collected via parent questionnaires on leisure sports participation, and MCs were assessed using MOBAK-1-2 and 3-4 tests. Latent profile analyses (LPAs) and univariate ANOVAs were used to identify group differences. A three-profile LPA model best fits the data, revealing differences in participation across individual and team sports, optional school sports, free play on the school playground, and informal activities during leisure time. Children involved more in team sports (profiles: allrounder and very active sportsperson) participate more in informal play and present better MCs than children participating mainly in individual sports (profile: individual sportsperson). Girls were predominantly in the individual sports profile, while boys were more evenly spread across all groups. These findings highlight the importance of designing targeted interventions that promote participation in both organized and informal sports, particularly for children with lower levels of PA. Children show different patterns of engagement in different interrelated organized and informal leisure PA contexts. These specific patterns and the children's MCs should be taken into account for the targeted promotion of PAs during leisure time.

Longitudinal changes in preschoolers’ adiposity indicators according to compliance with 24-hour movement behavior guidelines: results from the ToyBox-study

BackgroundThere is a lack of studies evaluating longitudinal changes in adiposity indicators and the association with 24-hour movement behavior guidelines in preschoolers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate associations between changes in Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, and compliance with the 24-hour movement behavior guidelines in three- to six-year-old children from a European sample.MethodsIn total, data from a European sample of 719 preschoolers (50.9% boys, 4.76 ± 0.45 years) were analyzed at baseline and one year later. Physical activity (steps/day) was objectively measured using Omron pedometers. Screen time and sleep duration were subjectively measured using a parental questionnaire. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured by well-trained researchers, using standardized procedures and equipment, and were used to calculate BMI z-score and waist-to-height ratio. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate associations between changes in adiposity indicators (BMI z-score, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio) and compliance with 24-hour movement behavior guidelines.ResultsBMI z-scores changed differently from baseline to follow-up according to compliance with the integrated guidelines, both for weekdays (effect estimate = -0.15, p = 0.001) and weekend days (effect estimate = -0.12, p = 0.046). Preschoolers who did not comply with the integrated guidelines showed a small, significant increase in BMI z-scores compared to compliers having no significant change in BMI z-score. No significant difference between both groups over time was found for waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio neither for weekdays nor weekend days.ConclusionsThe change in BMI z-scores after one year is less optimal for preschoolers who do not comply with the 24-hour movement behavior guidelines compared to preschoolers who comply with the integrated guidelines, although not clinically relevant. Future studies should incorporate longer follow-up periods to observe the effects of compliance to the integrated guidelines on adiposity indicators in preschool children.

The 5-year outcomes of a health-empowerment program on low-income children’s behaviors and quality of life

BackgroundThis study aims to evaluate the 5-year impact of a Health Empowerment Program (HEP) on mitigating problematic conducts and enhancing the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children living in poverty.MethodsA prospective cohort study (N = 239, Intervention group: n = 124, Comparison group: n = 115) was established with participants recruited between July 2013 and March 2016 and followed until November 2021. During the 5-year study period, children and their parents from the intervention group were invited to join a multi-dimensional HEP. At baseline and follow-up, both intervention and comparison groups were assessed using the Chinese Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Chinese Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form 28 (CHQ-PF28). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to identify changes in outcome variables as the effect of the HEP.ResultsUpon completion of the 5-year follow-up, children in the intervention group showed a larger decline in conduct problems (B = − 0.66, p <.001), hyperactivity inattention (B = − 0.67, p =.005), and total difficulties score (B = − 1.89, p =.002) of SDQ, a greater increase in prosocial behavior of SDQ (B = 0.53, p =.040), and more substantial enhancement in CHQ-PF28’s psychosocial summary score (B = 2.75, p =.017) compared to the comparison group.ConclusionsHEP is effective in mitigating behavioral problems and improving psychosocial HRQOL of children of low-income families, as evident by this 5-year cohort study.Trial Registration: This study received approval (UW 12–517) from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster.

Psychoeducation: Impact of Gadget Use on Early Childhood at PAUD TKM Al-Khoiriyah

This research aims to increase parents’ comprehension of the influence of gadget use on early development by providing psychoeducation to parents of TKM Al-Khoiriyah students. This study uses quantitative research methods with experimental techniques to view the differences in parental knowledge before and after psychoeducation is conducted. Data collection was done using a questionnaire of parents’ knowledge and efforts regarding the use of gadgets in preschool children. This instrument consists of five dimensions including 1) early childhood growth and development, 2) Screen time in children, 3) positive impact on gadget use, 4) negative impact of gadget use, 5) parental efforts in overcoming gadget use in children. Data analysis was carried out using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tail. The results of the analysis stated that there were differences in knowledge among mothers after psychoeducation on the impact of gadget use on early childhood. The probability value shows that the p-value is 0.017 (p &lt; 0.05). Keywords: psychoeducation, gadget, early childhood

Factors influencing language performance in boys and girls at age 2 in the French ELFE birth cohort

Different environmental and biological variables affect the rhythm of language acquisition in children. A substantial amount of literature has shown that girls overtake boys, at least in the early stages of language acquisition. The goal of this study is to investigate how different factors affect language scores in girls and boys. The parents of 6415 two-year-old French children from the ELFE cohort completed a parental questionnaire assessing language development. Our results show that girls do indeed display higher scores. In order to explore the impact of different variables – such as child characteristics, parental characteristics, the extent to which parents have interactions, such as reading and singing with children – on girls’ and boys’ scores, we tested logistic regressions contrasting children with very low scores with those with average or high scores. We found that sex remained a highly significant explanatory variable. Finally, we analyzed the extent to which there are differences between girls and boys in terms of the variables associated with a low score. Strictly exposed to the same unfavorable factors, girls with very low scores at two years master more words than boys with very low scores. Although different variables are significantly associated with a low score, sex remains a highly significant explanatory variable. Hence, our work contributes significantly to the debated issue of sex/gender influence on language acquisition.

Hubungan Dukungan Teman Sebaya dan Kelekatan Orang Tua Terhadap Kecerdasan Emosional pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK)

The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between peer support and parental attachment with emotional intelligence in Vocational High School (SMK) students. The variables used in this study are peer support and parental attachment as independent variables (X) and Emotional Intelligence as the dependent variable (Y). The researcher employed a quantitative correlational approach with a sample of 247 students using proportionate stratified random sampling. The research instruments utilized adapted scales for emotional intelligence, peer support, and parental attachment. The emotional intelligence scale was adapted from the Assessing Emotional Scale (AES) with a Cronbach’s Alpha reliability of 0.960, the peer support scale was adapted from the Peer Support Questionnaire (PSQ) with a Cronbach’s Alpha reliability of 0.782, and the parental attachment scale was adapted from the Parental Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ) with a Cronbach’s Alpha reliability of 0.820. The analysis results showed that the variables of peer support and parental attachment simultaneously indicated an R-Square score of 0.170 or 17.0%, suggesting that peer support and parental attachment are related to emotional intelligence by 17%, while the remaining 83% is influenced by other variables or factors outside of this study.

Assessing The Relationship Between Screen Time andMyopia In Children Aged 5-12 Ibadan South-West Local Governmen

This study investigated the relationship between screen time and myopia in children aged 5-12 years in Ibadan South-west Local Government, Nigeria. Guided by three specific purposes and research questions, the study examined how screen exposure, parental behaviors, and socioeconomic status influenced the development of myopia in young children. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. A sample of 300 children aged 5-12 years was selected from primary schools using a multistage sampling method. Two main instruments were used for data collection: a structured questionnaire for parents and an eye examination for children. The questionnaire was reviewed by experts in child health, education, and visual health to ensure content validity. The test-retest method was employed to establish reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.70. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency counts, percentages, means, and standard deviations, to summarize demographic data, screen time duration, and the prevalence of myopia among participants. The findings revealed that prolonged screen time was significantly associated with higher rates of myopia among children. Children exposed to more than 2 hours of screen time daily had a higher prevalence of myopia. Passive screen activities, such as watching television, were found to have a stronger association with myopia than active screen use, like educational or interactive activities. Parental behaviors and lower socioeconomic status were also linked to increased screen exposure and higher rates of myopia. The study concluded that excessive screen time poses a significant risk for myopia in children and highlighted the need for public health interventions and parental education to manage screen time effectively and support healthier visual development.

Urban Versus Rural Differences in Meeting 24-h Movement Behaviour Guidelines Among 3-4-Year-Olds: An Analysis of SUNRISE Pilot Study Data From 10 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Insufficient physical activity, excessive screen time and short sleep duration among young children are global public health concerns; however, data on prevalence of meeting World Health Organisation 24-h movement behaviour guidelines for 3-4-year-old children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are limited, and it is unknown whether urbanisation is related to young children's movement behaviours. The present study examined differences in prevalence of meeting 24-h movement behaviour guidelines among 3-4-year-old children living in urban versus rural settings in LMICs. The SUNRISE Study recruited 429, 3-4-year-old child/parent dyads from 10 LMICs. Children wore activPAL accelerometers continuously for at least 48 h to assess their physical activity and sleep duration. Screen time and time spent restrained were assessed via parent questionnaire. Differences in prevalence of meeting guidelines between urban- and rural-dwelling children were examined using chi-square tests. Physical activity guidelines were met by 17% of children (14% urban vs. 18% rural), sleep guidelines by 57% (61% urban vs. 54% rural), screen time guidelines by 50% (50% urban vs. 50% rural), restrained guidelines by 84% (81% urban vs. 86% rural) and all guidelines combined by 4% (4% urban vs.4% rural). We found no significant differences in meeting the guidelines between urban and rural areas. Only a small proportion of children in both rural and urban settings met the WHO 24-h movement guidelines. Strategies to improve movement behaviours in LMICs should consider including both rural and urban settings.