Traditional Questions Research Articles

La cruelle fatalité de l’existence, ou la représentation du mal dans La Possession d’Henry Bataille

SummaryHenry Bataille’s name is often classified among authors who are fond of the poetics of “boulevard theater”, which seems to perpetuate the canonical form of drama. However, at the turn of the twentieth century, this theater underwent an undeniable crisis that undermined the very foundations of Aristotelian aesthetics, particularly those of action. The questioning of tradition is manifested primarily through a new approach to conflict, the origin of any dramatic intrigue, which evolves from a dispute between antagonists into a resolute intrapersonal confrontation unfolding within the troubled souls of characters grappling with acute suffering. While delving into evil and its scenic representation, Henry Bataille approaches this issue in an unusual manner for a French playwright of the late nineteenth century. In the play La Possession, we witness, on one hand, the expression of cruelty fueled by animosity between characters, and on the other hand, we observe metapsychological violence descending upon the poor, defenseless creatures facing the irrevocability of fate. If the first conflict (interpersonal) physically pits adversaries against each other—with physical violence being replaced by a battle unfolding on moral and psychological levels, the second one (intrapersonal) takes place within the heart and psyche of the hero, who, paralyzed by existential anguish, is torn between his fantasies and his relationship with reality.

Translating Law and Code in Government: Algorithmic Decisions and Their Legal Effects in Canada

This article analyzes the translation of law into computer code and the use of automated decision-making systems in government to make legal distinctions. Specifically, how are algorithmic decisions tied to law, and what happens when legal effects are mediated through technologies? The sociology of translation and Bruno Latour's theory of law, as elaborated by Kyle McGee, provides the means to study associations between law and technology. I trace how the force of law can be extended when mediated through computer systems and analyze the associations of law and technology in Canada's government, through projects exemplifying the shift to “code-driven law.” These include the translation of “rules-as-code,” and several of the sociotechnical systems governing Canada's borders, demonstrating how design choices in government digital services inevitably shape the outcomes of public policy and can have legal effects. While Latour's legal scholarship avoided traditional questions of legitimacy, a key consideration for automated government systems is how legitimacy is constructed and contested. For rules-as-code, legitimate algorithmic outcomes should be traceable to law, but existing government systems commonly maintain legitimacy by identifying a human actor “in-the-loop” as the ultimate decision-maker, thereby obscuring how thoroughly imbricated human and algorithmic agency are in contemporary governance.

Multi-version interactive assessment through the integration of GeoGebra with Moodle

AI systems are now capable of providing accurate solutions to questions presented in text format, causing a major problem in assessment integrity. To address this issue, interactive material can be integrated with the questions, preventing current AI systems from processing the requirements. This study proposes a novel approach that combines two important tools: GeoGebra and Moodle. GeoGebra is a widely used tool in schools and universities for creating dynamic and interactive material in the STEM field. On the other hand, Moodle is a popular learning management system with integrated tools capable of generating multiple versions of the same question to enhance academic integrity. We combine these two tools to automatically create unique interactive questions for each student in a computer-based assessment. Detailed implementation steps that do not require prior coding experience or the installation of additional plugins are presented, making the technique accessible to a wider range of instructors. The proposed approach was tested on a group of students and showed enhanced performance in animation-based questions compared to traditional question formats. Moreover, a survey exploring the students’ opinions on the proposed approach reported strong student endorsement of animated questions.

CHILDHOOD IMAGE IN THE NOVEL “DAWN” BY B. K. ZAITSEV

The purpose of the article is to consider the specifics of depicting the theme of childhood in the novel “Dawn” by B. K. Zaitsev. In modern literary studies, the theme of childhood in the works of Russian writers who found themselves in exile after the revolutionary events is actively being developed and studied. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that it explores one of the important topics in the literature of the Russian diaspora. The novelty of the research consists in comparing the novel by B. K. Zaitsev with 19th century Russian classical prose about childhood, in clarifying the question of traditions and innovation in solving the theme of childhood by the writer of the Russian diaspora. The paper considers theoretical issues related to the spatial and temporal structure of the novel “Dawn,” the disclosure of the figurative and motivational series, artistic means and techniques. All this is necessary not only to understand the peculiarities of the embodiment of the childhood image in B. K. Zaitsev’s prose, but also to determine the national identity of Russian literature about childhood. In the center of Zaitsev’s novelis the image of a child living in a manor, which is depicted according to Russian literary traditions of the 18th — 19th centuries. Describing the ancestral “nest” with its material content, special semantics, autobiographical basis, recreating the world of a child, B. K. Zaitsev relies on the novel “Childhood” by L. N. Tolstoy. Idyllic time dominates the structure of the novel “Dawn.” Its important components include the motifs of light, aromas, smells, sounds of nature, the synesthesia characteristic of a child’s worldview. The child experiences the fullness of the joy of being akin to being in Eden. The world of childhood, permeated with Divine grace, apart from biographical and historical time, is addressed to the category of Eternity. Childhood is spiritualized and sacralized. Mother and father are organically included in the world of the novel, associated with the idea of the orderliness and stability of being. Family meals together and rituals become events that create an atmosphere of happiness. Children’s worldview is presented through a system of oppositions of “their own”/“someone else’s”space. Childhood is associated with thanatological events. The description of the reading circle becomes mandatory in revealing the inner world of the child hero. The writer’s novel is an example of an image of childhood conditioned by a new era, modernist innovations consisting in changing the relationship between the author and the child.

Artificial versus natural intelligence: Overcoming students' cheating likelihood with artificial intelligence tools during virtual assessment

AbstractAssessment techniques need to evolve beyond traditional methods in light of the rapidly developing artificial intelligence (AI) tool technologies, such as Copilot, Bard, and ChatGPT. These AI‐powered Chatbot is designed to appear similar to human speech or text and present information conversationally, making them tenable options for student assessment support worldwide. Consequently, to take advantage of the weaknesses in the AI system and foster a creative attitude in their pupils, educators must reconsider their approach to evaluation. The study conducts a comparative experiment on two different assessment methods—the traditional questioning strategy (Experiment I) versus the alternative or modified strategy (Experiment II), to assess how well the AI tools perform in the assessment and how the new technique can deter students from engaging in academic dishonesty. According to the study in Experiment I, the AI‐Chatbot had a 100% positive response correlation, but in Experiment II, it had a shockingly low positive response correlation. Comparably, pupils who use AI‐Chatbot and those who do not have significant performance disparities (α = 0.05, p‐value < 0.001; 1.8331). Inferentially, AI‐Chatbot helped students a lot in Experiment I but did considerably less in Experiment II. In other words, Experiment II's questioning approach outperforms the AI tools' level of competence. The study comes to the conclusion that if AI is effectively harnessed, human natural intelligence will always be able to overcome the challenges posed by these powerful AI technologies.

Faculty Perception of Scenario-Based MCQs, SAQs, and MEQs in Medical Education at an Apex Institute.

This study explores the current knowledge and overall awareness of the faculty at an Apex institute about the use and difficulties of scenario-based multiple-choice questions (SB-MCQs), short-answer questions (SB-SAQs), and modified essay questions (SB-MEQs)in the assessment of the undergraduate and postgraduate students. To assess faculty perception of awareness and use of SB-MCQs, SB-SAQs, and SB-MEQs and to understand the challenges encountered while designing scenario-based questions (SBQs) and the ways to overcome them. The tool used for data collection was a Google form questionnaire designed with a total of 16 questions-12 Likert-scale format items and four open-ended questions. The quantitative data collected as a response to close-ended questions was analyzed by descriptive statistics and percentage values. For qualitative data, thematic analysis was done for open-ended questions. The study showed that the faculty has the motivation and agreeability to switch over from traditional questions to scenario-based questions but constant training in the form of regular faculty development programs and workshops is required for its effective implementation. On the administrative level, challenges like lack of sufficient faculty and proper inter-departmental integration for designing scenarios must be addressed. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-024-02052-6.

Evaluating the Israeli Community Courts: Key Issues, Challenges and Lessons

AbstractThe last decade has seen the establishment of eight community courts (CCs) in Israel, representing a significant shift from the mainstream criminal justice approach. Inspired by the Red Hook Community Justice Center in Brooklyn, New York, the Israeli CCs reflect an understanding of the links between local communities, crime and rehabilitation. The authors have evaluated the CCs since their inauguration, first in a formative study and then in an evaluation study. The present article focuses on three research modules that were utilized in these studies: the process characterization, which was based on structured observations of court hearings during the formative study; the subjective experiences of court participants, which were collected via in-depth interviews with programme participants; and the recidivism module, which compared the repeat offending patterns of programme participants with those of mainstream court defendants. Rather than detailing the findings of these modules, the paper uses them as examples, offering an open discussion about the process of conducting such studies: the selection of research questions that go beyond the traditional question of repeat offending and their possible theoretical contribution; the methodological, logistical and ethical choices that are made and their underlying considerations; and the obstacles that researchers face en route.

Philosophical Protreptic and the Preface to Luke’s Gospel

Abstract This article compares the preface of Luke’s Gospel to Philo’s preface to De Abrahamo and Arrian’s preface to his arrangement of the sayings of Epictetus. Scholars have usually sought ancient comparanda to Luke’s preface in order to identify the Gospel’s genre. This study moves beyond this traditional question of form (‘What ancient works bear the closest resemblance to the structure of Luke 1:1–4?’) and on to the question of function. The selected works of Philo and Arrian participate in different genres, but both belong to the rhetorical category of ‘philosophical protreptic’, a piece of writing intended to compel the reader towards a particular moral vision. I argue that Luke’s preface exhibits unexplored similarities with the prefaces of Arrian and Philo and can itself be fruitfully read as a kind of philosophical protreptic. This has implications for how we theorize about Luke’s audience and social situation.

Assessment of Bukavu Finalist Pupils' English Active Vocabulary Knowledge

The Congolese national program of English instructs that secondary school pupils be equipped with 2,000 active words in the four years of English training (based on 500 active words per year), so that they can be able to communicate effectively in English. However, the Congolese State Exams do not evaluate finalist pupils’ level of English active vocabulary knowledge to check whether this objective is reached or not. Consequently, the finalist pupils’ actual level of English active vocabulary knowledge at the end of their secondary school education remains unknown. To have an idea on the level, this study aimed at assessing Bukavu finalist pupils’ English active vocabulary knowledge. After a random sampling of 35 (10%) Bukavu secondary schools with the final year, the data were collected from 1506 Bukavu finalist pupils of the scholar year 2021/2022 through a test of English active vocabulary knowledge, which comprised multiple choice and traditional questions. The data, compiled in Excel for easy handling, showed the following English proficiency levels among Bukavu finalist pupils: below elementary 4.1%, elementary 69.9%, pre-intermediate 22.8%, intermediate 2.8%, upper-intermediate 0.4%, and advanced 0.0%. In summary, most pupils in Bukavu secondary schools end their English training with an "elementary level," possessing an average of 594 (29.7%) active words instead of the expected 2,000. Finally, relevant recommendations were made to the Congolese legislator, teachers of English and Bukavu secondary school pupils for the increase of the level.

Basic questions of the philosophy of artificial intelligence

The object of the study is a special branch of scientific knowledge, formed at the intersection of interests of various humanitarian disciplines – the philosophy of artificial intelligence; the subject of the study is the problems it considers. The author identifies the main traditional questions that the philosophy of artificial intelligence tried to answer earlier. Such questions in the earlier stages of the development of science were concentrated around the possibility of artificial intelligence to become aware of itself, learn to think, feel and create like a person. Scientists since the 1960s interested in the problems of equality of natural and artificial intelligence, the ability of a computer to show benevolence or hostility towards its creators. The research was carried out using a historical and philosophical analysis of issues in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the method of interpretive synthesis, etc. Systemic-structural, dialectical, cultural-historical, value-based, interdisciplinary approaches to the problem were used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying the problems of the philosophy of artificial intelligence that are relevant at this stage of development of this scientific field. It is noted that the dynamics of the philosophy of artificial intelligence are significantly influenced by the fact that “strong” artificial intelligence has not been created for several decades. This has caused a transformation in the research field of the philosophy of artificial intelligence, and at the moment this branch of scientific knowledge is considering new questions, including why it is not possible to create “strong” AI that completely replicates human thinking; can a computer think, albeit differently, than a human; what is the difference between human and machine thinking; who should be responsible for the decisions and actions of artificial intelligence, and etc. The issues facing the philosophy of artificial intelligence are constantly updated.

Improvement of the Quality of Question Papers for Online Examinations Toward Simultaneous Enhancement of Students’ Learning

The present study is related to the problem associated with student assessment with online examinations at higher educational institutes (HEIs). With the current COVID-19 outbreak, the majority of educational institutes are conducting online examinations to assess their students, where there would always be a chance that the students go for malpractice. It is difficult to set a question paper for any technical course with great novelty. Under these circumstances, safeguarding academic integrity has become a challenge for HEIs. This study is aimed at improving the quality of questions for online exams to increase the accountability of HEIs by proper evaluation of their students. A detailed procedure with suggestions for setting the questions for technical courses, in the format of assertion and reason, matching, multiple select types, etc., has been discussed with adequate examples. It deals with a strategy for ensuring that all the students are held to the standards that are reflected in their grades. The proposed evaluation method has been implemented on a test batch and presented the results along with a comparison with that of traditional question papers. It is witnessed that there is a simultaneous enhancement of students' learning as an additional benefit of implementing the proposed learning-oriented assessment method.

Plots and motifs of legends about Taas Ullungakh in folklore and literature: on the question of continued folklore traditions in the literature

The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the specifics of the interaction of folklore and literature from the point of view of the continuity of oral literature traditions and their artistic interpretation and transformation in Yakut literature. The problems of functioning and interpretation in the structure of the literary text of the folklore narrative are still poorly studied. Meanwhile, folk legends and legends are one of the important genre- and plot-forming components of Yakut literature. A comparison of plots and motifs of legends in folklore narratives and literary works is considered in the context of the interaction of two poetic systems: oral (recorded in written “book form”) and literary. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in Yakut literary studies, the process of forming a plot-motif complex in folk legends about a separate mythological hero in various versions from different sources and its functioning in modern Yakut literature is considered. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of a plot–motif complex about Taas Ullungakh in folklore studies and the specifics of its artistic interpretation in various genres of Yakut literature of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. (in historical novel, drama poems and poem). Research objectives: 1) comparison and typology of the plot-motif complex in folk legends about Taas Ullungakh in the folklore and ethnographic works of G. V. Ksenofontov, A. E. Kulakovsky, D. I. Dyachkovsky-Sehen Bolo; 2) identification of the features of the functioning and transformation of the plot-motif complex that has developed in mytho-folklore texts, in the drama poems "The Valley of Keryaya" and the poem "Tygyn and Taas Ullungakh" by I. M. Gogolev – Kyndyl, the historical novel "Tygyn Darkhan" by V. S. Yakovlev – Dalan, in the "little" poem "Taas Ullungakh" by N. I. Kharlampieva. The study uses a source analysis of the origin of the main plots and motifs in the legends about Tygyn's son Taas Ullungakh (Muos Uola) and their comparative analysis in literary works of the twentieth century. The comparison of the plots and motifs of legends in folklore narrative and literary work is considered in the context of the interaction of two poetic systems: oral (recorded in written "book form) and literary. This approach will allow you to detect some common properties of the artistic structure of both systems.

CULINARY ETHNOLOGY OF PODILLIA: FEATURES AND RECIPE INGREDIENTS

The article considers the actual and unique issue of studying the traditional recipes of Podillia to identify their uniqueness and regional features. We determined that this issue’s regional and local lore aspect opens vast opportunities for its use as a historical source. Patterns of the presence or absence of particular themes and motives often find their reasons in historical factors. To some extent, this also applies to such an area as the country’s cuisine and culinary traditions. The study revealed that the functioning of folk customs is subordinated to more practical than aesthetic requests. Where the question of folk traditions, beliefs, customs and rites, life and lifestyle of the population arises, only there is a prerequisite for the appearance of authentic cuisine and original recipes. Thus, the etiology of such folk recipes lags far behind the customs etiology in time. The previous research has proven that the identified features of the development of Ukrainian cuisine relate specifically to the national culinary traditions and customs of the population of Podillia. This layer of folk culture needs urgent exploration. A detailed study of the peculiarities of cuisine and culinary traditions can give ethnographers and culturologists valuable information about our people’s history, ancient traditions, beliefs, and culture. The specificity of the researched object and the degree of study of the chosen topic determined the purpose of the article, which is studying and organising the characteristic features of the culinary heritage of Podillia, as well as collecting and registering authentic recipes and methods of cooking dishes that reflect the cultural heritage of this region of Ukraine. The practical significance of the obtained results is that its main provisions can be used by specialists in various fields: ethnographers, folklorists, culturologists, historians, geographers, and tourism specialists. The personal contribution of the authors consists of the systematisation of folk culinary traditions and folk recipes of Podillia and a comprehensive study of the genealogy of ethnic cuisine. Keywords: Podillia, Ukrainian cuisine, culinary ethnology, culinary heritage, folk recipes, cooking technology.

Struktur, Kategori, dan Fungsi Sosial Pertanyaan Tradisional (Riddles) Masyarakat Kenagarian Parit Kecamatan Koto Balingka Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

As time goes by, the existence of oral literature, namely traditional questions (riddles), is now almost extinct due to increasingly sophisticated technology. If this continues, the consequences will threaten the existence of traditional questions (riddles) in society. The aim of this research is to describe: (a) the structure of traditional questions (riddles) of the Kenagarian Parit community, Koto Balingka District, West Pasaman Regency, (b) categories of traditional questions (riddles), and (c) the social function of traditional questions (riddles). This study employs descriptive qualitative research methods. In order to obtain this data, we first conducted a literature review, then conducted a field research, and finally conducted interviews with key informants in two phases (recording and transcription). There were three phases to the analytical process: (1) data classification; (2) results discussion and conclusion; and (3) reporting. Forty conventional questions (riddles) were asked of three informants to collect data for this study. Researchers in the Kenagarian Parit community in Koto Balingka District, West Pasaman Regency came to the following conclusions based on their findings: (1) the structure of traditional questions (riddles), including traditional questions (riddles) that do not conflict and traditional questions (riddles) that do. (2) Human-related, animal-related, plant-related, inanimate object-related, color-related, and riddle-related are the categories for conventional inquiries (riddles). (3) The social function of traditional questions (riddles) has two functions, namely testing someone's intelligence and as entertainment.

Multi Factor Authentication and IP Address Restriction based Question Paper Delivery System for Indian Universities

The traditional question paper delivery (QPD) procedure in Indian institutions is discussed in this paper with a focus on its downsides, including complexity, time requirements, security issues, environmental impact, and cost. This method is manual, which makes it prone to mistakes, rigid, and open to leaks and tampering, especially when it comes to the security of the exam questions. It also looks at security issues involving question paper leaks, highlighting ongoing difficulties in preserving the integrity and confidentiality of the Indian educational system. These occurrences highlight the requirement for a more reliable and secure QPD system. 
 In this paper workflow of the cloud-based software system is described in detail, with examples showing how it makes it easier to distribute safe exam papers and assures stakeholder accountability. Barcodes are integrated into the system, and their improved tracking, processing, and distribution of exam papers is highlighted. A cutting-edge cloud-based Question Paper Delivery System (OQPDS), which automates and streamlines the process of generating, distributing, and giving exams for Indian colleges, is the suggested cure. Modern security elements are used by the system, including two-step authentication, barcode-based data storage, data encryption during data transfer, IP address-based access restrictions, and time-based content delivery. The incorporation of these security elements enhances the overall security and efficiency of the QPD system. The proposed system's workflow is discussed in detail along with examples that demonstrate how it facilitates the distribution of secure exam papers and ensures stakeholder responsibility. The system incorporates barcodes, and its better distribution, processing, and tracking of exam papers is praised. The system's capacity to limit access based on IP addresses is described, along with how it might help with traceability and prevent unwanted access. Additionally, the paper proposes watermarking to label test papers with the IP address of the testing facility, offering benefits including improved security, tamper detection, and traceability. It is highlighted that encryption is a key security tool for preserving data integrity, maintaining secrecy, and protecting against online dangers. Finally, the cloud-based Question Paper Delivery System is a solution to the security issues and inefficiencies of the current QPD system. This system intends to transform the examination procedure in Indian institutions by offering a more safe, effective, and transparent approach to question paper administration. It does this through contemporary security provisions and cutting-edge technology. This paper also discusses comparative analysis between traditional and proposed automated Question paper delivery system with respect to efficiency, security, cost reduction and flexibility.

Javanese Language Representation: A Dialogue and Expression ala Kethoprak in the Film Nyumbang

The research aimed to examine the usage of the Javanese language to represent the discourse of nyumbang (donation) in the film Nyumbang produced by Montase Film Independen Yogyakarta. It focused on analyzing the discourse semantics of the Javanese dialogues, which took the style expression ala Kethoprak. The primary data are the Javanese dialogues in the film Nyumbang. At the same time, the supporting data were taken from journals, books, newspapers, websites, and supporting media (audiovisuals, interview results, and other documentation). Data analysis techniques included reduction, presentation, and verification of conclusions related to the research object. The results indicate the utilization of a strong Javanese accent, mostly found in Kethoprak's performance, to represent the problematic discourse of nyumbang. The actors who are the members of the Sanggar Kethoprak Merbabu Budaya, Magelang, speaking in Javanese with the Mataram accent, highlight the problematization of the ideology behind the discourse of nyumbang. The Mataram accent, which is the language style of Kethoprak, added with the helpless facial expressions of the actors, provides the interpretation of the raising question of the nyumbang tradition, which has been embedded in Javanese culture. Through some word choices that are exaggerated to produce a sense of helplessness, the tradition of nyumbang, formerly developed to help each other, becomes a social burden. Thus, the research finds that the film Nyumbang provides an effort to maintain the Kethoprak tradition without abandoning the characteristics of its traditional performances, which contain criticisms of tradition in modern life.

Struktur, Kategori, dan Fungsi Sosial Pertanyaan Tradisional (Riddles) Masyarakat Kenagarian Sitiung Kecamatan Sitiung Kabupaten Dharmasraya

This study aims to describe (1) the structure of traditional questions (riddles) for the Kenagarian Sitiung community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya Regency, (2) the categories of traditional questions (riddles) for the Kenagarian Sitiung community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya District, and (3) the social function of traditional questions (riddles). the Sitiung Kenagarian community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya Regency. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this research are traditional questions (riddles) from the Kenagarian Sitiung community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya Regency. Data collection from informants was carried out in two stages, namely recording traditional questions (riddles) and collecting data about the storytelling environment. Data analysis was carried out in four stages (1) data transcription stage, (2) data classification stage, (3) results discussion and conclusion stage, and (4) reporting stage. Based on the results of the study, the following were found: (1) the structure of traditional questions (riddles) for the Kenagarian Sitiung community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya Regency consists of: (a) traditional questions (riddles) that conflict, and (b) traditional questions (riddles) that do not contrary. (2) the categories of traditional questions (riddles) of the Kenagarian Sitiung community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya Regency consist of: (a) similarities with humans, (b) similarities with animals, (c) similarities with plants, (d) similarities with inanimate objects, and (e) similarities with colors. (3) the social function of traditional questions (riddles) for the Kenagarian Sitiung community, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya Regency, consisting of: (a) testing other people's intelligence, and (b) entertainment.

Phenomenon of Movement in the Life and Culture of Nomadic Kazakhs across the Frontier Zone, Late 19th to Early 20th Century

Introduction. Nomads once maximally incorporated into nature and surrounding landscapes had tended to retain their identity through the pastoral way of life, way of thinking, and mentality. The gradual — though further accelerated — emergence of the new development logic set forth by the Russian Empire made the Kazakhs develop new adaptation mechanisms for survival and self-realization in the suggested circumstances. Goals. The article analyzes a variety of sources, works and studies characterizing existential specifics of nomadic economic patterns — to examine the shaping of new life strategies adopted by Kazakh nomads across the frontier zone in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The analyzed materials include those contained in Collection 175 of the State Archive of Orenburg Oblast, Interim Provisions on Governance in Steppe Areas of Orenburg and West Siberian Governorates-General, and Materials on Kirghiz Land Use published between 1896 and 1915. Besides, a number of Kazakh literary works that serve as unique historical sources have been considered. Results. The critical approach to different historical sources makes it possible to compare factual materials and reconstruct the transformation and changes in self-identity and outlooks of ex-nomads. At the turn of the 20th century, Kazakh elites were trying to answer the traditional questions of the intelligentsia: Who is to blame and what is to be done? Then and there it was urgent to decide on further prospects of life — whether to preserve nomadism or to seek for other forms of semi-nomadic life, or gradually get sedentarized at all. Conclusions. The Russian Government did not interfere with the nomads’ land use practices, and tended to solve land matters of exclusively plowmen’s communities. In these conditions, the nomadic Kazakhs were left to themselves. As a result, they had to develop new daily practices. Having lost their traditional lifestyle, the Kazakhs still succeeded in preserving their national distinctness in terms of language, oral folklore, genealogies, rituals, etc. The specificity of the frontier zone manifested itself in that Kazakh nomads were actively involved in daily life transformations and developed a habit of turning to local authorities for support (rather than relying on their own resources only) to defend lands from competing peasant immigrants.

The Boundaries of Human Nature: The Philosophical Animal from Plato to Haraway

The Boundaries of Human Nature: The Philosophical Animal from Plato to Haraway

Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea

Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea