Quebec Provincial Research Articles

The effect of Montreal's supervised consumption sites on injection-related infections among people who inject drugs: An interrupted time series.

Between June and November 2017, four supervised consumption sites (SCS) began operating in Montreal, Quebec. Earlier studies on SCS focused on examining their effects on blood-borne viral infections and overdose mortality. Our objective was to examine the effect of Montreal's SCS on the incidence, health service use and outcomes of injection-related infections (IRI) in people who inject drugs. We used Quebec's provincial administrative health data to identify people who inject drugs in Montreal and calculated the incidence of IRI in this population between December 2014 and December 2019. We conducted a retrospective, population-based interrupted time series to estimate the effect of Montreal's four SCS on the monthly incidence rates of IRI-related hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, physician visits, and mortality. We also examined the effects of SCS on average length of IRI-related hospitalizations and incidence of hospitalizations involving surgery. The average age of Montreal's people who inject drugs was 41.84 years, and 66.41% were male. After the implementation of SCS, there was a positive level change in the incidence of hospitalizations (0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26, 1.68) for IRI. There was also a significant post-intervention decline in hospitalization trends (-0.05; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.02), with modest trend changes in ED visits (-0.02; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.02). However, post-intervention changes in level (0.72; 95% CI: -3.85, 5.29) and trend (0.06; 95% CI: -0.23, 0.34) for physician visits remained limited. SCS had no effect on the average length of hospitalizations, but there was a decreasing post-intervention trend in hospitalizations involving surgery (-0.03; 95% CI: -0.06, 0.00). Following the opening of the SCS, there was a moderate decline in the rate of hospitalizations to treat IRI, but the impact of the sites on the rate of physician visits remained limited. These findings suggest that SCS may mitigate the incidence of more serious and complicated IRI over time.

Quebec Provincial Elections in 2018 and 2022 and Their Influence on the Development of the French Speaking Province

Quebec Provincial Elections in 2018 and 2022 and Their Influence on the Development of the French Speaking Province

Evaluation of the outcomes of the Quebec provincial suicide prevention gatekeeper training on knowledge, recognition of attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, intention to help, and helping behaviors.

Gatekeeper (GK) training is a suicide prevention strategy in which community members learn to identify individuals at risk of suicide and refer them for appropriate help. Despite its widespread use, few studies have investigated its effects, including changes in helping behaviors. To assess the impact of GK training on participants' knowledge, recognition of the influence of attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, intention to help and helping behaviors, and to identify variables associated with GK behaviors. Mixed linear effects and forward stepwise logistic regressions were used to analyze data from 159 participants receiving the Quebec Provincial GK Training program offered by five different suicide prevention centers using pretest, posttest and 6-month follow-up questionnaires. Participants' knowledge of the GK role and suicide prevention, intention to help, self-efficacy, knowledge of services, and recognition of the influence of attitudes significantly increased following training. Most changes decreased at follow-up but remained higher than at pretest. Lower levels of education and higher intention to help were significant predictors of engaging in helping behaviors in the first 6 months after receiving training. The Quebec GK training appears to be effective in preparing participants for their role but does not appear to significantly increase helping behaviors.

Abstract 9301: Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Warfarin in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage III and Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: The effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with stage III chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still questioned. This study assessed the comparative effectiveness and safety of DOACs vs warfarin in stage III CKD AF patients. Methods: A cohort of patients with inpatient or outpatient coding for AF who were newly prescribed an oral anticoagulant (OAC) was created using Quebec provincial administrative databases from 2011-2017. The primary effectiveness outcome was a composite of ischemic stroke, systemic embolism and death and the primary safety outcome was a composite of intracranial, gastrointestinal and major bleeding from other sites in the first year after OAC initiation. Treatment groups were compared using inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighting Cox proportional-hazards models at under-treatment analysis. Results: 14,200 qualifying patients filled a claim for a new OAC prescription; 7,592 for warfarin 1,110 for rivaroxaban 20 mg, 2,084 for apixaban 5 mg and 1,674 for apixaban 2.5 mg. Rivaroxaban 20 mg was associated with a similar composite effectiveness (hazard ratio [HR] 0.84; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.62-1.12) and composite safety risk (HR 1.09; 95% CI 0.74-1.62) compared to warfarin (Figure 1). Apixaban 5 mg was associated with a lower composite effectiveness (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.53-0.86), but similar composite safety risk (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.64-1.22), whereas apixaban 2.5 mg was associated with a similar composite effectiveness (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.78-1.21), but lower composite safety risk (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.37-0.85). Conclusions: In comparison to warfarin, rivaroxaban and apixaban appear to be effective and safe in stage III CKD patients with AF.

Evolution of and Evidence-Practice Gaps in Antithrombotic Management of Atrial Fibrillation Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BackgroundThe management of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved rapidly in the past decade. We determine whether the publication of the 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society AF guidelines were associated with a shift in practice patterns. MethodsUsing Quebec provincial administrative database information for the period from 2010-2017, a retrospective cohort of patients with inpatient or outpatient coding for AF, who subsequently underwent PCI with placement of a coronary stent, was created and analyzed for the antithrombotic regimen received in the following year. Prescribing behavior was compared among 3 time periods (2010-2011, 2012-2015, 2016-2017), and use of antithrombotics was compared to guideline-predicted therapy using the χ2 test. Predictors of oral anticoagulation (OAC) prescription were identified using adjusted logistic regression. ResultsA total of 3740 AF patients undergoing PCI were included. The proportion of OAC prescription increased over time (2010-2011 = 51.4%; 2012-2015 = 54.3%; 2016-2017 = 56.6%; P = 0.13), with a significant increase in direct OAC prescription (P < 0.01). A substantial treatment gap in OAC prescription persisted after publication of the 2016 guidelines (56.6% observed vs 89.7% predicted; P < 0.01). Previous stroke, CHADS2 score, Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 4, and prior use of direct OAC or warfarin were predictors of being exposed to OAC claims; previous major bleeding, and low-dose acetylsalicylic acid or P2Y12 inhibitor use were predictors of not being exposed to OACs. ConclusionExpert guidance contributed to an increase in OAC prescription following PCI, but up to 2017, substantial further changes in practice patterns would have been required to achieve the recommended rates of OAC prescription.

Comparison of Three Nursing Workload Assessment Tools in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Their Association with Outcomes of Very Preterm Infants.

Nursing workload assessment tools are widely used to determine nurse staffing requirements in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We aimed to compare three existing workload assessment tools and assess their association with mortality or morbidity among very preterm infants. Single-center retrospective cohort study of infants born <33 weeks and admitted to a 52-bed tertiary NICU in 2017 to 2018. Required nurse staffing was estimated for each shift using the Winnipeg Assessment of Neonatal Nursing Needs Tool (WANNNT) used as reference tool, the Quebec Provincial NICU Nursing Ratio (QPNNR), and the Canadian NICU Resource Utilization (CNRU). Poisson regression models with robust error variance estimators were used to assess the association between nursing provision ratios (actual number of nurses/required number of nurses) during the first 7 days of admission and neonatal outcomes. Median number of nurses required per shift using the WANNNT was 25.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 23.1-26.7). Correlation between WANNNT and QPNNR was high (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001), but the QPNNR underestimated the number of nurses per shift by 4.8 (IQR: 4.1-5.4). Correlation between WANNNT and CNRU was moderate (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001). The NICU nursing provision ratios during the first 7 days of admission calculated using the WANNNT (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-0.99) and QPNNR (aRR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99) were associated with mortality or morbidity. Lower nursing provision ratio calculated using the WANNNT and CNRU during the first 7 days of admission is associated with an increased risk of mortality/morbidity in very preterm infants. · NICUs use different nursing workload assessment tools.. · We validated three different nursing workload assessment tools used in the NICU.. · Nursing provision ratio is associated the risk of mortality/morbidity in preterm infants..

Herpes Zoster Burden in Canadian Provinces: A Narrative Review and Comparison with Quebec Provincial Data.

Background The main aim of this review was to assess incidence rates and trends of medically attended and death cases of herpes zoster in Canada. Methods The search was conducted in five databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, PsycNET, and Web of Science). Data on herpes zoster-related consultations and hospitalisations and deaths were also extracted from three Quebec provincial administrative databases (RAMQ, MED-ECHO, and ISQ). Results The electronic search yielded 587 publications. Seventeen publications satisfied inclusion criteria. These publications reported data from eleven studies. Ten studies used provincial databases, and one study used the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network electronic database. Seven studies evaluated overall rates of medically attended cases (consultations and hospitalisations). Four of these studies reported an increase in rates of medically attended cases during the study period; one study reported stable rates, and two studies reported only an average rate. The rates varied from 316 to 450/100,000 p.y. The Quebec analysis shows similar rates with a slight decreasing trend (from 369 to 350/100,000 p.y.). Incidence rates of consultations were reported separately in three studies. Two studies reported an increase in rates (from 258 to 348/100,000 p.y. and from 324 to 366/100,000 p.y.), and the third study reported a decrease (from 525 to 479/100,000 p.y.). Hospitalization rates were reported separately in two studies, both reporting a decrease (from 12 to 8 cases/100,000 p.y. and from 9 to 4 cases/100,000 p.y.). Quebec data also showed a decrease, from 9 to 6 cases/100,000 p.y. One study reported herpes zoster-related deaths. In this study, the reported death rate was 0.7/1,000,000 p.y. in the overall population and 5.5/1,000,000 p.y. in those aged ≥65 years. Quebec analysis showed a death rate of 1.2/1,000,000 p.y. in the overall population and 8.6/1,000,000 p.y. in those aged ≥65 years. Conclusions The results of the reviewed studies and our analysis of Quebec provincial data indicate important variations in the reported overall incidence rates of medically attended herpes zoster cases in Canada. The trends in time are heterogeneous in studies in which hospitalisations and medical consultations were pooled together. We observed a decrease in hospitalization rates and a slight increase in consultation rates in studies reporting hospitalisations and consultations separately. These results consolidate the understanding of the herpes zoster burden in Canada and might be used as a tool in decision-making regarding future preventive interventions.

Creating a Public Plan for New York's Great Lakes Offshore Wind Power: A Strategy for Energy and Economic Development

This report evaluates the legal and policy considerations required for developing the energy resource of New York's Great Lakes Offshore Wind (NYGLOW). The potential economic development, environmental and energy benefits of NYGLOW are discussed and a strategy for siting, environmental review, and incentives to gain public acceptance and attract significant investment in NYGLOW is recommended, drawing on approaches used for developing Offshore Wind elsewhere in North America. The approaches of New Jersey, Texas, and Ontario are examined in some detail. In addition, the Quebec Provincial economic development model of purchasing wind power and requiring a local manufacturing component is discussed. Also, a strategy is offered for applying this Quebec model in New York without violating the dormant Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Financial incentives for offshore wind energy projects, including those of European countries, are considered. Finally, the report presents a comprehensive approach for New York State to follow, using its public energy agencies, the New York Power Authority and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, to lead a programmatic or generic environmental impact process that assesses the potential environmental, aesthetic, economic development, and energy development impacts of NYGLOW in a way that invites public participation.

PSY3 - Impact of Biologics Use on Depression and Anxiety Frequency and Health Care Resource Utilization In Psoriasis: An Analysis Using the Quebec Provincial Drug Reimbursement Program Database

PSY3 - Impact of Biologics Use on Depression and Anxiety Frequency and Health Care Resource Utilization In Psoriasis: An Analysis Using the Quebec Provincial Drug Reimbursement Program Database

Impact of adherence to treatment with tiotropium and fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases patients

Objective:Poor adherence to treatment may contribute to the treatment gap in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The aim of the current study was to describe the association between adherence to treatment and the risk of COPD moderate (ME) and severe (SE) exacerbations, and health care utilization.Research design and methods:Observational single cohort study utilizing the Quebec Provincial Health Insurance databases. All patients older than 40 years with a diagnosis of COPD between 2001 and 2010 were entered in the study cohort at the time of their first prescription for tiotropium (TIO) alone or co-administered with fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (TIO + FSC). Follow-up continued to the last known claim or death. Adherence was measured by the medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥80% and persistence defined as no treatment gap ≥30 days.Main outcome measures:ME was defined as use of an oral corticosteroid or antibiotic, SE as COPD related hospitalization or an emergency room (ER) visit. COPD related health care resource utilization ascertained was prescription of rescue medications, ER visits, hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, intubations, and general practitioner (GP) and respirologist visits.Results:There were 23,707 patients included in this study. Compliance and persistence with TIO for monotherapy patients were 61.1% and 47.6% respectively. For patients treated with TIO + FSC, compliance and persistence for TIO were 62.9% and 45.3% respectively, and for FSC they were 35.4% and 33.0%. Multivariate analyses showed a significant (P < 0.001) adjusted odds ratios for ME (ORME) and SE (ORSE) for TIO compliant vs. non-compliant patients (TIO: ORME = 0.543, ORSE = 0.712; TIO + FSC: ORME = 0.436, ORSE = 0.570). Similarly for FSC compliance: ORME = 0.546; ORSE = 0.749. Similar results were observed for persistence. Compliance and persistence with TIO and FSC were associated with significantly reduced rates of health care utilization.Conclusions:Despite the typical limitations of an administrative database study, the results of this large population-based study have shown that reduced adherence to treatment with TIO and FSC is associated with increased risk for exacerbations and higher health care utilization in COPD patients.

Le contrôle des chiens dans trois communautés du Nunavik au milieu du 20e siècle

Le contrôle des chiens des Inuit par les autorités fédérales et provinciales au Nunavik fait l’objet d’un vif débat depuis plus d’une décennie. Depuis 1999, la Société Makivik accuse le gouvernement canadien et le gouvernement québécois d’avoir orchestré l’abattage des chiens du Nunavik dans les années 1950 et 1960 afin de favoriser l’assimilation des Inuit à la société canadienne. Pour leur part, les gouvernements d’Ottawa et de Québec ainsi que leurs corps policiers respectifs — Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC) et Sûreté du Québec (SQ) — nient catégoriquement avoir appliqué une politique d’élimination des chiens qui aurait eu pour objectif d’imposer un mode de vie nouveau aux Inuit. Cet article traite du contrôle des chiens au Nunavik durant cette période à partir d’événements survenus dans les communautés de Kuujjuaraapik, Puvirnituq et Kangirsujuaq.

The Impact of Drug Vintage on Patient Survival: A Patient-Level Analysis Using Quebec's Provincial Health Plan Data

There is some debate about the value received for the money spent on prescription drugs. Some argue that most drug spending is on "me-too" drugs--drugs that provide only marginal health gains. Others suggest that the opposite is true--new drugs offer good value for money and are well worth the cost. To provide evidence on this issue, we evaluated the impact of drug innovation on the longevity of Canadians. We analyzed patient-level claims data from Quebec's provincial health plan. We selected elderly patients with continuous health coverage dispensed at least one drug prescription in each year of the study period, 1997 to 2006. Drug vintage was defined as the active ingredient's earliest marketed date. We estimated the impact of drug vintage on patient survival using a time-varying Cox proportional hazards model that controlled for year indicator variables, patient age, sex, region of residence, low income status, medical services use, concomitant drug use, and comorbidities. Of the 102,743 subjects in the study population, 14,154 (14%) died during the study period. Mean patient age was 68 years; 59% were women. Our survival models indicated that the use of newer medications was associated with a statistically significant mortality risk reduction (hazard ratio: 0.522; 95% confidence interval: 0.476 to 0.572, P < 0.0001), relative to older medications. Other covariates associated with an increased risk of mortality included age, sex (male), low guaranteed income supplement status, hospitalization, and number of comorbidities. This analysis showed that recent drug innovation has had a significant beneficial impact on the longevity of elderly patients.

Beating the odds

Beyond the shadows of Montreal is a small, rural Mohawk community known as Kanesatake (Oka), which has a population of approximately 1500 Mohawks. Residents of Kanesatake have experienced a number of crises in recent years, with negative consequences for the entire community and especially children and youth. The present article provides an overview of the dynamics of two crises faced by the Kanesatake community, detailing the specific impacts on children and young people before moving on to describe health centre interventions that were designed to support community members in processing the trauma. In 1990, Kanesatake was at the heart of the ‘Oka Crisis’, in which Mohawk residents set up barriers to prevent the expansion of a golf course onto their sacred grounds – the cemetery. The Quebec Provincial Police (Surete du Quebec [SQ]) and the Canadian army were sent in to dismantle the Mohawk barricades. Unfortunately, violence broke out, resulting in the death of a police officer. Many people believe that the ensuing 78-day stand-off was the beginning of many difficulties for the community. These events have had a harmful impact on the community, its members and the surrounding communities. Although the Oka Crisis did protect and preserve our sacred lands, it had some unsettling effects on the community that continue to affect us to this day. On January 12, 2004, our most recent high-profile community crisis involved, yet again, damaging national publicity as a result of political warfare and an ‘invasion’ by over 100 policemen from other Native communities to assist our Native police force. At the time, the community was not told why these extra police were brought in. There were rumours that the police officers were there to raid contraband cigarette vendors. No one knew for sure what was happening and it was a very confusing and tense time. The situation escalated with the burning of the Grand Chief’s home and the takeover of the police station by some community members. After a 24 h stand-off between the Native police force and some community members, the police were escorted out of the community. The community was left without security, which created more instability and affected the community and the surrounding areas. These two crises compounded the historical trauma brought on by colonialism, residential schools and dislocation. This prolonged and extreme trauma, and the resilience of the people who survived it, is rarely acknowledged in Canadian society. Suffering is not unique to First Nations peoples, nor is resilience, but perhaps what sets First Nations apart is the fact that most Canadians do not even acknowledge the depth of the trauma or the strength that was needed to survive. Too often, their views of Native people are formed by flashes on the television screen instead of through respectful relationships – and so it was with our community. We entered into the national consciousness at a time of crisis, and for most Canadians, we became defined by that moment, but we were here before and our children will be here after. The present article is as much about calling attention to the need for community post-traumatic interventions as it is about affirming our entire humanity as a proud people working for a better future for our children – not just an event.

The Election Everybody Won? The Impact of Party System Change, Voter Turnout, and Strategic Voting in the 1998 Quebec Election

Introduction In a rather surprising twist, Quebec's two traditional major provincial parties, the Parti Quebecois (PQ) and the Parti Liberal du Quebec (PLQ), and an upstart third party, the Action Democratique du Quebec (ADQ), could all claim victory in the 1998 election. The PQ with 42.7 percent of the vote retained a clear majority of seats (75 of 125) and renewed its mandate as the governing party. The PLQ defied the preelection polls by overtaking the PQ in total votes (43.7 percent) and gained some seats, bringing its total to 48. Although unable to increase its seat total beyond the riding of its young leader Mario Dumont, the ADQ over-achieved. It fielded candidates in all 125 ridings, captured nearly 12 percent of the vote provincewide, and increased its share of the vote in most ridings where it ran in the previous election. The ADQ proved the only party capable of increasing its vote tally. Significantly, it upped its count in sixty-eight of the eighty tidings it contested in 1994 and in 114 of 125 ridings overall. Furthermore, the Adequiste vote exceeded the margin between the PQ and the PLQ tallies in more than one-third (37 percent) of all constituencies (see Table Five) and the party made impressive gains in Lanaudiere, Laurentides, Mauricie, and Chaudiere-Appalaches, constituencies that favored the oui side in the 1995 referendum (des Rivieres 1998). This outcome may be considered surprising, especially since few, if any, experts forecast such an improbable denouement. For the first time since 1966 a losing party a plurality of votes in a Quebec election. In addition, not since the Union Nationale (UN) in 1976 had a third party picked up more than 10 percent of the provincial vote (Nadeau and Belanger 1999). Whether this election can be deemed critical or the harbinger of a realignment similar to the one that occ urred in the 1930s with the UN or the 1970s with the PQ cannot yet be fully assessed, but it does provide some important clues (Fitzmaurice 1985,183-197; Quinn 1979, 48-72; Lemieux 1995, 242-247). This article represents an effort to make some sense Out of the election results. By examining party system change, strategic voting, and regional voting patterns, it can be said that, contrary to the 1997 Canadian national election--the contest nobody won (Clarke, Wearing, Kornberg, and Stewart 1997)--all the major parties achieved at least some success in the last Quebec election of the century. Our examination of the election and its implications proceeds in several steps. First, we present a breakdown of the results provincewide and by region. Second, we test alternative hypotheses regarding the possibility of transformation of the party system and the impact of voter turnout. In particular, we focus on the role and impact of the ADQ as an important player in any party-system transition. Finally, we discuss the extent to which strategic voting, rather than party-system change, had an impact on the outcome of the 1998 election. Vote Change and Movement There was a great deal of media speculation regarding the significance of this election, much of it wrong. Some pundits suggested that the strong showing of the PQ in the preelection polls convinced many of its supporters to stay home on 30 November, with victory seemingly assured. They suggested that low turnout by Pequiste voters distorted the electoral results. Other members of the media opined that the ADQ's impressive showing signaled an overall decline in the PLQ. They speculated that the Liberals might never again form another Quebec Provincial Government. Yet these and other viewpoints begged the following questions. Were moving away from the Liberals to the ADQ as a convenient alternative? Conversely, would the ADQ's success foreshadow the eventual demise of the PQ, which might splinter into hard and nationalist factions with the soft nationalists gravitating to the ADQ? …

Incorporating groups into rational choice explanations of turnout: An empirical test

This study examines the problem of voter turnout from a rational choice perspective. It reviews the “paradox of voting” and finds one model, which incorporates the role of intermediary social groups and leaders, to be a promising solution. It tests the hypothesis that leader mobilization increases voter turnout, using an ecological analysis of turnout in five Montreal ethnic communities during three recent elections: the 1993 Canadian federal, the 1994 Quebec provincial, and the 1994 Montreal municipal elections. Data on mobilization are taken from semi-directed interviews with association leaders in each community. The results compare predicted and actual rankings of turnout for each community and election. The overall results are weak, indicating that the model does a poor job of predicting voter turnout.

The 1994 Quebec Provincial Elections: Party Realignment, Independence Referendum, or More of the Same

La mesure dans laquelle les elections provinciales de 1994 au Quebec represente une rupture serieuse avec le passe, un realignement reel de lelectorat, et serait un indicateur du soutien croissant en faveur d'une transformation en profondeur du systeme, constitue le point essentiel de l'analyse de cet article. Les resultats qui y sont presentes demontrent qu'il ne semble pas y avoir eu au Quebec de coupure importante par rapport au comportement electoral precedent.

Developments in Eastern Canada in 1968

The production of petroleum and natural gas in eastern Canada during 1968 was 1,158,348 bbl and 12,455,044 Mcf, respectively. This represents a decline of 90,648 bbl of oil and 1,942,103 Mcf of gas from that of the previous year. In southwestern Ontario, 73 exploratory tests and 79 development wells were completed during the year. This represents an increase of 5 exploratory and 12 development wells from the previous year. A general increase in drilling, combined with the trend toward Cambrian and deeper Silurian drilling in the lower basinal areas, accounted for an increase of 28% in total footage drilled in 1968 over the previous year. In the Hudson Bay region, private industry and various government agencies completed 14 crew-months of combined geologic and geophysical work. One deep stratigraphic test was completed to Precambrian basement rocks on the southern rim of the Hudson Bay basin. In the sedimentary basins of Quebec, exploratory activity was confined to geologic and geophysical surveys; 9 crew-months were completed by industry and 12.5 crew-months by Quebec Provincial organizations. In the Atlantic provinces, considerable interest was focused on the offshore continental margins. Offshore holdings increased by more than 50 million acres in 1968, to an all time high of 205,135,880 acres. Although industry accounted for 36 1/3 crew-months of geologic and geophysical work in the offshore areas, there was no exploratory drilling. Onshore, 1 exploratory well was completed in the Cape Breton Island area of Nova Scotia.

Architectural Criteria &amp; French Traditions

It is notorious that our present age, for all the lip service that it pays to structural and economic considerations and the sanctity of the program when it theorizes about architecture, tends to give undue weight to pictorial or sculptural criteria when it judges individual buildings. Photography and the illustrated press are sometimes blamed for this. Mr. Collins, in an address to the annual meeting of the Province of Quebec Architectural Association, shows that the trouble has deeper roots, which reach back three centuries to the establishment of the French Académie de Peinture, Sculpture et Architecture in Rome. He points out that the so-called “beaux-arts” system in France, far from being characteristically and traditionally French, is essentially Italian, and suggests that the Quebec Provincial Government's Report on Architectural Education may well be a major factor leading to a revival of a truly French tradition in architecture—and in France itself.

Quebec (Provincial) and Canadian (Federal) Rules on International Procedure (International Judicial Assistance) in Civil and Commercial Matters

Quebec (Provincial) and Canadian (Federal) Rules on International Procedure (International Judicial Assistance) in Civil and Commercial Matters