Quasi-experimental Method Research Articles

Spatio-temporal quasi-experimental methods for rare disease outcomes: the impact of reformulated gasoline on childhood haematologic cancer

Abstract Although some pollutants emitted in vehicle exhaust, such as benzene, are known to cause leukaemia in adults with high exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and childhood haematologic cancer. In the 1990s, the US EPA enacted the reformulated gasoline program in select areas of the U.S., which drastically reduced ambient TRAP in affected areas. This created an ideal quasi-experiment to study the effects of TRAP on childhood haematologic cancers. However, existing methods for quasi-experimental analyses can perform poorly when outcomes are rare and unstable, as with childhood cancer incidence. We develop Bayesian spatio-temporal matrix completion methods to conduct causal inference in quasi-experimental settings with rare outcomes. Selective information sharing across space and time enables stable estimation, and the Bayesian approach facilitates uncertainty quantification. We evaluate the methods through simulations and apply them to estimate the causal effects of TRAP on childhood leukaemia and lymphoma.

Abstract 4124974: Small delays in door-to-balloon time for patients presenting with STEMI do not impact mortality: a quasi-experimental study

Introduction: Observational studies have consistently demonstrated a strong association between longer door-to-balloon (DTB) times and increased mortality in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the extent to which this association is attributable to unmeasured differences between patients with different DTB times (i.e., confounding), as opposed to a causal impact of longer DTBs is unclear. Aim: In this study, we exploit a natural experiment using an instrumental variable (IV) approach based on weekday vs weekend presentation to evaluate whether incremental delays in DTB times have a causal effect on patient outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI in the CathPCI Registry from 1/2010 to 12/2021 at 1,422 sites. Time of presentation with STEMI (weekday daytime vs weekend daytime) was used as an IV to address potential confounding. A 2-stage IV analysis was used. In-hospital all-cause mortality was the primary outcome. Results: A total of 447,355 patients presented with STEMI during the study period. The average difference in weekend (N=125,787) minus weekday (N=321,568) daytime DTB times was 10.5 minutes. Patient, procedural, and hospital characteristics were well balanced between groups. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 3.5%. In the IV analysis, delays in DTB time were not associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.03, P = 0.70). This null association was also observed when limited to hospitals with larger differences (19.5 minutes) between weekend and weekday DTB time (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.03, P = 0.85) and among patients predicted to have the longest (mean 70.8 minutes) DTB times (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.07, P = 0.96). Conclusions: Contrary to prior findings, incremental delays in DTB time for patients presenting with STEMI are not associated with increased in-hospital mortality when analyzed using quasi-experimental methods less likely to be influenced by unmeasured confounding. Efforts to further reduce DTB times in patients presenting to hospitals with STEMI are unlikely to improve outcomes. In the current era, policies intended to incentivize better care for STEMI patients should prioritize other measures of quality beyond DTB.

THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION THROUGH LEAFLETS AND VIDEO MEDIA ON KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DANGERS OF SMOKING IN STUDENTS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 PETERONGAN

Background: Smoking is an unhealthy habit that can cause various diseases. Health education is essential to improve understanding of the dangers of smoking. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of health education through leaflets and video media on students' knowledge about the dangers of smoking at Junior High School 1 Peterongan. Design: This research method uses quasi-experimental methods with one group, pretest-posttest. The population is 225 students of class VII of SMPN 1 Peterongan with a sample of 56 respondents using random sampling techniques. Data were taken using a knowledge questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test, the Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) value was obtained at 0.000 <α 0.05, so it can be concluded that H1 is accepted, which means that there is an Effect of Health Education Through Leaflets and Video Media on Knowledge of the Dangers of Smoking in Students of Junior High School 1 Peterongan. Results: The results of the study showed that before the treatment, most respondents had a low level of knowledge, with a total of 32 people (57.1%), and no respondents had knowledge in the good category. After the treatment, most respondents had sufficient knowledge, namely 28 people (50.0%), while only a few respondents were still in the low category, namely 2 people (3.6%). Conclusion: Health education has a significant impact on students' knowledge of the dangers of smoking. Increasing knowledge about the dangers of smoking is very important for teenagers. The role of parents in supervising teenagers is also crucial to prevent smoking behavior and achieve the expected results.

State adoption of paid sick leave and cardiovascular disease mortality among adults in the United States, 2008-2019.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the United States and may be prevented through improved working conditions. The United States does not guarantee paid sick leave (PSL) at the federal level. We used quasi-experimental event study methods to examine the relationship between state-level PSL policies and county-level CVD mortality among working-age adults aged 15 to 64 over time (2008 to 2019). We examined the annual CVD mortality rates in 1054 counties from all 50 states and Washington D.C.. In the Northeastern region of the United States, there were drops in the CVD mortality rate in all years after PSL was adopted. We found no effect of PSL in the Western United States with a strong presence of pretreatment effects, making the results for that region uninterpretable. Our results support the use of state-level PSL policies to reduce county-level CVD mortality rates in the Northeastern United States.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Augmented Reality Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII Mata Pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam di SMPN 3 Kinali

The lack of creativity of educators in the use of media during the learning process is one of the driving factors for the low learning outcomes of grade VIII students in Natural Sciences (IPA) at SMP N 3 Kinali. This study aims to determine the Effect of the Use of Augmented Reality (AR) Media on the Learning Outcomes of Grade VIII Students in Natural Sciences (IPA) at SMP 3 KINALI. The type of research used is a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method consisting of an experimental class (VIII.4) and a control class VIII (3). The sampling technique in this study is purposive sampling. The research design used is the Nonequivalent Control Group. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the use of AR media has a significant positive influence on the improvement of learning outcomes of grade VIII students in science subjects at SMP 3 Kinali. The average learning outcomes of students in the experimental class using AR media were significantly higher than in the control class. This indicates that AR media can be an effective alternative to increase students' motivation to learn and facilitate better understanding of concepts

Online Design Thinking Instruction and Changes in Pre-Service Teachers’ Self-Perceptions of Design Thinking and Reflective Thinking: A Mixed-Method Study

It is an undeniable fact that Design Thinking (DT) and Reflective Thinking (RT) skills are among the qualities that must be possessed by every individual, especially teachers, who are one of the most important pillars in achieving the goals of curriculums, in the world of education where digital technology has become a great power. This makes it necessary to carry out studies to develop teacher training programs in this direction. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effect of DT training on the DT and RT tendencies of pre-service teachers and to elicit the opinions of pre-service teachers on this process. The study group consisted of a total of 44 second-year pre-service teachers, 32 female and 12 male, attending the Department of Primary Teaching in a state university. The study employed an embedded design, one of the mixed methods, and qualitative research was embedded within quantitative research. An quasi-experimental method was used in the quantitative dimension of the study, and the case study design was used in the qualitative dimension. In the experimental dimension the study, data were collected by using the “Design Thinking Scale”, “Reflective Thinking Level Determination Scale” and a “Personal Information Form” developed by the researcher. The qualitative data of the study were collected by using a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researcher. At the end of the study, it is believed that online DT instruction may have an impact on pre-service teachers' both DT and RT tendencies, and that pre-service teachers with low reflection and critical reflection tendencies may have benefited more from online DT instruction compared to those with higher tendencies.

The Effect of Animation Video-Based Education Toward Stunting Knowledge and Attitude Among Female Adolescents in Jakarta

Aims: The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is one of the crucial problems that will have an impact on the next generation, so it needs to be prevented. Increasing stunting prevention knowledge and attitudes in adolescents related to health investment in the first 8000 days of life is important in reducing stunting rates. The aims of the study to identify the effect of investment education for the first 8000 days of life with animated videos as an effort to break the stunting cycle. Methods: This study used the Quasi Experiment method with a two-group pre-posttest design with 214 respondents divided into an intervention group and a control group with 107 people in each group. The research analysis used Wilcoxon Rank and Manova. Results: This study after being given the intervention showed that there were significant differences in the knowledge and attitude scores between the control group and the intervention group with a p-value of 0.000 (p <α 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that providing education on health investment in the first 8000 days of life with animated videos affects increasing knowledge and attitudes of young women in preventing stunting.

Study to examine the effect of Brain Gym on brain waves and concentration in athletes: Paper protocol

Brain function is crucial in achieving peak performance. This can determine a person’s motor control and psychological state, such as motivation, attention, goal setting, memory, self-control, decision-making, and concentration. Spontaneous activity of various physical organs such as the brain, heart, and muscles can be a reference when this behavior occurs. This protocol paper aims to determine whether brain exercises can influence athletes’ brain wave activity and concentration levels. The quasi-experimental method used a pretest-posttest control group design involving 68 futsal athletes. Group 1 will use Brain Gym with instrumental music, Group 2 will use Brain Gym with aromatherapy, and Group 3 will use Brain Gym with both aromatherapy and instrumental music. The research will take place at UNPARI, Lubuklinggau, South Sumatra. The results of this research can serve as a basis for developing mental training methods based on the psychophysiological impact of brain wave activity and athletes’ concentration. This highlights the need for better-designed training programs to optimize performance.

فاعلية استخدام روبوتات الدردشة التفاعلية (Chat Bot) عبر التلجرام في تنمية مهارات البرمجة بلغة بايثون لدى طالبات المرحلة المتوسطة

The study aimed to identify the effect of using chatbot in Telegram on developing Python programming skills for 7th graders in Jeddah. A quasi-experimental method was used by selecting a sample of (25) students as an experimental group. The study tools were pre and posttest for students’ knowledge of Python programming skills, and a rubric to observe students’ skills when practicing programming by Python. The study revealed that there were statistically significant differences at level (0.05) between the mean scores of experimental group in the pre and post-test. Also, there were statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of experimental group in the observation rubric used to measure the students proficiency in using Python. Finally, this study had several recommendations and suggestions to use the interactive chatbot in programming skills and other education purposes.

Reducing E. coli and Coliform in clean water using chlorine diffuser combined with white sand

Background: Water intended for hygiene, sanitation, and drinking must be free of physical, chemical, and microbiological pollutants. The most frequent microbiological contaminants in water are E. coli and Coliform bacteria. Chlorination, which uses chlorine compounds, is a widely used technique to eliminate germs from water. This process is regarded as effective and safe for sanitation, disinfection, and consumption. Purpose: To analyze differences in the reduction of E. coli and Coliform bacteria in water using the chlorine diffuser method combined with white sand. Method: A quasi-experimental method and a pretest posttest design, carried out at a boarding house x in Gonilan Kartasura village. The research sample was taken by purposive sampling. The sample criteria are water at the research location, namely Gonilan village which classified as densely populated. Research data was collected using observation techniques using observation sheets with three folds and three divisions of time span, namely 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes. The data collected was then analyzed using the anova method to determine the average differences in group samples. Results: The application of a chlorine diffuser combined with white sand can reduce levels of E. coli bacteria. In the Anova test, the p-value scores were obtained at 0.045 and 0.031, thus the alternative hypothesis was accepted, namely that there was a decrease in E. coli and Coliform bacteria using the chlorine diffuser method combined with white sand. The research results in the 60th minute of the experiment went from 1 to 0. Meanwhile, there was no significant decrease in Coliform bacteria. Initially the Coliform level was 68.3, then after 60 minutes of experimentation it only decreased to 63.6. Conclusion: Based on the research carried out, it was concluded that there was a significant reduction in the levels of E. coli and Coliform bacteria using the chlorine diffuser combined with white sand with a higher dose of chlorine used.

The effect of using ar sinaps learning supplements on high school students' concept understanding of respiratory system topics

There are many levels of objects studied in biology, and parts of the anatomy and physiology of the body still need to be appropriately understood. This problem needs to be clarified to enhance students' understanding of concepts in studying biology, especially in the respiratory system topic. This study aims to determine the effect of Augmented Reality-based learning supplements (AR SINAPS) on high school students' conceptual understanding of the respiratory system. This research was conducted in January-April 2023 at SMAN 38 Jakarta, Indonesia class XI MIPA. This study used a quantitative approach with quasi-experimental methods and pretest-posttest group experimental research designs. The sample was randomly selected using the simple random sampling technique of 62 students: 31 in the experimental class (using AR SINAPS) and 31 in the control class (using E-Module). Data were obtained using a conceptual understanding test instrument of 30 multiple-choice questions. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, and the enhancement in understanding the concept of the respiratory system was measured by the normality gain test (N-Gain). The N-Gain value for the experimental class was higher than the control class; the experimental class was 0.69, and the control class was 0.55. The results of the N-Gain percentage of both classes were in the medium category with different categories of effectiveness; the experimental class was quite effective, and the control class was less effective. Based on the study's results, the AR SINAPS learning supplement significantly affects high school students' conceptual understanding of the respiratory system.

The effect of administration of green coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn Viridis Variety) water on reducing dysmenorrhea primary for teenage women in class X at State High School 1 Deli Tua Year 2024

Primary Dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that occurs in teenagers, which is usually not associated with other diseases. According to WHO, in 2018 the incidence of primary dysmenorrhoea was very high in the world. On average, more than 50% of women in each country experience primary dysmenorrhoea. One way to treat primary dysmenorrhoea is non-pharmacological therapy, namely using green coconut water. Green coconut water contains calcium and magnesium which can reduce muscle tension. Vitamin C, which is a natural anti-inflammatory, relieves menstrual pain by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme which plays a role in the process of forming prostaglandins. This study aims to determine the effect of giving green coconut water on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescent girls. The research will be carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Deli Tua starting in April-May 2024. The research design uses a quasi-experiment method with one group pretest -posttest design. The sample in this study consisted of 22 respondents who were given green coconut water using a purposive sampling technique. The primary data used in this research was an observation sheet on the primary dysmenorrhoea pain scale before and after being given green coconut water as a research instrument. Based on the results of bivariate analysis using the Chi Square test, it shows that the p-value is 0.000. So it can be concluded that p <0.005, which means there is an effect of giving green coconut water on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea in young women.

Improving midwives' knowledge and attitudes in providing lactation education based on local wisdom of the Bugis ethnic in Indonesia

Background: The current rate of exclusive breastfeeding remains low due to several factors, including social and cultural changes, psychological factors, lack of education provided by healthcare workers, and the increasing promotion of formula milk as well as misinformation to the public. Therefore, it is necessary to have productive midwives who provide optimal healthcare services to improve the health status of infants. Currently, the healthcare services provided by midwives can also be carried out through independent practice. A midwife does not only provide obstetric services from a biological perspective but also addresses social, cultural, and spiritual needs. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of providing lactation education based on local wisdom in improving midwives' knowledge and attitudes in the Bugis ethnic in Indonesia. Method: A quasi-experiment method, specifically a pre-test and post-test with a control group design. The study population consists of midwives who have Independent Midwifery Practice in 15 districts of Makassar City. The sample obtained using purposive sampling. The sample size was 30 midwives, consisting of 15 midwives in the treatment group and 15 midwives in the control group. Results: The N-Gain Score test showed a value of 72.89% for the treatment group, while the control group scored 21.89%. The paired t-test showed an Asymp Sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000, which is less than the probability value of 0.05 for the treatment group. Conclusion: The use of printed and online pocketbooks for lactation education integrated with the cultural values of Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, and Sipakainge in the exclusive breastfeeding program by independent midwives is more effective compared to counseling alone, which is less effective in the control group. Further testing concluded that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the treatment group, indicating an increase in the midwives' knowledge.

Healing Environment in Pediatric Cancer Centers by Utilizing Positive Distractions

In recent years, a broader perspective has viewed the use of therapeutic environments in healthcare, transforming the hospital’s environment into an energizing atmosphere that benefits both employees and patients. Scientists found that exposure to natural elements like nature scenes, sunlight, art, calming colors, and soothing sounds significantly sped up healing and created a more relaxed hospital environment. This research emphasized the importance of healthcare settings’ interior design in promoting patient well-being through beneficial distractions. The motivation for this investigation came from the need to develop an understanding of positive distractions in the cancer care environment and showed how this understanding could be used to enhance the space experience to promote health and well-being. This research adopted a mixed-methods approach. First, a qualitative method using a critical review of the literature was used to effectively present, analyze, and synthesize literature from diverse sources, followed by a quasi-experimental research method. This research is intended to focus on the attributes of positive distraction as one of the psychosocially and psychologically supportive healthcare design aspects that evoke positive feelings in children’s cancer center experiences.

The Effect of Applying A Problem-Based Learning Model Using Google Earth on Understanding Hydrometeorological Disaster Mitigation at SMAN 1 Tanjung Palas Tengah

This study aims to reveal whether there is a positive influence in the application of the problem-based learning model using google earth media on the understanding of hydrometeorological disaster mitigation in class XI of SMA N1 Tanjung Palas Tengah. The research design used in this study is a nonequivalent control group design with a quasi-experimental research method (Quasi Experiment). The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sample. The research instruments used are test instruments in the form of multiple-choice questions, as well as non-test instruments in the form of observation and documentation. The results of the study showed that there was a positive influence in the application of the problem-based learning model using google earth media on the understanding of hydrometeorological disaster mitigation in class XI at SMAN 1 Tanjung Palas Tengah in the form of a significant increase in the average class score. This is based on the results of N-Gain obtained a value of 66.96% and the t-test obtained a value of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.001. This is also supported by the results of observational studies that show a positive response from the research subjects.

Increasing High School Students' Understanding of Mathematical Concepts through the Discovery Learning Model Assisted by Powtoon

Mathematics demands a variety of abilities, including understanding mathematical concepts. However, reality shows that students have difficulty understanding mathematical concepts. This research aims to determine the increase in the ability to understand mathematical concepts with the Discovery Learning model assisted by Powtoon compared to ordinary learning models and determine the level of effectiveness. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and nonequivalent control group design was used in the research, with data collected through a written test of the ability to understand mathematical concepts. The research subjects were class XI students at SMA Pasundan 1 Bandung. The results of research data analysis show that students who studied with the Discovery Learning model assisted by Powtoon experienced a higher increase in understanding of mathematical concepts than students who studied with the regular learning model. The effectiveness of the increase is relatively large with this learning model. In conclusion, the Discovery Learning model assisted by Powtoon is very effective in improving the ability to understand mathematical concepts. Therefore, the Discovery Learning model assisted by Powtoon can be used as an alternative to improve the ability to understand mathematical concepts.

Pengaruh Pemberian Omlet Daun Katuk Terhadap Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Bukit Kemuning

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a nutritional problem in pregnant women which is currently a nutritional problem in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that the prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) in general in pregnancy is 35% to 75% (Abadi Putri, 2020). Lampung Province, KEK pregnant women is 13.62%, while in North Lampung Regency it is 9.92% (Riskesdas, 2018). The aim of this research is to find out whether there is an effect of giving katuk leaf omlet on the incidence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnant women at the Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center. This type of research uses a quasi-experimental method (quassy experiment) with a one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was all pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), namely 16 pregnant women. The sampling technique uses the total sampling method. Data were collected using observation sheets and body weight measurements using digital scales and LILA measurements using LILA tape. The statistical tests used were the paired test to the T-Test and the Wilcoxcon Test. The results of the study. Giving katuk leaf omlet affected the weight of KEK pregnant women at the Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center (p-value = 0.000) and giving katuk leaf omelette had an effect on the LILA of KEK pregnant women in Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center (p-value = 0.027). Giving katuk leaf omelette for 30 days had an effect on the incidence of KEK at the Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center. In this research, it is hoped that health workers can provide mothers with the ability to consume nutritious food, and can introduce other local PMT which are consumed by pregnant women. Pregnant women with CED must consume food according to their needs to meet their nutritional intake.

Accounting for health equity in policy evaluation: a content analysis of primary research

Abstract Background Public Health researchers increasingly make use of sophisticated study designs and methods to evaluate the effects of policies on health and social outcomes. Natural experiment evaluation (NEE) conceptualises policies as ‘natural’ experiments that occur outside of the control of researchers. Often, NEE employs quasi-experimental methods (QEM) which enable researchers to rigorously evaluate the effect of population-level interventions. As for other health-related research, it is unclear to what extent such public health evaluations can and do consider the (health) equity implications of policies. We sought to investigate how health equity is addressed in NEEs and other policy evaluations that employ QEM. Methods We identified a random sample of primary research as part of a pre-registered scoping review (https://osf.io/3h6cb/). Studies that employed methods labelled as interrupted time series, difference-in-differences, controlled before and after, regression discontinuity, and synthetic control were included. Through content analysis, we examined how health equity was considered in data analysis and discussion sections. Results We analysed 59 studies, of which 25 were stratified for one or more socially-stratifying factors. Results were mainly stratified by sex (n = 15, 25.4%), age (n = 13, 22%), and diverse measures of socioeconomic status (n = 14, 23.7%), i.e. income, employment, education, or other factors. Of these, 21 studies included a discussion of health equity-related results, ranging from a few sentences to a holistic discussion including recommendations for decision-makers. Most commonly, researchers recommended monitoring of policy effects in different sub-populations, and careful policy design that conceptualises complex policy effects, including unintended and unequitable effects. Conclusions Policy evaluations have great potential for informing public health decision-making but health equity aspects were under-examined in these studies. Key messages • Health equity is assessed by evaluating policy effects in relevant sub-populations. Only 25 of 59 studies included results that were stratified for one or more socially stratifying factors. • Studies that were focused on disadvantaged populations commonly included recommendations for policymakers, calling for better policy design and improved monitoring of policy effects.

A selective diesel vehicle ban’s impact on NO2 concentrations in Munich: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract Background The European Union’s current NO2 concentration limit of 40 μg/m³ is regularly exceeded in Munich, Germany. This limit is likely to be reduced towards the WHO recommended target of 10 μg/m³. In response, the city enacted a selective ban on older diesel vehicles, specifically those categorized as Euro 4 or older, within the current low-emission zone in February 2023. Our study examined how Munich’s selective ban on diesel vehicles impacted NO2 levels, concentrating on the six-month period after its introduction. Methods We employed a synthetic control approach in the primary analysis and a controlled interrupted time series approach in the secondary analysis. These quasi-experimental methods establish a ‘counterfactual’ no-intervention scenario, allowing for comparison with the actual observed scenario and estimation of the impact of the intervention. Historical data from monitoring stations within and outside the low-emission zone from 2014 to 2022 were utilized as controls, while potential confounders were considered. Results NO2 concentrations within Munich’s low-emission zone decreased across the study period. Effects of the selective diesel vehicle ban at monitoring stations within the low-emission zone were minimal, with wide confidence intervals indicating uncertainty. At Landshuter Allee, the average intervention effect was -2.67 μg/m3 (95%-CI = [-12.72; 7.38]), at Stachus it was -2.74 μg/m3 (95%-CI = [-9.91; 4.42]) and at Lothstrasse, it was -1.03 μg/m3 (95%-CI = [-7.75; 5.69]). The secondary analysis confirms these findings. Conclusions Munich’s selective diesel vehicle ban had limited effects in reducing NO2 concentrations. Factors such as its narrow focus on Euro 4 diesel vehicles, numerous exemptions, and unclear enforcement may explain this outcome. Comprehensive strategies and continuous monitoring and evaluation are crucial for effectively addressing urban air pollution and protecting public health. Key messages • Munich’s selective diesel vehicle ban had minimal effects on reducing NO2 levels, possibly due to its narrow scope, many exemptions, and unclear enforcement. • Current guidelines and court rulings signal the need for more effective solutions beyond selective bans, emphasizing the importance of well-designed interventions and rigorous evaluation.

The Effectiveness of the Discovery Learning Model on the Quality of Islamic Cultural History Learning

Learning the history of Islamic culture can train students to think chronologically and foster nationalism in planning the future based on past experiences. This research aims to test the effectiveness of the discovery learning model in improving the quality of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) learning and determine learning models that can produce quality SKI learning. The research uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method, involving an experimental class that applies the discovery learning model and a control class that uses the conventional lecture method. Data sources were taken from the pretest and post-test in both classes. The research was conducted at Madrasah Aliyah Ibadul Ghofur with a sample of class 10 MIA 1 students as the experimental class and class 10 MIA 2 as the control class. The research showed that the discovery learning model effectively improved the quality of SKI learning, with the average post-test score for the experimental class (86.91) being higher than the control class (72.50). The N-gain score measurement shows that the experimental class is in the practical category (70.49), while the control class is ineffective category (35.10). This research concludes that the discovery learning model has also been proven to increase student activity and motivation in learning compared to conventional methods. In conclusion, there is a significant difference in the quality of SKI learning between the control and experimental classes, where the discovery learning method is more effective in improving the quality of learning.