Quartz Thermometer Research Articles

Combined ICP-OES and XPS analysis to evaluate the [AlO4]0 concentration in quartz: limiting the formation temperature of quartz.

A proposed quartz thermometer is based on the concentration of [AlO4]0 tetrahedra determined by combining inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. The concentration of [AlO4]0 tetrahedra in the quartz lattice (C[AlO4]0/ppm) and the formation temperatures of quartz (TQ/°C) from agate, gold deposits, and granodiorite are calculated by C[AlO4]0 = CAl total (ppm) × k and TQ (°C) = 3.6 × CAl total (ppm) × k + 33.0, respectively. Where CAl total is the total Al concentration of quartz measured by ICP-OES and k is the relative percentage of [AlO4]0 tetrahedra in the quartz lattice and can be obtained by fitting the Al(2p) XPS spectrum. The obtained formation temperatures of quartz (TQ) agree well with the equilibrium formation temperature (TE) calculated by oxygen isotope data. By comparing the relative positions of the two temperature curves of quartz (TQ and TE), the composition of the mineral-forming fluid can be inferred. The proposed quartz thermometer can be applied to quartz formed under equilibrium conditions and in Al-saturated environments over a wide temperature range (152-566 °C). The use of the quartz thermometer effectively eliminates interference from different fluid compositions and satisfies the requirements of convenience and economy.

Magmatic evolution of ediacaran alkali rhyolites from the Acampamento Velho volcanism in the Tupanci area, southern Brazil: A study based on mineral chemistry, LA-ICP-MS Ti-in-quartz and zircon saturation geothermometry

Post-eruptive, metamorphic, and weathering processes are issues that affect not only the identification of geochemical signature but also mineral paragenesis on ancient volcanic successions. Still, the estimate of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity conditions prevalent during magma crystallization can be achieved for volcanic systems of any age by combining experimental, thermodynamic and natural data using geothermobarometers. In this regard, highly resistant minerals such as zircon and quartz can provide key information on the origin and evolution of silicic magmatic chambers. For example, the substitution of Ti4+ for Si4+ in quartz is a function of the activity of TiO2 in the magma and in the crystal, temperature and pressure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to apply Ti-in-quartz (TitaniQ) coupled to Zircon saturation geothermometry to provide a better insight into the igneous processes that originated post-collisional Ediacaran sodic-alkaline rhyolites from the Acampamento Velho in southern Brazil. Zircon saturation geothermometry estimates range from ca. 825 °C–1000 °C (within an error of ~25 °C), in agreement with previously reported zircon crystallization temperatures for the Acampamento Velho volcanism in the Ramada and Taquarembó plateaus. Temperature estimates using the Ti in quartz thermometer range from 700 to 710 °C for the intrusive rocks and from 710 to 810 °C for the lava flows that show quartz zonation. The Ti zonation pattern in quartz was probably generated by partial phenocryst dissolution in response to a magma chamber recharge and increase in the pre-eruption temperature. This type of process could be similar to the injection of mafic melts rich in volatiles that originated giant magma bodies, indicating that the Acampamento Velho volcanism was likely formed in a supereruption event with associated caldera collapse, as previously evidenced by detailed petrography studies in other occurrences in the Sul-Rio-Grandense shield.

NIED’s V-net, the Fundamental Volcano Observation Network in Japan

In response to the recommendation of the Council for Science and Technology (Subdivision on Geodesy and Geophysics), the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) constructed a network of stations to observe 11 volcanoes: Tokachidake, Usuzan, Tarumaesan, Hokkaido-Komagatake, Iwatesan, Kusatsu-Shiranesan, Asamayama, Asosan, Kirishimayama, Unzendake, and Kuchinoerabujima. At each new station, a borehole seismograph and tiltmeter, a broadband seismograph, and a GNSS (GPS) were installed. Now, NIED has established 55 stations at 16 volcanoes, adding five volcanoes, namely, Izu- Oshima, Miyakejima, Ogasawara Iwoto, Mt. Fuji and Nasu-dake, and has constructed a new volcano observation network linking the 11 original volcanoes. NIED calls the combination of the new and earlier network the fundamental volcano observation network (V-net).Under a fully open policy, data from the borehole seismographs and tiltmeters, broadband seismographs, rain gauges, barometers,and quartz thermometers in the pressure vessels of the borehole seismographs and tiltmeters are distributed to institutes such as the Japan Meteorological Agency and universities in real time over NIED’s conventional seismic observation data distribution system. GNSS (GPS) data are regularly distributed to relevant research institutes, such as the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, using file transfer protocol (FTP). In addition, since everyone can use these data for the promotion of volcano research and volcanic disaster prevention, it is now possible to view seismic waves and download data from NIED’s website.

Cathodoluminescence imaging and titanium thermometry in metamorphic quartz

AbstractCathodoluminescence (CL) of quartz from metamorphic rocks representing a range of conditions from the garnet grade to the migmatite grade reveals a variety of textures, that is, a function of metamorphic grade and deformation history. Ti concentrations, determined by electron microprobe and ion microprobe, generally correlate with CL intensity (blue wavelengths), and application of the Ti‐in‐quartz thermometer (TitaniQ) reflects the temperature of quartz growth or recrystallization, and, in some settings, modification by diffusion. Quartz from garnet grade samples is not visibly zoned, records temperatures of 425–475 °C, and is interpreted to have recrystallized during fabric formation. Quartz grains from staurolite grade samples are zoned in CL with markedly darker cores and brighter rims, some of which are interpreted to have been produced by the dominant staurolite‐producing reaction, whereas others are interpreted as having formed by diffusion of Ti into quartz rims. Quartz from the matrix of kyanite and sillimanite grade samples are generally unzoned, although locally displays slightly brighter rims (higher Ti); quartz inclusions within garnet and staurolite have distinctly brighter rims, which are interpreted as having been produced by diffusive exchange with the host mineral. Quartz from migmatite grade samples displays highly variable CL intensity, which is dependent on the location of the grain. Matrix grains in melanosomes are largely unzoned or rarely zoned with darker cores. Leucosome quartz is strongly zoned with bright cores and dark rims and is interpreted as having formed during crystallization of the melt. Locally within the leucosome is observed oscillatory‐zoned quartz, which is interpreted as a subsolidus recrystallization to achieve strain relaxation. Quartz inclusions within garnet or plagioclase crystals often show bright domains separated by zones of dark CL. These enigmatic textures possibly reflect local melting fluxed by fluid inclusions. Temperatures calculated from the Ti–in–quartz thermometer are a function of the metamorphic grade of the sample, the textural setting of the quartz, the reaction history and the deformation history of the rock. The TitaniQ temperatures can be used to constrain the conditions at which various metamorphic processes have occurred.

Calculation of the Checking Interval of Quartz Thermometers Used under Different Conditions

A method of correcting the checking interval of quartz thermometers based on the statistical results of checks is developed. The method enables the features of the use of thermal converters for measuring temperature differences to be taken into account.

Submarine cable OBS using a retired submarine telecommunication cable: GeO-TOC program

In order to study the Earth's structure and subduction zone tectonics, seismic data from the oceanic region are extremely important. The present seismograph distribution in the oceanic region, however, provides a very poor coverage. To improve this poor seismic coverage, a cable OBS system using a retired submarine telecommunication cable is proposed. The GeO-TOC cable runs from Ninomiya, Japan, to Guam through the Izu-Bonin forearc and the Marina Trough. The total length of the cable is 2659 km. An OBS, IZU, using the GeO-TOC cable, was successfully installed at the landward slope of the Izu-Bonin Trench in January 1997. The IZU OBS is located approximately 400 km south of Tokyo. The installation method is similar to repair work on submarine cables. The IZU OBS is equipped with three accelerometers, a hydrophone, a quartz pressure gauge, and a quartz precision thermometer with a few temperature sensors to monitor overheating of the internal electronics. After installation, the voltage increase is 90 V when the current is maintained at a constant 370 mA. Data from accelerometers are digitized by 24-bit A/D converters and sent to Ninomiya at 9600 bps for each component. Hydrophone data are sent to Ninomiya as analog signals using the AM (Amplitude Modulation) method for safety reasons. Hydrophone data are digitized at the shore station. Other slow-rate data are multiplexed and sent to the shore at 9600 bps. The instrument can be controlled by a shore computer. All data will be transmitted from Ninomiya to Tokyo and combined with other existing seismic data.

Temperature changes at depths to 150 metres near the active crater of Aso Volcano: preliminary analysis of seasonal and volcanic effects

Two holes were drilled to depths of 150 m and 70 m from the surface about 200 m from the active crater of Aso Volcano and quartz thermometers were installed in the holes at depth intervals of 30 m and 35 m, respectively. This series of observations is one of the first measurements of temperature at depth so close to an active crater. The ground temperature at a depth of 2 m had an annual variation with a range of about 10°C, as expected, clearly corresponding to the atmospheric temperature variation, but delayed by about 1 month. Temperatures measured at depths from 30 m to 70 m had very small annual temperature variations. The range of temperature at 30 m depth was about 0.04°C. The temperature at a depth of 60 m, however, was particularly stable, probably because at this depth the hole is in the middle of a massive lava flow. At depths of 70 m or more, small (less than 0.2°C) annual temperature variations were again observed. These variations are probably due to the effects of surface water descending to these levels through cracks and fissures. At 120 m depth, the average temperature is about 17.5°C, over 5°C above the surface average temperature, and the annual temperature variation has a range of about 2°C, out of phase with the atmospheric changes. This is probably due to the interaction of rainfall descending from the surface with convecting hotter fluids from below. The temperature gradient below 100 m depth is very high, with the average temperature at a depth of 150 m being about 31°C. The temperature variations at this depth are dominated by long-period variations, with a steady decline after a peak in November–December 1989, overlain by a rather irregular seasonal variation, with a range of about 0.5°C. October 1989 was the time of most active volcanic activity, with Strombolian eruptions depositing ash to a distance of 50 km from the crater, accompanied by very high amplitude volcanic tremor. So the temperature changes at 150 m seem to be mainly the result of volcanic activity. The maximum temperature at this depth occurred 1 or 2 months after the peak of observed volcanic activity. So it is likely that the temperature variations show a delayed influence of the level of volcanic activity. These results show that in the unconsolidated materials often found by active volcanic craters, the effects of seasonal atmospheric variations are carried to substantial depths by groundwater flows, so that at Aso Volcano, only at the maximum depth of 150 m are the temperature variations clearly dominated by the level of volcanic activity.

低消費電流作動の精密水晶温度計の開発

低消費電流作動の精密水晶温度計の開発

GeO-TOC Project-Reuse of Submarine Cables for Seismic and Geoelectrical Measurements.

Cooperative efforts by Japanese and U.S. researchers have been initiated to reuse a former submarine telephone cable (TPC-1, retired in 1991) for undersea scientific measurements. TPC-1 runs from Ninomiya, Japan to Guam, U.S.A., and has a length of ca. 2, 700km with a strike almost in the N-S direction. A prototype instrument package was successfully installed in northern Japan at depth of 100m using a similar coaxial cable. An instrumental package has been built and will be deployed near 30°N in 1996. The instrument has three component accelerometers with 24bit A/D converters, a hydrophone using analog telemetry, and a quartz thermometer and a quartz pressure sensor with a data length of 16bits. The data will be transmitted to the Ninomiya station in real-time. Other plans to reuse submarine telephone cables between Naoetsu, Japan and Nakhodka, Russia and between Okinawa, Japan and Guam are being considered.

High resolution cryogenic quartz thermometer and application towireless measurement

The high quality synthetic single crystal quartz resonator mounted in a casing of 3 mm diameter with 8 mm length has been developed for the cryogenic temperature sensor covering with the wide range from 400 K to 4.2 K under thickness shear mode operation about 28 MHz through either extended cable connection or wireless radio echo telemetric transmission from the resonator. A wireless echo sensor system of quartz cryogenic temperature sensor system has been constructed and tested for an application to cryogenic temperature control.

Using a digital quartz thermometer in a test equipment

Using a digital quartz thermometer in a test equipment

Long-term underground temperature measurements at Syowa Station, East Antarctica

Underground temperature measurements in two shallow boreholes have been carried out by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition at Syowa Station, East Antarctica from April, 1981 to January, 1985. Two quartz thermometers were installed in the first borehole at depths of 2 and 5 m and three were in the second one at depths of 1, 4 and 6.8 m. The mean underground temperatures in the first borehole were −8.181 and −8.843°C at depths of 2 and 5 m, and in the second one −8.242 and −8.220°C at depths of 4 and 6.8 m. As the mean air temperature at Syowa Station was −10.8°C, the underground temperature in the 2 −6.8 m depth range is about two degrees higher than the air temperature. The thermal diffusivities of the observation area are determined by the same principle of the Ångström method, using long-term underground temperature records. The thermal diffusivity around Syowa Station is established to be about two times larger than those of ordinary igneous and metamorphic rocks measured in the laboratory. The thermal conductivity of the drilled cores and surrounding outcropping rocks are also measured by the transient method with temperature conditions at +23°C and −20°C. The thermal conductivities measured in various samples at −20°C are about 7% larger than those at +23°C. Thes tendency is consistent with the results of holocrystalline rock experiments.

Method of calibrating a quartz thermometer

Method of calibrating a quartz thermometer

A calorimeter-Faraday cup to measure energy content of ion beams

A calorimeter-Faraday cup to measure energy content of ion beams is described. It uses an HP quartz thermometer having a 10 −4°C sensitivity; contact potential problems, arising when working with thermocouples, are so avoided. Calibration has been performed with a resistive filament and with an electron beam. The apparatus is profitable if the measured ion beams are constant in time. The measured sensitivity was 10 −4°C/10 −5W.

A semi-micro rotating-bomb combustion calorimeter

A semi-micro rotating-bomb combustion calorimeter is described. It is designed on the model of the Bartlesville stirred-water system, but is built into a Parr 1243 adiabatic calorimeter. Quartz thermometers are used to measure temperature. The 29 cm 3 bomb is platinum-lined, and requires 50 mg samples. The calorimeter constant is (4168.98 ± 2.23) J · K −1. For five crystalline substances studied previously the derived standard molar enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K are Δ f H m o/(kJ · mol −1): naphthalene, (87.17 ± 1.53); anthracene, (125.54 ± 5.59); 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethan ( tcnq), (666.09 ± 5.91); (1:1)-( N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl- p-phenylenediamine · tcnq), (624.10±8.63); and diphenyldisulfide, 151.06.

IEEE-488 bus interface devices— appraisal and applications

The IEEE-488 standard bus is used extensively as a means of connecting instruments and controllers. The interface functions defined in the standard are relatively complex and require a large number of gates and flip-flops for their implementation. However, the design of instruments using the bus has been greatly simplified by the introduction of LSI devices which contain all or most of the logic required to build an interface. These devices are reviewed in this paper, and two applications are presented. The first of these is an IEEE-488 interface for a digital quartz thermometer, a talker/listener instrument. The second is a waveform generator for mechanical testing, under the control of an HP-85, PET or similar computer, a listen-only application.

Precision quartz thermometers for borehole observations.

A very accurate system to observe the temperature change of a deep ground-water has been developed. A specially made quartz crystal is adopted as a sensing unit which enables the temperature measurement to the accuracy of 1/1, 000°C. Other advantages of the system are the simplicity of the instrument, ease of the installation, and low cost, which make possible a number of installations in an area. The concentration of the observations is especially important since the natures of wells might be different from place to place.More than 25 sets of the instruments were made and 15 sets have been already installed in Hokkaido and Honshu.According to the preliminary results, a coseismic signal was observed at a well in eastern Hokkaido when an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 took place at the distance of 200km. Other than the coseismic signal, a number of unexpected temperature variations have been observed.

A New Precision Thermostat Bath of Water Circulation Type

A new precision thermostat bath of water circulation type having submillikelvin stability over the range 0 to 50°C is developed for hydrostatic weighing. The apparatus consists of three parts; a temperature controller, a chilling compressor, and a water bath. The heater regulating the temperature is controlled by a proportion-integration amplifier which follows a platinum resistance sensor placed in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge. The regulated water is fed into a double bath consisting of inner and outer baths thermally insulated from the outside. The capacity of the bath is about 45 liters. The performance of the apparatus is tested by using a quartz thermometer. It is confirmed that stability better than 0.5 mK is realised over the whole range of the working temperature.

Quartz thermometer with a field-effect transistor oscillator

A very simple quartz thermometer is described which consists of a quartz temperature probe with practically linear temperature-frequency characteristic, an oscillator system and an electronic frequency meter. The thermometer measures temperatures from 233 to 373 K with an error < 0.02 K.

The Intradiurnal Temperature Variation in the Upper Ocean Layer

Abstract An experiment to investigate the structure of the oceanic mixed layer was conducted between 28 September and 14 October, 1971, at 21N and between 66 and 67W aboard the NOAA Discoverer. During the experiment a quartz thermometer system capable of measuring temperature changes to within 0.001C was deployed from a surface buoy. Time-series temperature data were obtained from 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 m depths and digitally recorded with a sampling interval of 1.1 min. This paper presents the results of an analysis of the temperature fluctuations in the mixed layer at selected levels for a three-day period characterized by fair weather conditions. STD measurements indicate there were no observable changes in salinity during this period. The observations show downward propagation of the diurnal heat wave at a rate of about 5 m hr−1 resulting in a turbulent exchange coefficient for the diurnal cycle of the order of 100 cm2 sec−1. During the heating portion of the cycle, which occurs during the day, the mix...