Quantum Wire Arrays Research Articles

Full-color fiber light-emitting diodes based on perovskite quantum wires.

Fiber light-emitting diodes (Fi-LEDs), which can be used for wearable lighting and display devices, are one of the key components for fiber/textile electronics. However, there exist a number of impediments to overcome on device fabrication with fiber-like substrates, as well as on device encapsulations. Here, we uniformly grew all-inorganic perovskite quantum wire arrays by filling high-density alumina nanopores on the surface of Al fibers with a dip-coating process. With a two-step evaporation method to coat a surrounding transporting layer and semitransparent electrode, we successfully fabricated full-color Fi-LEDs with emission peaks at 625 nanometers (red), 512 nanometers (green), and 490 nanometers (sky-blue), respectively. Intriguingly, additional polydimethylsiloxane packaging helps instill the mechanical bendability, stretchability, and waterproof feature of Fi-LEDs. The plasticity of Al fiber also allows the one-dimensional architecture Fi-LED to be shaped and constructed for two-dimensional or even three-dimensional architectures, opening up a new vista for advanced lighting with unconventional formfactors.

Efficient Deep Ultraviolet Emission from Self-Organized AlGaN Quantum Wire Array Grown On Ultrathin Step-bunched AlN Templates

Efficient Deep Ultraviolet Emission from Self-Organized AlGaN Quantum Wire Array Grown On Ultrathin Step-bunched AlN Templates

High-efficiency, flexible and large-area red/green/blue all-inorganic metal halide perovskite quantum wires-based light-emitting diodes

Metal halide perovskites have shown great promise as a potential candidate for next-generation solid state lighting and display technologies. However, a generic organic ligand-free and antisolvent-free solution method to fabricate highly efficient full-color perovskite light-emitting diodes has not been realized. Herein, by utilizing porous alumina membranes with ultra-small pore size as templates, we have successfully fabricated crystalline all-inorganic perovskite quantum wire arrays with ultrahigh density and excellent uniformity, using a generic organic ligand-free and anti-solvent-free solution method. The quantum confinement effect, in conjunction with the high light out-coupling efficiency, results in high photoluminescence quantum yield for blue, sky-blue, green and pure-red perovskite quantum wires arrays. Consequently, blue, sky-blue, green and pure-red LED devices with spectrally stable electroluminescence have been successfully fabricated, demonstrating external quantum efficiencies of 12.41%, 16.49%, 26.09% and 9.97%, respectively, after introducing a dual-functional small molecule, which serves as surface passivation and hole transporting layer, and a halide vacancy healing agent.

Topological metals constructed by sliding quantum wire arrays

A general strategy of alternated slide construction to craft topological metals is proposed, where there is a relative slide between the odd and even chains in the trivial spinless quantum wire array. Firstly, taking the three-leg ladder as an example, we find that alternated slide can induce a topological phase transition from the normal metal to topological metal phases, which are protected by inversion symmetry. Remarkably, topological metal without nontrivial edge states is found, and the bulk-boundary correspondence breaks down. Secondly, the two-dimensional quantum wire arrays with alternated slide manifests similar physical behaviors. Two types of topological metal phases emerge, where there are gapless bulk bands with and without nontrivial edge states. These results could be confirmed by current experimental techniques.

Stability of the smectic phase in arrays of parallel quantum wires

Using bosonization, we study a microscopic model of parallel quantum wires constructed from two dimensional Dirac fermions in the presence of periodic topological domain walls. The model accounts for the lateral spread of the wavefunctions $\ell$ in the transverse direction to the wires. The gapless modes confined to each domain wall are shown to form Luttinger liquids, which realize a well known smectic non-Fermi liquid fixed point when interwire Coulomb interactions are taken into account. Perturbative studies on phenomenological models have shown that the smectic fixed point is unstable towards a variety of phases such as superconductivity, stripe, smectic and Fermi liquid phases. Here, we show that the considered microscopic model leads to a phase diagram with only smectic metal and Fermi liquid phases. The smectic metal phase is stable in the ideal quantum wire limit $\ell\to0$. For finite $\ell$, we find a critical Coulomb coupling $\alpha_{c}$ separating the strong coupling smectic metal from a weak coupling Fermi liquid phase. We conjecture that the absence of superconductivity should be a generic feature of similar microscopic models. Finally, we discuss the physical realization of this model with moire heterostructures.

Large-scale perovskite light-emitting diodes enabled by quantum-wire arrays: One step closer to commercialization

Halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are enticing candidates for displays and lighting. However, it remains a challenge for devices to upscale to large-area or non-planar structures with high uniformity. Recently, in <i>Nature Photonics</i>, Fan and co-workers developed perovskite quantum-wire arrays templated by porous alumina membranes to achieve highly uniform performance LEDs based on wafer-scale substrates and three-dimensional spherical structures.

Large-scale planar and spherical light-emitting diodes based on arrays of perovskite quantum wires

Large-scale planar and spherical light-emitting diodes based on arrays of perovskite quantum wires

Down-Scalable and Ultra-fast Memristors with Ultra-high Density Three-Dimensional Arrays of Perovskite Quantum Wires.

With strikingly high speed, data retention ability and storage density, resistive RAMs have emerged as a forerunning nonvolatile memory. Here we developed a Re-RAM with ultra-high density array of monocrystalline perovskite quantum wires (QWs) as the switching matrix with a metallic silver conducting pathway. The devices demonstrated high ON/OFF ratio of ∼107 and ultra-fast switching speed of ∼100 ps which is among the fastest in literature. The devices also possess long retention time of over 2 years and record high endurance of ∼6 × 106 cycles for all perovskite Re-RAMs reported. As a concept proof, we have also successfully demonstrated a flexible Re-RAM crossbar array device with a metal-semiconductor-insulator-metal design for sneaky path mitigation, which can store information with long retention. Aggressive downscaling to ∼14 nm lateral dimension produced an ultra-small cell effectively having 76.5 nm2 area for single bit storage. Furthermore, the devices also exhibited unique optical programmability among the low resistance states.

Unification of parton and coupled-wire approaches to quantum magnetism in two dimensions

The fractionalization of microscopic degrees of freedom is a remarkable manifestation of strong interactions in quantum many-body systems. Analytical studies of this phenomenon are primarily based on two distinct frameworks: field theories of partons and emergent gauge fields, or coupled arrays of one-dimensional quantum wires. We unify these approaches for two-dimensional spin systems. Via exact manipulations, we demonstrate how parton gauge theories arise in microscopic wire arrays and explicitly relate spin operators to emergent quasiparticles and gauge-field monopoles. This correspondence allows us to compute physical correlation functions within both formulations and leads to a straightforward algorithm for constructing parent Hamiltonians for a wide range of exotic phases. We exemplify this technique for several chiral and non-chiral quantum spin liquids.

Majorana and parafermion corner states from two coupled sheets of bilayer graphene

We consider a setup consisting of two coupled sheets of bilayer graphene in the regime of strong spin-orbit interaction, where electrostatic confinement is used to create an array of effective quantum wires. We show that for suitable interwire couplings the system supports a topological insulator phase exhibiting Kramers partners of gapless helical edge states, while the additional presence of a small in-plane magnetic field and weak proximity-induced superconductivity leads to the emergence of zero-energy Majorana corner states at all four corners of a rectangular sample, indicating the transition to a second-order topological superconducting phase. The presence of strong electron-electron interactions is shown to promote the above phases to their exotic fractional counterparts. In particular, we find that the system supports a fractional topological insulator phase exhibiting fractionally charged gapless edge states and a fractional second-order topological superconducting phase exhibiting zero-energy $\mathbb{Z}_{2m}$ parafermion corner states, where $m$ is an odd integer determined by the position of the chemical potential.

Energies of coherently strained quantum wires on a substrate

We present a detail analysis of the elastic energy, derive analytical expressions of the elastic self-relaxation energy and interaction energy, for coherently strained quantum wires of a triangular section grown on a substrate, and use these results to calculate the chemical potential of the wire, which serves as the base of the thermodynamic stability and dynamical evolution analysis of elastically interacting quantum wire arrays.

Self-consistent quantum-kinetic theory for interplay between pulsed-laser excitation and nonlinear carrier transport in a quantum-wire array.

We propose a self-consistent many-body theory for coupling the ultrafast dipole-transition and carrier-plasma dynamics in a linear array of quantum wires with the scattering and absorption of ultrashort laser pulses. The quantum-wire non-thermal carrier occupations are further driven by an applied DC electric field along the wires in the presence of resistive forces from intrinsic phonon and Coulomb scattering of photo-excited carriers. The same strong DC field greatly modifies the non-equilibrium properties of the induced electron-hole plasma coupled to the propagating light pulse, while the induced longitudinal polarization fields of each wire significantly alters the nonlocal optical response from neighboring wires. Here, we clarify several fundamental physics issues in this laser-coupled quantum wire system, including laser pulse influence on local transient photo-currents, photoluminescence spectra, and the effect of nonlinear transport in a micro-scale system on laser pulse propagation. Meanwhile, we also anticipate some applications from this work, such as specifying the best combination of pulse sequence through a quantum-wire array to generate a desired THz spectrum and applying ultra-fast optical modulations to nonlinear carrier transport in nanowires.

Analytical study of electro-elastic fields in quantum nanostructure solar cells: the inter-nanostructure couplings and geometrical effects

Recent investigations on multifunctional piezoelectric semiconductors have shown their excellent potential as photovoltaic components in high-efficiency third-generation quantum nanostructure (QNS) solar cells. The current work is devoted to studying the electro-elastic behavior of high-density QNS photovoltaic semiconductors within which initial mismatch strains of arrays of quantum dots (QDs) or quantum wires (QWRs) induce coupled electro-mechanical fields. The inter-nanostructure couplings which are of great importance in high-density QNS arrays are incorporated in the presented analytical framework. In practice, QNSs with different geometries such as spherical, cuboidal, or pyramidal QDs and circular or rectangular QWRs can be grown. The present solutions take into consideration any arbitrary geometry of grown QNSs as well. In addition, the current methodology treats functional variations of electro-mechanical properties of anisotropic QNSs and their difference with electro-elastic constants of the anisotropic barrier. Furthermore, nonuniform initial misfit strains within high-density QDs have been incorporated and revealed that change the induced strains by as much as 52 percent in comparison with the case of uniform misfit strains in InAs/GaAs pyramidal QDs. When different material properties of QNSs and barrier have shown to make small effects on the induced fields, it has been observed that both inter-QD couplings and QD geometry significantly affect the coupled induced electro-elastic fields either within QNSs or in the piezoelectric barrier.

Three-Dimensional Self-Assembled Columnar Arrays of AlInP Quantum Wires for Polarized Micrometer-Sized Amber Light Emitting Diodes

A three-dimensional ordered and self-organized semiconductor system emitting highly polarized light in the yellow-orange visible range (580–650 nm) is presented, comprising self-assembled in-plane AlInP wires vertically stacked in regularly spaced columns. More than 200 wires per column without detectable defect formation could be stacked. Theoretical simulations and temperature-dependent photoluminescence provided a benchmark to engineer multilayered structures showing internal quantum efficiency at room temperature larger than comparable quantum wells emitting at similar wavelengths. Finally, proof-of-concept light-emitting diodes (LED) showed a high degree of light polarization and lower surface parasitic currents than comparable quantum well LEDs, providing an interesting perspective for high-efficiency polarized yellow-orange light-emitting devices.

Spin analogs of superconductivity and integer quantum Hall effect in an array of spin chains

Motivated by the successful idea of using weakly-coupled quantum electronic wires to realize the quantum Hall effects and the quantum spin Hall effects, we theoretically construct two systems composed of weakly-coupled quantum spin chains, which can exhibit spin analogues of superconductivity and the integer quantum Hall effect. Specifically, a certain bilayer of two arrays of interacting spin chains is mapped, via the Jordan-Wigner transformation, to a negative-$U$ Hubbard model that exhibits superconductivity. In addition, an array of spin-orbit-coupled spin chains in the presence of an suitable external magnetic field is transformed to an array of quantum wires that exhibits the integer quantum Hall effect. The resultant spin superconductivity and spin integer quantum Hall effect can be characterized by their ability to transport spin without any resistance.

Hyperbolic Region in an Array of Quantum Wires in a Planar Cavity

We calculated the dispersion relation of a system consisting of a periodic array of quantum wires embedded in a planar microcavity. When the parameters of the system support strong light–matter coupling, the dispersion will have regions where the effective mass of the composite quasi-particle will have different signs along different axes. This is a criterion for hyperbolic metamaterials, and leads to interesting effects such as sustained kink solutions and nontrivial propagation of incident pulses.

Non-AbelianSU(N−1)-singlet fractional quantum Hall states from coupled wires

The construction of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states from the two-dimensional array of quantum wires provides a useful way to control strong interactions in microscopic models and has been successfully applied to the Laughlin, Moore-Read, and Read-Rezayi states. We extend this construction to the Abelian and non-Abelian $SU(N-1)$-singlet FQH states at filling fraction $\nu=k(N-1)/[N+k(N-1)m]$ labeled by integers $k$ and $m$, which are potentially realized in multi-component quantum Hall systems or $SU(N)$ spin systems. Utilizing the bosonization approach and conformal field theory (CFT), we show that their bulk quasiparticles and gapless edge excitations are both described by an $(N-1)$-component free-boson CFT and the $SU(N)_k/[U(1)]^{N-1}$ CFT known as the Gepner parafermion. Their generalization to different filling fractions is also proposed. In addition, we argue possible applications of these results to two kinds of lattice systems: bosons interacting via occupation-dependent correlated hoppings and an $SU(N)$ Heisenberg model.

Two-dimensional spin liquids withZ2topological order in an array of quantum wires

Insulating $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquids are a phase of matter with bulk anyonic quasiparticle excitations and ground state degeneracies on manifolds with non-trivial topology. In this paper, we construct a time-reversal symmetric $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid in two spatial dimensions using an array of quantum wires. We identify the anyons as kinks in the appropriate Luttinger-liquid description, compute their mutual statistics and construct local operators that transport these quasiparticles. We also present a construction of a fractionalized Fermi-liquid (FL*) by coupling the spin sector of the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin-liquid to a Fermi-liquid via a Kondo-like coupling.

Optical anisotropy of InGaAs quantum wire arrays on vicinal (111)B GaAs

We studied the optical anisotropy of InGaAs quantum wire (QWR) arrays on vicinal (111)B GaAs. Polarized photoluminescence (PL) studies showed that the PL is polarized preferentially along [1–10], where the polarization degree ρ is about 9.4%. We also theoretically investigated the electronic states of the InGaAs QWR arrays to clarify how the optical anisotropy is affected by (1) the corrugated structure, (2) the strain effect including piezoelectricity, and (3) the thickness difference of the InGaAs layers on the two facets of the corrugated structure. While ρ for the corrugated structure is almost the same as that for a flat quantum well structure, the strain effects and the thickness difference result in the increases of ρ by about 1.9 and 2.5 times. The calculated results were compared to the experimental data. It was found that the effects of the strain and the thickness difference are important to explain the optical anisotropy of the InGaAs QWR arrays.

Non-Abelian topological spin liquids from arrays of quantum wires or spin chains

We construct two-dimensional non-Abelian topologically ordered states by strongly coupling arrays of one-dimensional quantum wires via interactions. In our scheme, all charge degrees of freedom are gapped, so the construction can use either quantum wires or quantum spin chains as building blocks, with the same end result. The construction gaps the degrees of freedom in the bulk, while leaving decoupled states at the edges that are described by conformal field theories (CFT) in $(1+1)$-dimensional space and time. We consider both the cases where time-reversal symmetry (TRS) is present or absent. When TRS is absent, the edge states are chiral and stable. We prescribe, in particular, how to arrive at all the edge states described by the unitary CFT minimal models with central charges $c<1$. These non-Abelian spin liquid states have vanishing quantum Hall conductivities, but non-zero thermal ones. When TRS is present, we describe scenarios where the bulk state can be a non-Abelian, non-chiral, and gapped quantum spin liquid, or a gapless one. In the former case, we find that the edge states are also gapped. The paper provides a brief review of non-Abelian bosonization and affine current algebras, with the purpose of being self-contained. To illustrate the methods in a warm-up exercise, we recover the ten-fold way classification of two-dimensional non-interacting topological insulators using the Majorana representation that naturally arises within non-Abelian bosonization. Within this scheme, the classification reduces to counting the number of null singular values of a mass matrix, with gapless edge modes present when left and right null eigenvectors exist.