Quantum Simulation Approach Research Articles

Performance Projection of Vacuum Gate Dielectric Doping-Free Carbon Nanoribbon/Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors for Radiation-Immune Nanoelectronics.

This paper investigates the performance of vacuum gate dielectric doping-free carbon nanotube/nanoribbon field-effect transistors (VGD-DL CNT/GNRFETs) via computational analysis employing a quantum simulation approach. The methodology integrates the self-consistent solution of the Poisson solver with the mode space non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) in the ballistic limit. Adopting the vacuum gate dielectric (VGD) paradigm ensures radiation-hardened functionality while avoiding radiation-induced trapped charge mechanisms, while the doping-free paradigm facilitates fabrication flexibility by avoiding the realization of a sharp doping gradient in the nanoscale regime. Electrostatic doping of the nanodevices is achieved via source and drain doping gates. The simulations encompass MOSFET and tunnel FET (TFET) modes. The numerical investigation comprehensively examines potential distribution, transfer characteristics, subthreshold swing, leakage current, on-state current, current ratio, and scaling capability. Results demonstrate the robustness of vacuum nanodevices for high-performance, radiation-hardened switching applications. Furthermore, a proposal for extrinsic enhancement via doping gate voltage adjustment to optimize band diagrams and improve switching performance at ultra-scaled regimes is successfully presented. These findings underscore the potential of vacuum gate dielectric carbon-based nanotransistors for ultrascaled, high-performance, energy-efficient, and radiation-immune nanoelectronics.

Quantum simulation approach to implementing nuclear density functional theory via imaginary time evolution

The quantum imaginary time evolution (QITE) algorithm is a direct implementation of the classical imaginary time evolution algorithm on quantum computer. We implement the QITE algorithm for the case of nuclear Hartree-Fock equations in a formalism equivalent to nuclear density functional theory. We demonstrate the algorithm in the case of the helium-4 nucleus with a simplified effective interaction of the Skyrme kind and demonstrate that the QITE, as implemented on simulated quantum computer, gives identical results to the classical algorithm. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Quantum Simulation of Topological Zero Modes on a 41-Qubit Superconducting Processor.

Quantum simulation of different exotic topological phases of quantum matter on a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processor is attracting growing interest. Here, we develop a one-dimensional 43-qubit superconducting quantum processor, named Chuang-tzu, to simulate and characterize emergent topological states. By engineering diagonal Aubry-André-Harper (AAH) models, we experimentally demonstrate the Hofstadter butterfly energy spectrum. Using Floquet engineering, we verify the existence of the topological zero modes in the commensurate off-diagonal AAH models, which have never been experimentally realized before. Remarkably, the qubit number over 40 in our quantum processor is large enough to capture the substantial topological features of a quantum system from its complex band structure, including Dirac points, the energy gap's closing, the difference between even and odd number of sites, and the distinction between edge and bulk states. Our results establish a versatile hybrid quantum simulation approach to exploring quantum topological systems in the NISQ era.

Absence of Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order in hcp ^{4}He Dislocation Cores.

The mass transport properties along dislocation cores in hcp ^{4}He are revisited by considering two types of edge dislocations as well as a screw dislocation, using a fully correlated quantum simulation approach. Specifically, we employ the zero-temperature path-integral ground state (PIGS) method together with ergodic sampling of the permutation space to investigate the fundamental dislocation core structures and their off-diagonal long-range order properties. It is found that the Bose-Einstein condensate fraction of such defective ^{4}He systems is practically null (≤10^{-6}), just as in the bulk defect-free crystal. These results provide compelling evidence for the absence of intrinsic superfluidity in dislocation cores in hcp ^{4}He and challenge the superfluid dislocation-network interpretation of the mass-flux-experiment observations, calling for further experimental investigation.

Entanglement-Enhanced Quantum Metrology in Colored Noise by Quantum Zeno Effect.

In open quantum systems, the precision of metrology inevitably suffers from the noise. In Markovian open quantum dynamics, the precision can not be improved by using entangled probes although the measurement time is effectively shortened. However, it was predicted over one decade ago that in a non-Markovian one, the error can be significantly reduced by the quantum Zeno effect (QZE) [Chin, Huelga, and Plenio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 233601 (2012)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.109.233601]. In this work, we apply a recently developed quantum simulation approach to experimentally verify that entangled probes can improve the precision of metrology by the QZE. Up to n=7 qubits, we demonstrate that the precision has been improved by a factor of n^{1/4}, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. Our quantum simulation approach may provide an intriguing platform for experimental verification of various quantum metrology schemes.

Experimental quantum simulation of non-Hermitian dynamical topological states using stochastic Schrödinger equation

Noise is ubiquitous in real quantum systems, leading to non-Hermitian quantum dynamics, and may affect the fundamental states of matter. Here we report in an experiment a quantum simulation of the two-dimensional non-Hermitian quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) model using the nuclear magnetic resonance processor. Unlike the usual experiments using auxiliary qubits, we develop a stochastic average approach based on the stochastic Schrödinger equation to realize the non-Hermitian dissipative quantum dynamics, which has advantages in saving the quantum simulation sources and simplifying the implementation of quantum gates. We demonstrate the stability of dynamical topology against weak noise and observe two types of dynamical topological transitions driven by strong noise. Moreover, a region where the emergent topology is always robust regardless of the noise strength is observed. Our work shows a feasible quantum simulation approach for dissipative quantum dynamics with stochastic Schrödinger equation and opens a route to investigate non-Hermitian dynamical topological physics.

Identifying Abelian and non-Abelian topological orders in the string-net model using a quantum scattering circuit

Realizing universal topological quantum computers requires the manipulation of non-Abelian topological orders in a physical system, which presents great challenges. Conversely, the rapid development in circuit-based quantum computing offers a reliable quantum simulation approach to study these topological orders. The preliminary problem is how to identify distinct topological orders. Here, we develop a framework based on the quantum scattering circuit to directly and efficiently measure the modular transformation matrix, which is widely deemed as the fingerprint of a given topological order. The information of the modular transformation matrix is encoded in the probe qubit, and the readout merely requires single-qubit Pauli measurements. We further implement the scheme in a nuclear magnetic resonance quantum simulator to emulate the string-net model, where an Abelian ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ toric code and a non-Abelian Fibonacci order emerge. In particular, the latter is predicted to be the simplest candidate for universal topological quantum computers. The two topological orders are unambiguously distinguished by the experimentally measured modular transformation matrices. As an experimental demonstration of a non-Abelian topological order with efficient readout, our work may open avenues toward investigating topological orders in circuit-based quantum simulators.

Synergy of Electrostatic and Chemical Doping to Improve the Performance of Junctionless Carbon Nanotube Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors: Ultrascaling, Energy-Efficiency, and High Switching Performance.

The low on-current and direct source-to-drain tunneling (DSDT) issues are the main drawbacks in the ultrascaled tunneling field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotube and ribbons. In this article, the performance of nanoscale junctionless carbon nanotube tunneling field-effect transistors (JL CNTTFETs) is greatly improved by using the synergy of electrostatic and chemical doping engineering. The computational investigation is conducted via a quantum simulation approach, which solves self-consistently the Poisson equation and the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism in the ballistic limit. The proposed high-performance JL CNTTFET is endowed with a particular doping approach in the aim of shrinking the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) window and dilating the direct source-to-drain tunneling window, while keeping the junctionless paradigm. The obtained improvements include the on-current, off-current, ambipolar behavior, leakage current, I60 metric, subthreshold swing, current ratio, intrinsic delay, and power-delay product. The scaling capability of the proposed design was also assessed, where greatly improved switching performance and sub-thermionic subthreshold swing were recorded by using JL CNTTFET with 5 nm gate length. Moreover, a ferroelectric-based gating approach was employed for more enhancements, where further improvements in terms of switching performance were recorded. The obtained results and the conducted quantum transport analyses indicate that the proposed improvement approach can be followed to improve similar cutting-edge ultrascaled junctionless tunnel field-effect transistors based on emerging atomically thin nanomaterials.

Efficient quantum simulation of open quantum dynamics at various Hamiltonians and spectral densities

Simulation of open quantum dynamics for various Hamiltonians and spectral densities are ubiquitous for studying various quantum systems. On a quantum computer, only log2N qubits are required for the simulation of an N-dimensional quantum system, hence simulation in a quantum computer can greatly reduce the computational complexity compared with classical methods. Recently, a quantum simulation approach was proposed for studying photosynthetic light harvesting [npj Quantum Inf. 4, 52 (2018)]. In this paper, we apply the approach to simulate the open quantum dynamics of various photosynthetic systems. We show that for Drude—Lorentz spectral density, the dimerized geometries with strong couplings within the donor and acceptor clusters respectively exhibit significantly improved efficiency. We also demonstrate that the overall energy transfer can be optimized when the energy gap between the donor and acceptor clusters matches the optimum of the spectral density. The effects of different types of baths, e.g., Ohmic, sub-Ohmic, and super-Ohmic spectral densities are also studied. The present investigations demonstrate that the proposed approach is universal for simulating the exact quantum dynamics of photosynthetic systems.

Quantum simulation dynamics and circuit synthesis of FMO complex on an NMR quantum computer

Recently, the dynamics simulation of light-harvesting complexes as an open quantum system, in the weak and strong coupling regimes, has received much attention. In this paper, we investigate a digital quantum simulation approach of the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) photosynthetic pigment-protein complex surrounded with a Markovian bath, i.e. memoryless, based on a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computer. For this purpose, we apply the decoupling (recoupling) method, which is turn off (on) the couplings, and also Solovay–Kitaev techniques to decompose Hamiltonian and Lindbladians into efficient elementary gates on an NMR simulator. Finally, we design the quantum circuits for the unitary and nonunitary part due to the system-environment interactions of the open system dynamics.

A new ultra-scaled graphene nanoribbon junctionless tunneling field-effect transistor: proposal, quantum simulation, and analysis

In this paper, a new ultrascaled junctionless graphene nanoribbon tunnel field-effect transistor (JL GNRTFET) is proposed through a computational study. The quantum simulation approach is based on the resolution of the Schrodinger equation using the mode space non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism coupled self-consistently with a Poisson equation in the ballistic limit. The proposed nanodevice is endowed with ungated region between the auxiliary and control gates as well as with a laterally graded channel doping in order to improve the switching performance of the ultrascaled junctionless GNRTFET. The performance assessment has included the IDS–VGS transfer characteristics, subthreshold swing, current ratio, intrinsic delay, and power-delay product. It has been found that the proposed ultrascaled junctionless GNR tunneling FET can provide improved switching performance than its conventional counterpart. The proposed strategy can be applied to improve similar ultrascaled junctionless tunneling field-effect transistors for the future digital electronics, where the high-performance and the aggressive downscaling should be in agreement.

Erratum: Quantum simulation of long-range XY quantum spin glass with strong area-law violation using trapped ions [Phys. Rev. A 99 , 052342 (2019)

Ground states of local Hamiltonians are known to obey the entanglement entropy area law. While area law violation of a mild kind (logarithmic) is commonly encountered, strong area-law violation (more than logarithmic) is rare. In this paper, we study the long range quantum spin glass in one dimension whose couplings are disordered and fall off with distance as a power-law. We show that this system exhibits more than logarithmic area law violation in its ground state. Strikingly this feature is found to be true even in the short range regime in sharp contrast to the spinless long range disordered fermionic model. This necessitates the study of large systems for the quantum $XY$ spin glass model which is challenging since these numerical methods depend on the validity of the area law. This situation lends itself naturally for the exploration of a quantum simulation approach. We present a proof-of-principle implementation of this non-trivially interacting spin model using trapped ions and provide a detailed study of experimentally realistic parameters.

Quantum simulation of long-range XY quantum spin glass with strong area-law violation using trapped ions

Ground states of local Hamiltonians are known to obey the entanglement entropy area law. While area-law violation of a mild kind (logarithmic) is commonly encountered, strong area-law violation (more than logarithmic) is rare. In this paper, we study the long-range quantum spin glass in one dimension whose couplings are disordered and fall off with distance as a power law. We show that this system exhibits more than logarithmic area-law violation in its ground state. Strikingly this feature is found to be true even in the short-range regime, in sharp contrast to the spinless long-range disordered fermionic model. This necessitates the study of large systems for the quantum $XY$ spin glass model, which is challenging since these numerical methods depend on the validity of the area law. This situation lends itself naturally to the exploration of a quantum simulation approach. We present a proof-of-principle implementation of this nontrivially interacting spin model using trapped ions and provide a detailed study of experimentally realistic parameters.

Observation of universal dynamics in a spinor Bose gas far from equilibrium.

Predicting the dynamics of quantum systems far from equilibrium represents one of the most challenging problems in theoretical many-body physics1,2. While the evolution of a many-body system is in general intractable in all its details, relevant observables can become insensitive to microscopic system parameters and initial conditions. This is the basis of the phenomenon of universality. Far from equilibrium, universality is identified through the scaling of the spatio-temporal evolution of the system, captured by universal exponents and functions. Theoretically, this has been studied in examples as different as the reheating process in inflationary Universe cosmology3,4, the dynamics of nuclear collision experiments described by quantum chromodynamics5,6, and the post-quench dynamics in dilute quantum gases in non-relativistic quantum field theory7-11. However, an experimental demonstration of such scaling evolution in space and time in a quantum many-body system has been lacking. Here we observe the emergence of universal dynamics by evaluating spatially resolved spin correlations in a quasi-one-dimensional spinor Bose-Einstein condensate12-16. For long evolution times we extract the scaling properties from the spatial correlations of the spin excitations. From this we find the dynamics to be governed by an emergent conserved quantityand the transport of spin excitations towards low momentum scales. Our results establish an important class of non-stationary systems whose dynamics is encoded in time-independent scaling exponents and functions, signalling the existence of non-thermal fixed points10,17,18. We confirm that the non-thermal scaling phenomenon involves no fine-tuningof parameters, by preparing different initial conditions and observing the same scaling behaviour. Our analogue quantum simulation approach provides the basis with which to reveal the underlying mechanisms and characteristics of non-thermal universality classes. One may use this universality to learn, from experiments with ultracold gases, about fundamental aspects of dynamics studied in cosmology and quantum chromodynamics.

Micellar transition (ellipsoidal to ULV) induced in aqueous Gemini surfactant (12-2-12) solution as a function of additive concentration and temperature using experimental and theoretical study

Micellar aggregates formed in aqueous solution of Gemini surfactant: N, N′-didodecyl-N,N, N′,N′ tetramethyl-N,N′-ethanediyldiammonium dibromide (12-2-12), in presence of organic additive: Phenyl Propiolic acid (PPA), has been systematically characterized by rheology, 1H-NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and contact angle (CA) techniques as a function of temperature. 12-2-12 undergo micellar transition from elongated ellipsoidal micelles to unilamellar vesicles (ULV) upon addition of varying amount of PPA as a function of temperature which was inferred by scattering and microscopy results. The quantification of the geometrical parameters of 12-2-12 micelles was achieved by a complete fit of the obtained SANS data using prolate ellipsoidal form factor and the structure factor model thereby confirming the presence of elongated ellipsoidal micelles and ULV. Variation of the viscosity with the shear rate for the ratio 50 mM 12-2-12: 10 mM PPA exhibited the typical viscoelastic characteristics which are further investigated by dynamic rheological measurements. 1H-NMR study indicated the substantial change in the chemical shifts of the protons for 12-2-12 with the addition of PPA, thereby inferring the significant interaction between the two components leading to such micellar transition. Furthermore, DLS and Fluorescence study suggested the formation, aggregation and collapse procedure of the network structures of the 12-2-12+PPA system, which either resulted in increase or decrease of viscosity as a function of PPA concentration and temperature. Such observation is evidently complimented by TEM findings and CA study. The structural dynamics of these aggregates corresponding to the interaction between them are well correlated with quantum simulation approach using Density Functional Theory (DFT)/B3LYP with the basis set 3-21G method.

Material-Device-Circuit Co-Design of 2-D Materials-Based Lateral Tunnel FETs

In this paper, the 2-D materials-based lateral TFETs are holistically assessed by co-optimizing the material parameters, device designs, and digital circuit figure-of-merits, e.g., energy consumption and delay. Effect of material parameters such as effective mass and bandgap are studied using a two-band quantum simulation approach in the ballistic regime. The selection of 2-D material parameters is discussed from the energy-delay perspective. Single-gate and double-gate 2-D TFETs are compared with the optimum material parameters. Using a simple analytical model for 2-D TFETs, the quantum simulation results for different materials and device designs are analyzed. We show that the gate-to-source fringing fields play a significant role in 2-D TFETs performance. To mitigate the effect of fringing fields on tunneling lengths, an interfacial layer (IL) is introduced between high- $\kappa $ and 2-D material, resulting a 3– $4\times $ increase in ON current. Using circuit-level metrics, we show that a tri-layer black phosphorus (BP) TFET using IL can outperform monolayer BP MOSFETs for the supply voltages below 0.5 V.

A quantum simulation approach for a three-dimensional Ising spin model—Comparison to mean field theory

We use a recently developed quantum simulation approach to study the properties of a three-dimensional Ising model consisting of S = 1/2 quantum spins localized at the sites of a simple cubic lattice. We assume nearest-neighbor interaction between spins with an exchange interaction that can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. It is found that the computational method quickly converges towards the expected equilibrium spin configurations. The resulting spontaneous magnetization curves corresponding to the two types of magnetic interactions under consideration were found to be almost identical to the ones obtained via quantum mean field theory at all temperatures. The derived total energies, total free energies, magnetic entropies and specific heats per mole of spins show no sizeable differences from known theoretical values. Furthermore, the results of the simulations for two different 3D Ising systems containing 4×4×4 and 20×20×20 spins localized at the sites of a simple cubic lattice were found to be almost identical to each other. This finding suggests that the self-consistent algorithm approach of the current simulation method allows one to obtain the physical bulk properties of a large magnetic system by relying on simulations of a much smaller spin system sample. Therefore, the method presently considered appears to be not only very accurate as gauged by comparison to mean field theory, but also able to greatly increase the speed of simulations.

Interplay of Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya and dipole-dipole interactions and their joint effects upon vortical structures on nanodisks

In transition metal oxides, magnetic dipole-dipole (DD) and chiral Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interactions between nearest neighboring spins are comparable in magnitude. In particular, the effects of the DD interaction on the physical properties of magnetic nanosystems cannot be simply neglected due to its long-range character. For these reasons, we employed here a new quantum simulation approach in order to investigate the interplay of these two interactions and study their combined effects upon the magnetic vortical structures of monolayer nanodisks. Consequently, we found out from our computational results that, in the presence of Heisenberg exchange interaction, a sufficiently strong DD interaction is also able to induce a single magnetic vortex on a small nanodisk; a strong DM interaction usually gives rise to a multi-domain structure which evolves with changing temperature; In this circumstance, if a weak DD interaction is further considered, the multi-domains merge to form a single vortex in the whole magnetic phase. Moreover, if only the Heisenberg exchange and chiral DM interactions are considered in simulations, our results from calculations with different spin values show that the transition temperature TM is simply proportional to S(S+1); if the temperature is scaled with TM, and the calculated magnetizations are divided by the spin value S, their curves exhibit very similar features in the whole temperature region below TM.

Duality of two pairs of double-walled nanotubes consisting of S=1 and S=3/2 spins probed by means of a quantum simulation approach

Using a quantum simulation approach, we investigate in the present work the spontaneous magnetic properties of two pairs of double-walled cylindrical nanotubes consisting of different spins. Our simulated magnetic and thermodynamic properties for each pair of them are precisely identical, exhibiting a fascinating property of the nature world and demonstrating the correctness of our simulation approach. The second pair of nanotubes are frustrated, two magnetic phases of distinct spin configurations appear in the low temperature region, but only the inner layer consisting of small spins is frustrated evidently, its magnetization is considerably suppressed in the high temperature phase. Moreover, the nanosystems exhibit typical Ising-like behavior due to the uniaxial anisotropy along the z-direction, and evident finite-size effects as well.

Verification of a New Quantum Simulation Approach through Its Application to Heisenberg-Like Models

A quantum simulation approach facilitated by the self-consistent algorithm was applied in the present work to ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic three-dimensional Heisenberg lattices consisting of S = 1 spins. Consequently, the calculated spontaneous magnetizations for the two sorts of lattices are precisely consistent with mean-field theory in the whole temperature range. Especially, the numerical results, such as magnetizations, total energies and total free energies per mole of spins, show no size eects. Thus, the physical properties of a huge bulk magnet can be estimated by performing simulation for a very tiny sample, so that the computational time can be greatly saved.