Quantum Blind Signature Research Articles

A novel quantum multiparty blind signature scheme based on χ state

Quantum digital signature, as an extension of classical digital signature, has become an important research content in quantum cryptography. Quantum blind signature combines the advantages of classical blind signature and quantum signature, which can ensure the unconditional security of the scheme based on the realization of the blinded signature of the message, and can be effectively applied in many real-world scenarios. This paper uses the four-particle [Formula: see text] state as a communication channel, combined with quantum teleportation technology to propose a new quantum multi-party blind signature protocol, which has the following characteristics: First, the Toeplitz hash function based on the linear shift register is introduced to blind the message, and the length of the blinded message can be adjusted according to the actual demand to increase the flexibility of the scheme; Second, through multi-party participation, the blind signature of multi-bit messages can be realized, and the signature efficiency can be improved. Compared with other quantum blind signatures, the signature efficiency has been greatly improved; Finally, using the four-particle [Formula: see text] state as a quantum channel can make the scheme use fewer resources to transmit data and increases the security of the scheme. Through security analysis, it can be seen that the scheme has blindness, nonrepudiation and unforgeability.

A quantum blind signature scheme based on dense coding for non-entangled states

In some schemes, quantum blind signatures require the use of difficult-to-prepare multiparticle entangled states. By considering the communication overhead, quantum operation complexity, verification efficiency and other relevant factors in practical situations, this article proposes a non-entangled quantum blind signature scheme based on dense encoding. The information owner utilizes dense encoding and hash functions to blind the information while reducing the use of quantum resources. After receiving particles, the signer encrypts the message using a one-way function and performs a Hadamard gate operation on the selected single photon to generate the signature. Then the verifier performs a Hadamard gate inverse operation on the signature and combines it with the encoding rules to restore the message and complete the verification. Compared with some typical quantum blind signature protocols, this protocol has strong blindness in privacy protection, and higher flexibility in scalability and application. The signer can adjust the signature operation according to the actual situation, which greatly simplifies the complexity of the signature. By simultaneously utilizing the secondary distribution and rearrangement of non-entangled quantum states, a non-entangled quantum state representation of three bits of classical information is achieved, reducing the use of a large amount of quantum resources and lowering implementation costs. This improves both signature verification efficiency and communication efficiency while, at the same time, this scheme meets the requirements of unforgeability, non-repudiation, and prevention of information leakage.

Semi-quantum blind double signature scheme with semi-trusted arbitrator

In order to solve the security of electronic transactions on limited goods, some quantum blind double signature (QBDS) protocols were proposed. In existing QBDS protocols, all participants must have specific quantum computing capabilities. Realistically, high cost of quantum devices may hinder people from using the QBDS protocol. Therefore, we propose a semi-quantum arbitrator blind double signature (SQABDS) scheme. In this scheme, the sender (signer) and the receiver both are classical participants, which can relatively reduce the dependence on quantum hardware. The introduction of blind signers can protect the privacy of electronic transactions, the introduction of semi-trusted arbitrator can relax the strong assumption about the trustworthiness of the arbitrator, for the arbitrator cannot forge the signature. In addition, the SQABDS scheme can be used to sign classical messages directly without performing any quantum swapping tests or quantum gate operations. Finally, the analysis shows that our scheme is securer and its quantum cost is relatively lower.

Quantum blind signature scheme for supply chain financial

Quantum blind signature scheme for supply chain financial

High fidelity quantum blind dual-signature protocols

This work proposes two kinds of fault tolerant quantum blind dual-signature (QBDS) protocols with photon quartets, which are robust against the collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. In the protocols, the initial information needs to be signed by the message owner in addition to the signer, which will be well suitable for application in some E-payment and E-government systems that require the message owner to provide authentication information. Both QBDS protocols are constructed with logical qubits which are immune to the collective noise, thereby the protocols can provide higher communication fidelity with respect to the existing quantum signature protocols. Furthermore, the protocols had been proved to be secure against some individual eavesdropping attacks. Meanwhile, the protocols satisfy the characteristics of quantum blind signature (QBS) protocols such as unforgeability, undeniability and blindness.

A novel quantum blind signature protocol based on five-particle entangled state

Inspired by the local indistinguishable of orthogonal product states, in our scheme, the classical message can be blinded by eight orthogonal product states which can avoid preparing higher-dimensional entangled states. And also inspired by the concept of quantum teleportation, our protocol can recover the original message via the five-particle entangled state sequence instead of transmitting the original message directly in the quantum channel. In this way, long distance communication can be realized between two communication participants and the probability of eavesdropping in the transmission channel is reduced. In addition, in the ideal quantum channel condition without noise, the security of the proposed scheme under some common eavesdropping attacks is validated.

An improved E-payment protocol based on quantum blind signature without entanglement

E-payment plays an important role in modern daily life, so the security problem of E-payment has been widely concerned by researchers. In a recent paper [Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 2657 (2018)], the authors presented a trusted third-party E-payment protocol based on quantum blind signature without entanglement. In this paper, we show that there is a serious security flaw in their E-payment protocol. That is, the partial keys will be disclosed by performing a simple attack strategy. Furthermore, we propose an improved E-payment protocol and analyze its security.

基于两粒子和三粒子最大纠缠态的量子盲签名协议

基于两粒子和三粒子最大纠缠态的量子盲签名协议

Blockchain and quantum blind signature-based hybrid scheme for healthcare 5.0 applications

Insurance agencies and digitally recorded healthcare databases can help society to decrease the high-level complexity and the cost of the entire healthcare ecosystem. The general data protection regulation provides the right to its data owner’s to know how data is stored, and for which purpose his/her data is being used. However, the healthcare data flow through an open channel, i.e., the Internet, which opens the doors for intruders to perform some malicious activities, such as breach of confidential data, modification in the stored data, etc. So it is a challenging task for the traditional healthcare systems to maintain the security and privacy of the stakeholders. Blockchain is emerged as a technology that improves the efficiency of today’s healthcare system and also helps to maintain the security and privacy of all the stakeholders. Motivated by these facts, in this paper, we analyse various security architectures used to secure electronic health records (EHRs) and apply Quantum Computing (QC) to the traditional encryption system. Then, we propose a blockchain-based architecture for Healthcare, which allows users to access the data from the database with their defined role. Further, to protect the traditional encryption system from the quantum attacks, the Quantum blind signature is used during the block creation using hyperledger Fabric blockchain. Results show the efficacy of the proposed scheme compared to the state-of-the-art schemes in terms of transaction throughput, resource consumption, and network traffic.

Quantum Blind Signature Scheme Based on Quantum Walk

Quantum walks have been widely used in quantum computing and quantum simulation, and can be applied for quantum teleportation. In this paper, a quantum blind signature scheme with quantum walk-based teleportation is proposed. The sender Alice encodes the message into quantum states and divides the encrypted information into two qubit strings. Alice teleports them separately to the signer Charlie and the verifier Bob by quantum walks. Charlie accepts Alice’s request and uses Pauli operation to generate the quantum blind signatures, then sends the signatures to Bob. Bob measures two quantum messages in hands to complete verification of Charlie’s signature. In this protocol, the messages to be signed are ingeniously blinded and prepared in single particle states, the teleportation of particle states is achieved by quantum walks. Security analysis shows that the scheme can not only resist the repudiation of the signer and denial of the verifier, but also detect the forgery of the attacker, which can be widely applied in e-commerce or e-payment system.

An Efficient and Practical Quantum Blind Signature Protocol with Relaxed Security Model

An Efficient and Practical Quantum Blind Signature Protocol with Relaxed Security Model

A Quantum Blind Signature Scheme Based on Block Encryption and Quantum Fourier Transfer

Motivated by the block encryption and quantum Fourier transfer, a quantum blind signature scheme is proposed. Alice encodes the original message into three pairs of hybrid entangled states, which are distributed among three parties of communication. The measurement result of entangled pairs serves as the blind message of Alice and signature of Charlie, the verifier Bob recovers the message and verifies the signature. The information is delivered after being encoded into multi-dimensional quantum states and encrypted by quantum Fourier transforms. The analysis shows that the scheme is non-forgery, non-repudiation and blindness. In addition, the proposed scheme is more efficient against the universal and selective forgery attacks.

A New Quantum Blind Signature Scheme with BB84-State.

The blind signature is widely used in cryptography applications because it can prevent the signer from gaining the original message. Owing to the unconditional security, the quantum blind signature is more advantageous than the classical one. In this paper, we propose a new provable secure quantum blind signature scheme with the nonorthogonal single-photon BB84-state and provide a new method to encode classical messages into quantum signature states. The message owner injects a randomizing factor into the original message and then strips the blind factor from the quantum blind signature signed by the blind signer. The verifier can validate the quantum signature and announce it publicly. At last, the analytical results show that the proposed scheme satisfies all of the security requirements of the blind signature: blindness, unforgeability, non-repudiation, unlinkability, and traceability. Due to there being no use of quantum entanglement states, the total feasibility and practicability of the scheme are obviously better than the previous ones.

Quantum Blind Signature Scheme with Cluster States Based on Quantum Walk Cryptosystem

An ingenious quantum blind signature scheme with cluster states based on quantum walk cryptosystem is proposed, in which the keys are generated with quantum walks. Initial phase, signing phase and verification phase are included. In the signing phase, Alice sends the encrypted message to the signer Charlie and requests a quantum blind signature. In the verification phase, the verifier Bob verifies the authenticity and integrity of the message based on the results of the final measurements. The security analysis shows that the security of secret keys and the signature scheme, and it can be neither forged nor disavowed by illegal participants or attackers. Different from previous signature schemes, the original message is encrypted by the quantum walk algorithm, which is firstly applied to the signature scheme. Importantly, it has a wide application in e-commerce or e-payment system.

A synchronous quantum blind signature scheme with entanglement swapping

We present an arbitrated quantum blind signature scheme by entanglement swapping, which is simplified from the preparation and operation of the quantum states. Compared with the classical blind signature, quantum arbitration has added the role of the third party arbitration, so the structure of the protocol has changed. The traceability depends on the third party arbitration, and the blind operation and the signature operation can be carried out simultaneously.

A Blockchain Smart Contract Based on Light- Weighted Quantum Blind Signature

To improve the security performance of blockchain smart contracts against quantum attacks, a smart contract based on light-weighted quantum blind signature is proposed here. Firstly, a smart contract architecture is built after the discussion of related researches, and information processing and information transmitting for quantum blind signature are analyzed. Secondly, the life cycle and signature rules of quantum blind signature for smart contracts are presented. Thirdly, a quantum blind signature protocol for single signer in light-weighted smart contract is put forward, where its algorithm design and business flow are introduced in detail before the security performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed. Fourthly, based on the former single-person signature algorithm, a more complex multi-person quantum blind signature algorithm is proposed, and its security is also analyzed. Fifthly, related references are compared to verify the proposed method. The proposed quantum signature schemes based on quantum entanglement features can be used in single signer case or more, and will improve the security of blockchain smart contracts against quantum attacks, but with light-weighted structure and no need of any trusted third party or arbitrary institute. Finally, some suggestions for engineering applications and the research results are summarized and the future research is prospected.

A Blind Signature Protocol with Exchangeable Signature Sequence

In this paper, an arbitrated blind signature scheme with one particle is proposed, which can exchange the blinding and signing process. For the quantum blind signature, this paper analyzes the traceability depends on whether or not to get the help of the trusted third party arbitration.

Offline Arbitrated Quantum Blind Dual-Signature Protocol with Better Performance in Resisting Existential Forgery Attack

In this paper, we present an offline arbitrated quantum blind dual-signature protocol by using four-particle entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger(GHZ) states. By using the special relationship of four-particle GHZ states, we can not only support the security of quantum signature, but also guarantee the anonymity of the message owner. In our protocol, the authority of the arbitrator has been reduced, i.e., he will not help the receiver verify the signature in the verification. Compared with the previous quantum blind signature protocols, the presented arbitrator is offline. Finally, the security analysis and discussion are proposed.

A Trusted Third-Party E-Payment Protocol Based on Quantum Blind Signature Without Entanglement

In this paper, we present a trusted third-party e-payment protocol which is designed based on quantum blind signature without entanglement. The security and verifiability of our scheme are guaranteed by using single-particle unitary operation, quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and one-time pad. Furthermore, once there is a dispute among the participants, it can be solved with the assistance of the third-party platform which is reliant.

Multiparty Quantum Blind Signature Scheme Based on Graph States

A multiparty quantum blind signature scheme is proposed based on the principle of graph state, in which the unitary operations of graph state particles can be applied to generate the quantum blind signature and achieve verification. Different from the classical blind signature based on the mathematical difficulty, the scheme could guarantee not only the anonymity but also the unconditionally security. The analysis shows that the length of the signature generated in our scheme does not become longer as the number of signers increases, and it is easy to increase or decrease the number of signers.