Quantities Of Saline Water Research Articles

Magnetized Saline Water Irrigation Enhances Soil Chemical and Physical Properties

Due to rapid population growth and pressure on water resources, it is necessary to use economic and non-traditional techniques for irrigation. One of these techniques is the use of salt water after treatment with a magnetic force. A simulation experiment was conducted with soil columns using three quantities of saline water: 0, 3, and 6 g L−1 (S0, S3, and S6). Magnetic forces of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, and 7000 gauss were used to study the effects of magnetic forces on leachate and soil physicochemical properties at different depths. The results at all soil depths showed that the pH decreased with increasing salinity from S0 to S3 and S6 by an average of 8.44, 8.28, and 8.27%, respectively. Soil EC decreased significantly with depth by 10–35%. The maximum SAR, SSP, and CROSS values (16.3, 51.1, and 17.6, respectively) were reported when no magnetic force was used, while the lowest values (13.9, 49.9, and 15.3) were recorded when using 3000 gauss under S6 within the soil profile. Magnetizing the water halved the EC of the leachate under S0, while it decreased the EC by 12.4% under S3. Increasing the magnetic force enhanced the leachate SAR, SSP, and CROSS values by 4.9–20.4% on average under S3 and S6. Magnetic forces augmented the hydraulic conductivity at the same salinity level and with increasing salinity, resulting in an increment of 50% at S3 and S6 compared with S0. After nine hours, the maximum cumulative infiltration rate was under 1000 and 4000 gauss. Our results demonstrated the important effects of magnetically treated irrigation water and could therefore support its application in agriculture under conditions of low water resources and quality.

Modelling and Parametric Analysis of Conventional Still By using Passive Control Techniques

: The present paper deals with experiments performed on a conventional single slope solar still with various quantities of saline water (20kgs, 30 kgs and 40 kgs) and also deals with experiments conducted in a modified still which is directly placed on ground without insulation at the sides and bottom of the still. Further a modification is made to a still by removing insulation so that heat stored in the earth surface is utilized to heat the saline/sea water during the evening hours. Initially experiments are performed for 20 kg, 30 kg, 40kgs of saline water using conventional still to get the optimized quantity. From the results it is observed that there is an increase of 18.5% in the yield when earth heat is used and 28% when 25 mm depth of granite gravel is used in addition to earth heat. Further the study is extended to compare the analytical and experimental cumulative yield for three different quantity of saline water.

A Comparison between Evaporation Ponds and Evaporation Surfaces as a Source of the Concentrated Salt Brine for Salt Gradient Maintenance at Tajoura’s Solar Pond

One of the main problems that negatively affect the operation of salt gradient solar ponds and influence its thermal stability is the maintenance of salt gradient profile. Evaporation pond (EP) is designed to generate the salt which is lost by upward salt diffusion from the lower convective zone (LCZ) of the solar pond. Another attractive method is the Evaporation Surface facility (ES). Regions with moderate to high precipitation favor Evaporation Surfaces over Evaporation Ponds. Dry climates will generally favor Evaporation Ponds for the brine re-concentration. This paper investigates the differences between (EP) and (ES) both as a source for salt brine generation by evaporation. The effect of (EP) depth on the area ratio and daily variations of salt concentrations for three years of operation is shown. Results show that evaporation can be a reasonable method for salt brine generation. Reducing the depth of (EP) improves the capability of (EP) for brine re-concentration. It also increases the (EP) surface area for the same quantity of saline water used. Therefore, ESs are more powerful than Eps in salt re-concentration.

Eddy‐Induced Transport of Saline Kuroshio Water Into the Northern South China Sea

AbstractTo better understand eddy‐induced heat and salt transport, a targeted joint hydrographic investigation focusing on an anticyclonic eddy was carried out in July 2017 in the northern South China Sea. In situ and satellite observations together with Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) output show the transport of subsurface saline Kuroshio water into the northern South China Sea by an anticyclonic eddy. Subsurface high‐salinity cores are consistent with the anticyclonic eddy centers. The transport of saline Kuroshio water occurs in two stages accompanied by eddy shedding. First, saline Kuroshio water is trapped within the anticyclonic eddy at its generation location. Then, although the salinity within the eddy gradually weakens as the eddy carries the saline water westward, the quantity of saline water (>34.70 psu) shows a sharp increase, dominated by eddy‐induced salinity advection. A diagnosis of the salinity budget further confirms that the contribution of eddy flow advection is greater than that of mean flow advection. The saline Kuroshio water is trapped and conveyed in this anticyclonic eddy, providing vital evidence and important implications for eddy‐induced salt transport and water exchange.

Consumer Willingness to Pay for a Saline Fish Species Grown in the US Midwest: The Case of Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis

AbstractThe US Midwest region has saline water resources that include saline aquifers, saline springs, water from oil extraction, effluents from coal beneficiation, water produced from coal‐bed methane production, and other industrial effluents. There is considerable quantity of saline water in the Midwest to support a saltwater aquaculture industry. Striped bass, Morone saxatilis, is a saline fish species that has attracted interest in the Midwest region for aquaculture production. The study used willingness‐to‐pay information from consumers to assess the potential market for striped bass grown in the Midwest. The results suggest that males and consumers of age 29 yr and younger are more likely to pay higher amounts for striped bass. In particular, consumers who prefer farmed and fresh seafood, those who purchase seafood frequently for home consumption, and those who consume seafood 26–50% of the time when eating out have a higher probability of paying higher amounts for striped bass grown in the Midwest.

A Comparison between Evaporation Ponds and Evaporation Surfaces as a Source of the Concentrated Salt Brine for Salt Gradient Maintenance at Tajoura’s Solar Pond

One of the main problems that negatively affect the operation of salt gradient solar ponds and influence its thermal stability is the maintenance of salt gradient profile Evaporation pond (EP) is designed to generate the salt which is lost by upward salt diffusionfrom the lower convective zone (LCZ) of the solar pond. Another attractive method is the Evaporation Surface facility (ES). Regions with moderate to high precipitation favor Evaporation Surfaces over Evaporation Ponds. Dry climates will generally favor Evaporation Ponds for the brine re-concentration. In previous studies [1-3], the authors have shown that the (EP) of Tajoura’s Experimental Solar Pond (TESP) is undersized and can provide only about 30% of the salt required by a Salt Gradient Solar pond (SGSP). The anticipated size of (EP) was estimated and presented in those studies under different design conditions, including Summer, Autumn and Spring designs, while the winter design was excluded due to the low rates of net evaporation during the winter season.In addition, the results presented were predicted for the first three years of operation. The daily variations of brine concentration in the (EP) of (TESP) and those based on different designs were predicted and discussed under different scenarios. The quantities of brine provided by the evaporation pond and that required by SGSP were predicted for both cases of surface water flushing (fresh water and sea-water) under the different design conditions as shown in Table 1. This paper investigates the differences between (EP) and (ES) as a source for salt brine generation by evaporation. The effect of (EP) depth on the area ratio and daily variations of salt concentrations for three years of operation is shown. Results show that evaporation can be a reasonable method for salt brine generation. Reducing the depth of (EP) improves the capability of (EP) for brine re-concentration. It also increases the (EP) surface area for the same quantity of saline water used. Therefore, ESs are more powerful than Eps in salt re-concentration.

Borehole‐to‐surface electrical resistivity monitoring of a salt water injection experiment

A field experiment was conducted at the University of California Richmond Field Station to demonstrate the sensitivity of borehole‐to‐surface resistivity measurements in groundwater investigations. A quantity of saline water was injected into a fresh water aquifer while the resistivity was monitored using a multichannel borehole‐to‐surface system. Two experiments were conducted using pole‐pole and pole‐dipole receiver electrode arrays. The data from the pole‐pole experiment were superimposed to simulate a dipole‐pole array and the data from the pole‐dipole array were superimposed to simulate a dipole‐dipole array. This superposition of the data was done to enhance the anomaly and facilitate interpretation. A numerical modeling study was performed in conjunction with the field experiment in order to interprete the results. A three‐dimensional modeling program was used to simulate the geological setting of the field experiment and the salt water injection. This modeling revealed that an asymmetric displacement of the salt water slug results in asymmetric current channeling which is observable as a 25 to 40 percent difference between preinjection and postinjection borehole‐to‐surface resistivity. In addition to demonstrating the sensitivity of subsurface arrays, this experiment demonstrated that the measurement of bulk resistivity can identify a groundwater flow pattern not detected by hydrological measurements.