Amount Of Powder Research Articles

Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Modified Cement-Lime Mortar Containing Recycled Granite Powder Waste as a Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement

This study aims to incorporate building and demolition waste, including lime and crushed granite, as partial alternatives for cement and fine aggregates, respectively, and to devise a plan to reduce their environmental effect resulting from their extensive prevalence in substantial amounts. The use of lime in paste, mortar, and concrete has become a common practice to regulate the environment, save resources, and improve performance in various settings. The first stage of this study investigated the effects of replacing different proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 50%) of lime powder with cement on the physical and mechanical properties of mortar specimens over 7, 28, and 90 days. The next phase of the research examined the impacts of substituting varying quantities (ranging from 10% to 100%) of granite powder in 15 different mixes, while keeping a consistent water-to-binder ratio of 0.45. The last part of the study consisted of an examination of data from previous research on cement mortar and lime-modified cement mortar. This included testing on flowability, standard consistency, setting time, flexural strength, and compressive strength. The acquired data underwent a statistical analysis, which resulted in the development of equations that may predict the mechanical characteristics of changed cement mortar mixes. These equations also highlight the impact of certain physical qualities on compressive and flexural strength.

Effect of silicon powder dosage on the microstructure and performance of SiC/Si3N4 composite ceramic microfiltration membranes

The SiC/Si3N4 composite ceramic microfiltration membranes were fabricated using the in-situ nitridation process of silicon powder at 1350 °C, utilizing SiC powder and silicon powder as the raw materials. The effects of silicon powder dosage on the phase composition, basic physical properties, pure water flux, pore size distribution, and microstructure of membrane materials were investigated. With an increase in the silicon powder quantity from 5 wt% to 20 wt%, the flexural strength of the membrane materials increased from 6.6 MPa to 42.4 MPa, while the apparent porosity remained stable at 37.0%–39.0 %. The experimental results indicated a substantial correlation between the pore size distribution and the pure water flux. As the average pore size of the ceramic membranes decreased from 463.87 nm to 132.68 nm, the pure water flux gradually decreased from 265.99 L/(m2⋅h⋅bar) to 50.34 L/(m2⋅h⋅bar). The systematic investigation reveals that the Si3N4 binding phase, generated from the in-situ nitriding reaction of silicon powder, is the primary factor responsible for enhancing the mechanical properties of the membrane material. The process of in-situ nitriding silicon powder is accompanied by an increase in volume, which is beneficial in filling and refining the pores. Moreover, the formation of silicon nitride whiskers during the nitriding process can enhance the material's mechanical properties and further divide and refine the pores.

Thermomechanical Assessment of Recovered PA12 Powders with Basalt Filler for Automotive Components

Additive manufacturing processes allow for precise and efficient production, but it is estimated that one-third of the materials used results in waste. Further improvement in a sustainable perspective could come from the ability to manage these scraps and from the exploration of different routes for recovery and reuse. The Selective Laser Sintering process is particularly sensitive to this issue due to the waste ratio which can reach a very high quantity of not-sintered virgin powders. In this research study, recovered PA12 powders, preliminarily characterized through thermal and mechanical analysis, were mixed with 15% basalt powder to improve their aspect and thermomechanical resistance. The influence of basalt powder (BP) on mechanical properties as well as on the thermal stability of polyamide12 (PA12) powder composites was investigated. A study conducted on mechanical properties showed that polymeric composites’ stiffness and hardness were influenced by adding filler, thus improving mechanical parameters. On the other hand, the application of thermogravimetric analysis allowed us to determine the composite’s thermal stability. The objective is to obtain a recovered fully biobased material that could be used to substitute the petroleum-derived polymeric ones currently employed in the production of interiors and shells in the automotive sector.

Investigations on the dustiness of binary acetaminophen - lactose monohydrate powder blends

In this study, binary powder blends of acetaminophen (ACAM) and α-lactose monohydrate (LM) at different mixing ratios, with fine, medium-size, and coarse particles are investigated with a new two-chamber setup (TCS) to assess dustiness. The TCS consists of an emission and a detection chamber, allowing plain diffusive or convective particle transport. The aim is to compare the diffusive transport of ACAM with binary blends of ACAM and LM at different particle sizes and similar apparent density. Fine ACAM exhibits significantly higher dust emissions compared to medium and coarse ACAM. With increasing LM portion in the blends, ACAM dust emissions decrease. The blend of fine ACAM and coarse LM shows the highest dust emission, while the blend of coarse ACAM and fine LM reveals the lowest emissions. The TCS offers precise, reproducible measurements with good repeatability, making it beneficial for laboratory and industrial applications, even with small powder quantities.

Electrical and dynamic mechanical analysis of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites hybridized with acacia concinna powder

The objective of this work is to create and analyze composites made of kenaf fibers and epoxy polymer, which are strengthened by the addition of Acacia concinna pod (ACP) powder. These composites are intended for use in electrical insulation applications. The study investigated the impact of alkali treatment using a 6% NaOH solution on kenaf fiber. The effects were analyzed in relation to the dielectric and dynamic mechanical properties, while also considering the addition of different quantities of ACP powder (0%, 4%, and 8%). The composites were produced using the hand layup method, and the dielectric constant, dissipation factor, storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor were assessed. The study demonstrated that NaOH-treated kenaf fiber composites displayed considerably lower dielectric constant values than untreated composites, due to increased fiber crystallinity and decreased moisture absorption. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) found that untreated composites had greater storage modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) due to reduced segmental motion at the fiber-matrix interface. SEM research indicated better fiber-matrix bonding in treated composites, with decreased voids and robust interlocking, notably in those containing 4% Acacia concinna (ACP) filler. These findings show that NaOH treatment substantially enhances the performance of hybrid composites for electrical insulating applications.

Effect of charcoal balls on distillation productivity in hemispherical solar stills: Experimental investigation and performance analysis

This study investigates the enhanced performance of hemispherical solar stills by integrating charcoal balls. The method showcases improved efficiency by augmenting heat transfer mechanisms and enhancing solar radiation absorption. Reducing the surface tension of basin water is a solution to increase its heating, enhancing the softwater yield of solar stills. The novelty of the research lies in the innovative integration of charcoal balls to improve the performance of hemispherical solar stills. This method presents a unique approach to enhancing heat transfer and evaporation dynamics, potentially revolutionizing the efficiency of solar desalination systems. Therefore, the impact of charcoal balls at a diameter of 1 cm on the performance of distillation productivity was studied. A hemispherical solar still containing charcoal balls (HSS-CB) was compared with a simple hemispherical solar still (SHSS) in the same conditions. Experiments were conducted at El-Oued-Algeria in June 2024. The method employed in this research offers distinct advantages, primarily in its ability to enhance solar still efficiency by incorporating charcoal balls. These advantages stem from the increased surface area for heat transfer, improved solar radiation absorption, and potential enhancement of evaporation and condensation processes. Cumulative return results for SHSS and HSS-CB are 4.80 and 6.20 L/m2/day, respectively. The rate of improvement in the cumulative return was 29.16 % for SHSS using the quantity of coal powder. It is recommended that charcoal balls be used to boost solar stills productivity.

Mechanism of uneven densification in PBX compression molding

The uneven density distribution during compression molding of polymer bonded explosive (PBX ) seriously affects the mechanical properties of high-energy material components and the precise output ability of shock waves. Investigating the multi-scale densification evolution laws and density non-uniformity mechanism of PBX composite powders is crucial for understanding the density non-uniformity phenomenon of energetic material components and evaluating the differences in macroscopic mechanical response. To this end, we developed a new dual-scale 3D discrete element method (DEM) model for PBX compression molding, which can increase the computational quantity of macroscopic powders by about an order of magnitude while considering the true morphology of mesoscopic explosive crystals. First, the densification behavior at different scales were analyzed using the developed 3D DEM models, including the rearrangement of macroscopic powder during the low strain stage, the deformation of macroscopic powders and mesoscopic bonding failure inside the powders during the high strain stage. Furtherly, the types and percentages of microcracks at the crystal-binder interface and inside the binder at the mesoscale during the macro powder deformation in the compression densification process were quantified. The characteristics of pore distribution and evolution laws of porosity and density uniformity during compression densification were revealed by simulations and X-ray μCT scanning. Finally, the mechanism of density non-uniformity was elucidated from multiple perspectives including displacement, force chain, contact fabric, and stress distribution. Subsequently, different degrees of energy dissipation behavior and the same gradient attenuation pattern were captured at different scales. This indicates that axial stress attenuation and density inhomogeneity are co-dominant results of the gradient attenuation of different scales of energy during layer-by-layer transfer along the loading direction. The potential induced mechanism of uneven density and stress attenuation were explained for the first time from the perspective of energy dissipation by this finding.

(Invited) Nanowire Catalysts and Adsorbents

The unique properties of nanowire materials like fast charge transport, short diffusion length, controlled surface sites and single crystal nature make them ideal for designing high performance catalysts, adsorbents and electrocatalysts by design. To realize any of these applications, one would need either large quantities of nanowire powders or nanowire arrays on large areas. In this presentation, we will highlight our group’s efforts with scalable methods for continuous manufacturing of nanowire powders and arrays for oxides1 and III-nitride materials.2 The process for producing metal oxide nanowires has been scaled up to ton-scale. The resulting nanowire powders can be used to formulate unique catalyst and adsorbent products.Zinc oxide nanowires alloyed with catalytically active metals and have been formulated into ultra-deep desulfurization catalytic adsorbents.3,4 These materials exhibited ultra-deep desulfurization with sulfur removal down to 1 ppm or below for liquid hydrocarbons (diesel, gasoline and naphthalene) and to less than 1 ppb for natural gas. The desulfurization mechanism does not involve formation of H2S species unlike that typically observed with hydro-desulfurization process involving sulfided catalysts.Titania nanowires supported with nickel and molybdenum clusters have also shown to exhibit high activity and durability as hydro-desulfurization catalysts for removal of sulfur from hydrocarbons by forming H2S.5 The synergistic activity with MoS2 and titania are expected to contribute to enhanced activity with desulfurization.Alloying of nanowires with other elements is also studied to produce compound and alloyed nanowires. Fundamental studies have shown that alloying process occurs at much lower temperatures than decomposition temperatures for precursors used. Alloying studies have clearly shown that the solubility in nanowires to be much more than that expected for bulk materials systems. This presentation will provide several examples in which nanowires were alloyed with elements at compositions more than that expected for thermodynamic solubility.In the case of CO2 sorbents, alkali metal oxide nanowires have shown high capacity for CO2 sorption as high as 75% by wt. The alkali metal oxide nanowires have been alloyed with alkali hydroxides to produce alkali metal oxide compound nanowires. These solid sorbents showed selective CO2 sorption from a variety of streams including air, exhausts containing CO2 at various concentrations. Nanowire geometry for these nanowires allow for non-sinterability, and smaller length scales for rapid diffusion of alkali ions allow for fast kinetics and regenerability. 6,7 Acknowledgements: Authors also acknowledge contributions from Drs. Juan He, Sivakumar Vasireddy, Vivekanand Kumar, Veerendra Atla and Tu Nguyen. Partial support from National Science Foundation (NSF) and US Department of Energy (DOE) EPSCOR programs and full support from NSF and DOE SBIR programs and Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development for Advanced Energy Materials, LLC are highly appreciated.

Novel imidacloprid nanoribbons prepared by laser fragmentation/exfoliation in liquid media

The preparation of Imidacloprid (IMC) Nanoribbons by laser induced simultaneous fragmentation and exfoliation of micrometer sized IMC powders suspended in water is reported. Samples were prepared varying both the laser fluence and quantity of IMC powder. The prepared nanostructures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). TEM characterization showed that nearly spherical nanoparticles were obtained at the lowest fluence whereas at the highest fluence, IMC nanoribbons (IMCNR) with widths from 500 to 1000 nm and thickness of few atomic layers were obtained. Raman Spectroscopy showed the vibrational features of imidacloprid revealing that this organic molecule was preserved after laser irradiation. The XPS characterization confirms and supports the Raman results revealing that the nanoribbons were formed by the IMC organic molecule. The toxicity evaluation showed that IMCNR caused a more accelerated mortality of Drosophila melanogaster than the same dose of IMC.

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Clay Brick by Using Stone Powder

Abstract Hundreds of studies have been written in the last several decades on the advantages of using stone powder as a raw material in the production of fired clay bricks. The durability and long-term behavior of the finished product, however, have received very little attention in the literature. Clay bricks are generally fired at high temperatures in developing countries, which reduces the mechanical performance of the bricks. This is especially evident in extreme environmental settings where weathering leads to significant damage. The evaluation of concrete waste (stone powder) used to make fired clay bricks is the main topic of this study. There are two sections: the first evaluates how adding stone powder to clay bricks improves their physical characteristics such absorption, efflorescence, density, and firing shrinkage. The impact of stone powder on the mechanical characteristics of specimens of burned clay bricks, such as compressive and flexural strengths, is covered in the second section. The percentages of stone powder in the clay bricks are 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20%. While the ratio of dry soil to water content remains is 0.3. In this work three fire phases are used untel to the maximum temperature is reached. The first one is 300 °C, the second phase is 600 °C, and 900 °C for the third phase. The water absorption of specimens decreased as the quantity of stone powder increased, and efflorescence also decreased, according to the results for the physical attributes. The density does, however, somewhat rise with the amount of stone powder. Additionally, when the amount of stone powder was increased, the experimental results indicated that firing shrinkage decreased. Mechanically considered, clay brick specimens with 20% more stone powder showed stronger compressive flexural capabilities.

Microencapsulation of honey as flavouring agent in milk powder

Honey is a natural product commonly used in milk powder for flavoring purposes. Currently, honey flavor is added to milk powder in powder form. This study aimed to investigate the effect of spray drying operating conditions on the quantity and quality parameters of the honey powder recovered. The influence of inlet air temperatures, feed flow rates, and type of microencapsulating agents upon the properties of obtained powders was examined. Spray drying of honey with the addition of maltodextrin DE 18 and 12 was carried out at inlet air temperatures of 150, 170, 190℃ and feed flow rates of 330 and 660 mL/h. The properties of the powders obtained were quantified in terms of moisture content (MC), hygroscopicity (HG) and color. Results of experiments showed higher inlet air temperature and lower feed flow rate led to a significant increase (p<0.05) in powder recovery. The total powder recoveries found in this study were between 39.42±2.35% to 71.92±4.17%, which indicates that this process has the potential to be applied on an industrial scale. The decrease in DE of maltodextrin promoted a higher powder recovery. Furthermore, it was found that the browning index increased with the decreasing inlet air temperature and increasing feed flow rate.

Experimental and operations viability assessment of powder-to-powder (P2P) mixture of graphene and cement for industrial applications

Studies have demonstrated that a minute quantity of graphene is sufficient to boost cement characteristics, but the attainment of good dispersion and uniformity of the resultant graphene-cement mixture remains a challenge. To alleviate these challenges, this study proposes a low-energy powder-to-powder homogeniser for dispersing reasonably large quantities of graphene powder into cement powders. Microscopic analysis of graphene dispersion from two samples (1% and 0.02% graphene) at 5x, 10x and 20x objectives revealed that graphene accounts for 1.3% and 0.09% over the cement area respectively, which is relatively uniform across all selected samples. Furthermore, four different dosages of graphene were used to validate the impacts of various proportions of graphene, i.e., 0%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% (by mass of cement) on two types of cement (i.e., Portland cement CEM I 52.5 N and Portland cement CEM II 42.5 N) which also revealed compressive strength increases up to 25% at 7 and 28 days.

Dissolution studies during the mechanical alloying of Inconel-718 superalloy based elemental powders

Inconel-718 superalloy with a nominal composition of Ni-19.47Fe-18Cr-0.5Al-1Ti-5 Nb-3Mo-0.02Co-0.003B was synthesized by mechanical alloying of elemental powders. Mechanical alloying was carried out in a high energy Simoloyer attritor ball mill. A sufficient quantity of powder was removed at milling intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 h for characterization by XRD, SEM, and TEM. The dissolution time of different alloying elements have been discussed in view of their atomic scattering factors and Hume-Rothery principle with the help of XRD and TEM (SAED) analysis. Complete dissolution of Fe took place at 6 h of milling, Nb at 10 h, Cr at 18 h while Mo took 22 h. A complete single-phase solid solution of γ(FCC) matrix was obtained at 22 h of milling. Crystallite size was found to decrease while the lattice parameter increased with milling time. Lattice-strain and dislocation density increased initially and later decreased due to the dynamic recrystallization process taking place within the powder particles during milling. SEM analysis indicated flattening of powder particles during the initial (0 h–4 h) stages of milling followed by heavy cold-welding at the intermediate stages (6 h–12 h). In the final stages of milling (18 h–22 h), an equilibrium between cold welding and fracturing was reached.

Milling amorphous FeSiB ribbons with vibratory ball and disc mills

Fe, Si and B powders, mixed with atomic composition Fe78Si9B13, are subjected after arc melting to a melt spinning process, which is optimized to obtain the greatest amount of amorphous ribbon. The amorphous ribbons are milled to powder form in a vibratory ball mill and a vibratory disc mill, taking care of maintaining the amorphous character. Ribbons and powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser diffraction, SEM and TEM microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The amorphous character and particle size of the powders are characterized as a function of the mill charge and the milling time. It is shown that the use of the ball mill is appropriate for obtaining small quantities of amorphous or nanocrystalline powder, while the disc mill can process larger quantities of powder in a shorter time. The particle sizes obtained for milling times between 10 and 150 min range between 26 and 412 μm, ready for use in powder metallurgy processes.

Enhancing the Quality of Low-Salt Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Surimi Gel Using Psyllium Husk Powder: An Orthogonal Experimental Approach.

Low-salt surimi production is crucial as it addresses health concerns related to sodium intake while maintaining the quality and shelf-life of seafood products. This research focused on optimizing the gelation conditions for silver carp surimi with the addition of psyllium husk powder at low salt concentrations (0.5% and 1%, w/w) to investigate the effects of psyllium husk powder concentration, temperature, and time on gel strength and water-holding capacity. The quality was assessed in terms of gel strength and water-holding capacity. Following a single-factor exploration, a three-level orthogonal experiment was designed to evaluate the influence of these three variables using a combined scoring system. Results indicated that psyllium husk powder levels between 0.1% and 0.3% (w/w) enhanced gel strength and water-holding capacity. The optimal conditions were identified as follows: 1% (w/w) NaCl with 0.2% (w/w) psyllium husk powder for 2.5 h at 35 °C, and 0.5% (w/w) NaCl with 0.3% (w/w) psyllium husk powder for 3 h at 35 °C. Texture profile analysis revealed that psyllium husk powder increased the hardness of the surimi gel, promoting myosin cross-linking and denser gel structure. Compared to traditional surimi gel, which relies on ionic bonds, the optimized gel showed higher levels of disulfide cross-linking and enhanced hydrophobic interactions, resulting in a stronger gel structure. Sensory evaluation suggested that surimi gels with psyllium husk powder were perceived as better than those without psyllium husk powder. The study concludes that selecting the appropriate psyllium husk powder quantity and thermal processing conditions based on salt concentration can significantly improve the quality of low-salt surimi gels. Error analysis using one-way ANOVA was performed on all experimental data and (p < 0.05) indicated the significant difference.

The Impact of Cluster Fig Fruits Powder Addition on Nutritional and Organoleptic Properties of Some Healthy Food Products

Cluster fig, also known as goolar in Hindi, is a medicinal fruit abundant in India, offering a rich source of iron and other essential micronutrients. Wheat, a staple in the Indian diet, is energy-dense and provides valuable carbohydrates and proteins. Pearl Millet, the most commonly grown type of millet, is renowned for its high calorie, vitamin, and mineral content. Mung beans, part of the legume family, are calorie-dense and a great source of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, cluster fig powder, germinated wheat flour, germinated mung bean flour, germinated pearl millet, carrot powder, and beetroot powder were utilized for product development. Two products were developed with three treatments, varying the quantity of ingredients. Sensory and proximate analysis were conducted on the developed products, with each treatment having three different replications to minimize errors during analysis. Based on the sensory evaluation, T1 is considered the best among all treatments, with a moderate ratio of cluster fig contributing to its taste and flavor. The ash content varied across replications, with the control product having the highest ash content of 11.03%, likely due to experimental errors. Treatments T1, T2, and T3 had ash content values of 10.19%, 10.55%, and 10.89%, respectively. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that as the quantity of cluster fig increased, the taste became bitter, leading to decreased acceptability. Proximate analysis revealed that an increase in the quantity of cluster fig resulted in higher iron and zinc content in the products. This study highlights the organoleptic acceptability and nutritive &amp; medicinal properties of cluster fig, providing insights into the appropriate quantities of cluster fig powder and other ingredients for various processed convenience healthy foods. The research emphasizes the use of cluster fig, a readily available fruit in India, which has not been previously utilized in convenience food products.

Scalable Dry Process for Fabricating a Na Superionic Conductor-Type Solid Electrolyte Sheet.

The cost reduction and mass production of oxide-based solid electrolytes are critical for the commercialization of all-solid-state batteries. In this study, an environmentally friendly, low-cost, and high-density oxide-based Na superionic conductor-type solid electrolyte sheet was fabricated via a dry process without the use of any solvent. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), used as a binder, was transformed into thin thread-like structures via shear force, resulting in a flexible solid electrolyte sheet. The solid electrolyte powder quantity was limited to 50 wt % for fabricating a uniform green sheet via the wet process. However, when the dry process was employed for green sheet fabrication, the solid electrolyte powder quantity could be increased to values exceeding 95 wt %. Therefore, the green sheets produced by using the dry process demonstrated a higher density than those fabricated by using the wet process. The binder content and particle size affected the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte sheet fabricated via a dry process. The sheet obtained via the blending of 3 wt % PTFE binder with a solid electrolyte powder, finely ground using a planetary ball mill, which exhibited the highest total ionic conductivity of 1.03 mS cm-1.

Powders of Diamond Nanoparticles as a Promising Material for Reflectors of Very Cold and Cold Neutrons.

More than 15 years ago, the study of nanodiamond (ND) powders as a material for designing reflectors of very cold neutrons (VCNs) and cold neutrons (CNs) began. Such reflectors can significantly increase the efficiency of using such neutrons and expand the scope of their application for solving applied and fundamental problems. This review considers the principle of operation of VCN and CN reflectors based on ND powders and their advantages. Information is presented on the performed experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of the size, structure, and composition of NDs on the efficiency of reflectors. Methods of chemical and mechanical treatments of powders in order to modify their chemical composition and structure are discussed. The aim is to avoid, or at least to decrease, the neutron inelastic scatterers and absorbers (mainly hydrogen atoms but also metallic impurities and nitrogen) as well as to enhance coherent elastic scattering (to destroy ND clusters and sp2 carbon shells on the ND surface that result from the preparation of NDs). Issues requiring further study are identified. They include deeper purification of NDs from impurities that can be activated in high radiation fluxes, the stability of NDs in high radiation fluxes, and upscaling methods for producing larger quantities of ND powders. Possible ways of solving these problems are proposed.

Assessing the Impact of Sepiolite-Based Bio-Pigment Infused with Indigo Extract on Appearance and Durability of Water-Based White Primer.

The objective of this study is to evaluate how two varying amounts of sepiolite-based powder, infused with indigo extract, affect the appearance and durability of a water-based, white primer. To examine the influence of this eco-friendly pigment on the coatings' overall appearance, assessments were performed for color, gloss, and surface roughness. Additionally, the coatings were investigated through optical and electron microscopic observations, to evaluate the distribution of the pigment within the polymer matrix. The effect of the pigment on the coating's durability was assessed through accelerated tests, including exposure in a salt spray chamber and a UV-B chamber. These tests aimed to evaluate the emergence of defects and changes in the appearance of the samples over time. Furthermore, the impact of different quantities of sepiolite-based powder on the coating's ability to act as a barrier was assessed using liquid resistance tests and contact angle measurements. These evaluations aimed to understand how the coating responded to various liquids and its surface properties concerning repellency or absorption. In essence, this study underscores the considerable influence of the eco-friendly pigment, demonstrating its capacity to introduce unique color and texture variations in the paint. Moreover, the inclusion of the pigment has enhanced the coating's color stability, its ability to act as a barrier, and its overall durability when exposed to harsh environments.

Optimize the process for encapsulated spray dried Lemon juice powder to enhance the Vitamin C

In this study, the parameters were optimized for spray-dried method of fruit juice powder that is encapsulated to increase the bioavailability of vitamin C content. Fruits like lemon were selected to produce the fruit juice powder which provides a high content of vitamin C. Maltodextrin is a carrier material that is used in spray drying techniques at different levels of concentration like 15%, 20% and 25% to coat the fruit juices, reduce stickiness, and produce large quantities of fruit juice powders. In this method, the inlet temperatures ranged from 160 ºC to 190 ºC while outlet temperatures between 90 ºC to 110 ºC. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques were used to standardize the method for encapsulating the spray dried fruits juice powder. The physicochemical properties of spray-dried fruit juice powders were analyzed to enhance the nutritional content as well as shelf life. The yield of spray-dried lemon juice powder ranged from 121.56 g to 221.72 g, depending on the maltodextrin concentration. Spray-dried lemon juice powder contains 4.7 % to 5.7 % of moisture, 0.2141 aw to 0.2795 aw of water activity, 14.28% to 17.64 % of hygroscopicity, 91.23 g/100g to 93.26 g/100g of carbohydrates, 138.32 mg/100g to 192.43 mg/100g of vitamin C, 96.54 (%RSA) to 128.62(%RSA) of antioxidant activity respectively. The spray dried fruits juice powders were standardized by using RSM and ANN.