Amount Of Fat Research Articles

Nutritive, Polyphenolic, and Antioxidative Properties of Locally Produced Cereals and Pseudograins

Cereals and pseudograins are known for their bioactive components and hence used as functional food worldwide. Recently, locally grown cheena, kaon, quinoa, and chia are available in Bangladeshi markets. The study aimed to determine the macronutrients, polyphenols, and flavonoids contents of selected cereals (bajra, zob, cheena, and kaon) and pseudograins (quinoa and chia) along with their antioxidant properties. Cheena (13.48%) and kaon (13.55%) showed higher protein content among cereals, whereas chia of commercial and local sources showed high quantities of protein (22.40% and 22.35%, respectively) among pseudograins. A high amount of carbohydrate was found in kaon and quinoa (64.57% and 59.79%, respectively), whereas chia contained a high amount of fat (20.88 to 29.77%) and dietary fiber (31.46% to 36.85%). Locally grown bajra exhibited a markedly higher concentration of total phenolics (135.75±0.33 mg/g GAE dw) and total flavonoids (17.44±0.05 mg/gm QE dw) compared to other foods studied. Regarding antioxidant activity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and half-maximal inhibitory (IC50) values, chia from Dinajpur field showed the best results. Therefore, cereals and pseudograins studied and reported here could provide utilizable nutritional and functional bioactive polyphenolic components that may have the potential in the nutritional management of noncommunicable diseases. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 6(1): 89-98, 2024

Interesterification of fat blends containing high oleic oils: Physical properties and dialkyl‐ketones formation assessment

AbstractIn view of the nutritional disadvantages of partial hydrogenation (production of unhealthy trans fats) interesterification (IE) has emerged to produce suitable fats for trans‐free formulations that have improved physicochemical properties. In this context, both chemical (CIE) and enzymatic (EIE) interesterification techniques can be used. However, it has been found that CIE technology may produce process‐related by‐products known as dialkyl‐ketones (DAK). The current study aims at investigating the formation of DAK during IE. Therefore, five edible oils and fats were selected based on their potential use in IE: Elaeis Guineensis palm stearin (POSt), high oleic palm stearin (HOPSt), palm kernel stearin (PKSt), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and high oleic palm oil (HOPO). The investigated blends were divided into HOPO‐based blends (POSt:HOPO 50:50, PKSt:HOPO 50:50, HOPSt:HOPO 50:50 and 30:70 wt:wt%) and HOSO‐based blends (POSt:HOSO 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 wt:wt%). They were all subjected to both CIE (using sodium methoxide) and EIE (using TLIM lipase as catalyst); analyses of physical properties and determination of DAK content were performed before and after IE. This study demonstrates that DAK were not formed during the EIE process regardless of the investigated matrix, whereas they were produced during CIE, and that they require sufficient rearrangement of triglycerides (TAG) to be formed. It has also been shown that unsaturated fatty acids are more prone to form DAK regardless of the fat matrix. However, there is no linear relationship between the amount of DAK and the amount of unsaturated fat in the matrix.

The Recommendation of the Mediterranean-styled Japanese Diet for Healthy Longevity.

The Mediterranean diet, listed as the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO, is known as healthy and consumed worldwide. The Japanese diet is also listed and considered healthy. This narrative review compares the Mediterranean diet with its Japanese counterpart. Research has reported that people in Mediterranean regions, such as Italy and Greece, have one-third of the mortality ratio from cardiovascular diseases compared to people in the United States and Northern Europe because of the difference in eating habits. Therefore, Mediterranean diets are considered as healthy. A typical Western diet containing high amounts of fat, sugar, and calories is responsible for several diseases like metabolic syndrome and obesity, which are induced by chronic inflammation. In contrast, Mediterranean and Japanese diets contain them only less. The similarity between Mediterranean and Japanese diets is the substantial intake of vegetables, beans, and fish. On the other hand, the Mediterranean diet consumes large amounts of olive oil, especially polyphenol-rich extra virgin olive oil and dairy products, but meat consumption is relatively small. In contrast, the Japanese diet does not use oil and fat, contains abundant fermented foods, and consumes seaweed. Japan is known for its longevity, and people think that a well-balanced diet daily is good for preventing and curing illness. In this regard, finding non-disease conditions, so-called "ME-BYO," and curing them before the manifestation of diseases is becoming more common. In this review, we discuss the healthy eating habit, "The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet," which prevents ME-BYO condition and reduces the risk of various diseases. The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet, a hybrid of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, reduces the risk of various diseases by suppressing chronic inflammation. This nutritional intervention prevents ME-BYO and is beneficial for healthy longevity. Hence, a Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet might be helpful for healthy longevity in Japan and around the world.

Potassium, sodium, and proximate analysis of steamed sponge cake from durian seed flour (Durio Zibethinus)

Steamed sponge is a conventional cake that enjoys widespread popularity and is highly cherished by the general population. The cake is commonly made using wheat flour. Given the present increase in demand for wheat flour, an alternative option for making steamed cakes is to utilize durian seed flour instead of additional wheat flour. Durian seed flour, which has excellent nutritional value for health, is made from processed durian seeds. This study aims to find out how much potassium and sodium are present in steamed sponge cake based on durian seed flour and to ascertain the quantities of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the levels of potassium and sodium in steamed sponge cake. The sodium levels were analyzed at a specific wavelength of 766.5 nm, whilst the potassium levels were analyzed at a distinct wavelength of 589 nm. The proximate analysis involves determining the protein content using the micro-Kjeldahl method, the fat content using the soxhletation method, and the carbohydrate content using the UV-VIS spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 460 nm. The study found that steamed sponge cake contains approximately 44% carbohydrates, 28% protein, and 23% fat in terms of its nutritional composition. Furthermore, the potassium concentration measured 284 mg per 100 grams, whereas the sodium value was 62 mg per 100 grams.

Gender difference in the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and central obesity.

Body fat distribution is closely related to cardiovascular disease than the amount of total body fat itself. The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) measured by transthoracic echocardiography represents central obesity. We hypothesized that the gender affected the link between EAT thickness and body fat distribution. We measured EAT thickness using transthoracic echocardiography and total body fat and regional body fat distribution using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 390 patients (250 males, 59 ± 11 year-old). The EAT thickness was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle at the end of the diastole on parasternal long-axis view of echocardiography. The median and mean EAT thickness of 390 patients were 4.0 mm and 4.2 ± 1.2 mm, respectively. The mean EAT thickness revealed positive correlation with truncal fat mass to total body fat mass ratio (FMtrunk/FMtotal, R = 0.291, P = .024). Subgroup analysis categorized by gender demonstrated the female group has stronger correlation of EAT thickness with fat distribution than the male group (male: R = 0.174, P = .006, female: R = 0.378, P < .001). EAT thickness is closely related to body fat distribution. Females showed a more significant correlation between EAT thickness and central fat accumulation than males. EAT thickness might be considered as a relevant parameter of central obesity, especially in females.

Effect of Crude protein and Metabolizable energy Levels on Growth Performance and carcass Quality of Crossbred Native Chicken (Pradu Hangdum) Capons

The objective of the present research is to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) on the growth performance and meat quality of Crossbred Native Chicken (Pradu Hangdum). A total of 360 capons with 4 weeks of age were used in 2 x 2 factorial design arrangements. This experiment was divided into 3 age periods: during 5-12, 13-16, and 17-20 weeks of age. During 5-12 weeks of age, there are two main factors: 2 CP levels (19 and 21%) and 2 ME levels (3.0 and 3.3 Kcal/g). During 13-16 and 17-20 weeks of age, there are two main factors: 2 CP levels (17 and 19%) and 2 ME levels (3.0 and 3.3 Kcal/g). A results, during 5-12 and 13-16 weeks of age, there was no interaction between CP and ME levels on growth performance. However, during 17-20 weeks of age, body weight gain (273.02 vs. 471.17 g; P&lt;0.05) and average daily gain (9.75 vs. 14.89 g; P&lt;0.05) were greater and feed conversion ratio (7.63 vs. 4.70; P&lt;0.05) and feed cost per gain (110.70 vs. 71.59 Baht/Kg; P&lt;0.05) were lower in capons receiving diet with 3.3 Kcal ME/g than diet with 3.0 Kcal ME/g. Meat quality of capons 16 weeks, CP 21%, (5-12 weeks) and CP 19%, (13-16 weeks), and with ME 3.0 Kcal/g had the lowest shear force of breast meat (4,018.69 N) and thigh meat of 20 weeks, the low ME group had shear force lower than significantly the high ME group (1,539.28 vs. 1,725.77 N; P&lt;0.05). Ether extract of capons 20 weeks of age, 5-12 weeks of CP 19%, and 13-20 weeks of CP 17% ME 3.3 Kcal/g had breast meat fat to excellent (5.06%; P &lt; 0.05). Capons slaughtered 12 and 20 weeks of age, CP19% (5-12 weeks) and CP 17% (13-20 weeks) and with ME 3.0 Kcal/g had the highest amount of thigh meat fat (17.32% and 19.99%; P&lt; 0.05). Experimental study recommended nutrients of native hybrid capons age of 5-12 weeks, CP 21% and 3.30 kcal ME/g, at the age of 13-20 weeks, CP 17% and ME 3.0 kcal ME/g. Recommended to slaughter at the age of 20 weeks because of the highest fat in meat.

Optimization of solid-state fermented corn distillers dried grains with solubles: effects on growth performance and tissue morphology in broiler chickens

In recent years, the use of corn DDGS has alleviated the problem of protein feed shortages to a certain extent; however, its high mycotoxin content seriously restricts its application in feedstuffs. In this study, the conditions of solid-state fermented corn DDGS were optimized to investigate changes in the nutrient composition of solid-state fermented corn DDGS and their effects on the growth performance and histological section of yellow-feathered broilers. The optimal strain ratio for solid-state fermentation was determined by orthogonal testing as 1:1:2 for B. desmois JA3:B. subtilis ANSB01G: and B. subtilis ANSB060, and the response value was the score of the degradation rate of Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) weighted by 4:4:2. Optimal conditions for the solid-state fermentation of maize DDGS were determined by B-Behnken response surface design: the inoculum amount was 1%, the feed to liquid ratio was 1:1.25, the fermentation temperature was 37°C, and the fermentation time was 29.5 h. The optimal conditions for solid-state fermentation of maize DDGS were as follows: the inoculum amount was 1%, the material-liquid ratio was 1:1.25, the fermentation temperature was 37°C, the fermentation time was 29.5h, and the degradation rates of DON, ZEN, and AFB1 in the fermented maize DDGS were 81.6%, 55.18%, and 41.14%, respectively. Moreover, solid-state fermentation significantly improved the nutrient content, in which the amounts of amino acids, crude ash, and crude fat were significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and the content of crude fiber was significantly decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05); in addition, compared with the control group, the addition of fermented maize DDGS significantly increased the daily calorific intake of broiler chickens, the daily weight gain (P &amp;lt; 0.05); heart, liver and intestinal tissues underwent no obvious pathological changes.

Preparation and Characteristics of Ball-Milled Blueberry Peel Particles and Their Application in Ice Cream.

Ice cream is popular but contains high amounts of saturated fats and few health-promoting ingredients. In the presence of xanthan gum (0.25%), blueberry peel particles prepared through ball-milling treatment (BMPs) were used to prepare ice cream containing camellia oil as a fat replacer. The BMPs possessed smaller particle sizes, larger contact angles, and higher contents of anthocyanin aglycone compared with commonly milled blueberry peel particles. BMPs with the largest contact angle (66.30°) were obtained by ball-milling the blueberry peel at 15 Hz for 6 h (BMP15Hz6h). The ice cream mixes were depicted as linear viscoelastic gel-like solids, and their apparent viscosity, G' and G', increased with the increase in the BMP15Hz6h concentration. Ice cream with strong antioxidant activity and good freeze-thaw stability was acceptable and desirable in the presence of 0.5% BMP15Hz6h.

Beyond the Obesity Paradox: Analysis of New Prognostic Factors in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Procedure.

The main purpose of our study was to collect computed tomography (CT) measurements of fat parameters that are significantly related to body mass index (BMI) and evaluate the associations of these measurements and sarcopenia with early and long-term complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in order to investigate the existence of the so-called 'obesity paradox' and the role of sarcopenia in this phenomenon. We analyzed the significance of fat CT measurements in 85 patients undergoing the TAVI procedure and compared these with each other, as well as with quantified CT BMI and fat density measurements. Secondly, we evaluated the associations of BMI, CT measurements of fat, and CT evaluations of skeletal muscle mass with early and long-term complications after 24 months of post-TAVI follow-up. We found positive and significant relationships between fat CT measurements with each other and with BMI and a negative and significant relation between fat density and fat quantity. By comparing the CT measurements of fat and skeletal muscle mass with early and long-term complications after TAVI, we confirmed the existence of the 'obesity paradox' and the poor effect of sarcopenia after the TAVI procedure. We confirm that overweight and obesity are good prognostic factors, and sarcopenia is a poor prognostic factor for outcomes following the TAVI procedure. We focused on the scientific validation of an easy and fast way to measure fat and skeletal muscle mass using CT to better predict the outcomes of patients undergoing TAVI.

Body fat variation and redistribution across different stages of life measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

The global obesity epidemic of all ages has increased the demand for accurate management of body fat in each stage of life. The primary aim of this study was to provide reference centiles of body fat indices for Chinese children and adults and compare those with ethnicities from USA using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The samples were drawn from two nationwide cross-sectional surveys of China Body Composition Life-course Study (2013-2023) and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2018). Age- and sex-specific centile curves were generated for a set of fat measurements, including total fat mass (FM), fat mass index (FMI), body fat percentage (BF%), trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR), android-to-gynoid fat ratio (AGR) and visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR), using the general additive model for location scale and shape method. The age-related variations from childhood to adulthood were generally similar among Chinese, Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks and Mexican American population, with distinct levels across races and ethnicities. For whole-body fat (FM, FMI, and BF%), Mexican American population consistently presented the highest levels before 40 years old, followed by Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black and Chinese individuals. For central fats indices, although the TLR and AGR levels in Chinese males were second to Mexican American counterparts in most stages of life, the VSR was much higher in Chinese than other races and ethnicities from eight years old. DXA-based centiles for body fat quantity and distribution in Chinese population aged 3-60 years old were presented, and their differences with other race and ethnicity were noted across periods from early childhood to middle adulthood. Our findings will promote age-, sex- and ethnic-specific assessment of life-course body fat and obesity-related risks in clinical practice.

Evaluation of nutrition of young children in Odesa district

Background. The main factor that ensures the health and harmonious development of a child, both in the early stages and in the later periods of his life, is rational nutrition. The widespread prevalence of food-dependent forms of pathology among children, insufficient awareness of doctors and parents, as well as violations in the organization of nutrition of young children determine the relevance of this work and the need for a comprehensive analysis of the actual nutrition of children aged 1 to 2 years for its improvement. Purpose – to purpose of the work is to establish the nutritional characteristics of children aged from 1 to 2 years in order to optimize their diets. Materials and Methods. 42 healthy children aged 1 to 2 years who lived in Odesa district took part in the study. In work were used such methods: clinical and anamnestic; dietary; anthropometric – height, weight; sociological – questionnaires; statistical. Results. The patterns of food organization and consumption of the main macronutrients by children aged 1 to 2 years are formulated, which are characterized by adequate consumption of basic food products, with the exception of excessive consumption of cheese, fruit juices and hard cheese and insufficient use of enriched industrial products. It is shown that excessive amounts of food, inadequate nutrition in the form of multiple snacks and sometimes night feedings, as well as unreasonable use of products not intended for children aged 1 to 2 years, are significant violations of the organization of nutrition of children of this age group. It was established that the diets of children aged 1 to 2 years are unbalanced in terms of the content of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Identified violations of the nutrition structure of young children, its imbalance in terms of macronutrient composition dictate the need for regular control by pediatricians and family doctors over the organization of nutrition for children of this age period. Conclusions. The nutrition structure of children aged 1 to 2 years is characterized by an imbalance of rations in terms of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, which is due to violations of the feeding regime, overeating, and early transition to the «family» food-table. Young children consume excessive amounts of protein and fat compared to recommended physiological norms and insufficient amounts of carbohydrates according to their age.

Abstract 4136677: High Visceral-to-Subcutaneous Fat Ratio is Correlated with Increased Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Low Waist Circumference Suspected of Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction: Waist circumference (WC) has been recognized as an appropriate index of obesity and is closely associated with the amount of abdominal fat. Although abdominal fat distribution (AFD), which is represented by the ratio of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area (V/S ratio), is possibly related to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), few studies have explored the relationship between AFD and CVD outcomes. This study aimed to assess the influence of AFD based on the V/S ratio and physique categorized by WC on long-term clinical results in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We evaluated 931 consecutive patients (mean age, 67 years; 42.4% women) with suspected CAD who underwent computed tomography (CT) angiography. The patients also underwent plain abdominal CT to assess and measure VAT and SAT areas; V/S ratio was calculated to assess AFD. The patients were divided into four groups based on the median V/S ratio (0.624) and reference values of WC for metabolic syndrome in Japan (85 cm for men, 90 cm for women). We assessed the relationship between the V/S ratio and long-term clinical outcomes in each WC group. The main outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs, including cardiac death, any coronary revascularization, acute coronary syndrome, and emergency hospitalization due to cardiac cause). Results: Over a median follow-up of 1869 days, although the incidence of any cardiovascular event was not related to the V/S ratio among patients with high WC, a higher incidence of MACE and cardiac death was noted among patients with low WC in the high V/S ratio group than in the low V/S ratio group. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a significantly lower MACE-free survival rate among patients with low WC in the high V/S ratio group than in the low V/S ratio group, despite of no differences being noted among high WC patients in both the V/S ratio groups (Figure). Conclusion: Only in patients with low WC, a high V/S ratio was linked to increased risks of MACE. Thus, high V/S ratio may be an essential risk factor for CVD, specifically in patients with low WC. However, AFD did not influence CVD prognosis in patients with high WC.

Abstract 4134990: Body Fat Quantitation Predicts Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction with Age: Sex-Dependent Variations And Clinical Outcomes

Background: Among older adults whose body mass index (BMI) readings may be spuriously reduced due to loss of skeletal muscle, BMI alone may lack specificity for body fat quantitation. In addition, sex-based hormones differentially influence body fat composition between the sexes with aging. To evaluate the cardiometabolic effect of body fat on older adults, we hypothesize that sex would exert differential effects on baseline and progression of cardiac dysfunction in older adults. Methods: Community older adults without cardiovascular disease (CVD) underwent prospective transthoracic echocardiography with simultaneous body fat quantitation (body fat mass (BFM), percentage body fat (PBF), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) by bioimpedance, at baseline and five-year intervals. Mitral early diastolic inflow velocity to early diastolic annular tissue velocity (E/e') and early to late diastolic inflow velocity (E/A) ratios were recorded. Multivariable regression models were adjusted for significant clinical variables. Adverse clinical outcomes were defined as mortality or hospitalization during follow-up. Results: Baseline and interval annotation of 409 older adults (mean age 61±12.7 years, 52% females) demonstrated deteriorations in E/A ratios of -0.1 ± 0.3 and E/e' ratios of 1.8 ± 2.8, over a mean duration of 4.9 ± 0.4 years. Baseline BFM (β -0.01, p&lt;0.001; β 0.023, p=0.352) and PBF (β -0.008, p=0.002; β -0.007, p=0.759) predicted interval changes in E/A but not E/e' respectively independent of covariates (Table 1). In sex-specific analyses, higher baseline PBF was associated with deteriorations in E/A (β 0.010, p=0.028) among women and E/e' among men (β -0.069, p=0.020). Increases in PBF over time were particularly associated with reductions in E/A among women (β -0.005, p=0.047) independent of higher baseline PBF, in addition to significant interactions between sex and PBF in predicting changes in E/A. (Figure 1). Higher baseline WHR predicted adverse clinical outcomes [w1] among women (HR 1.09, 95%CI 1.03-1.16, p=0.005). Conclusion: Baseline and longitudinal increases in fat quantity defined a trajectory of deteriorations in cardiac function among older adults, and prognosticated poorer future outcomes, particularly among women with central adiposity as represented by WHR. Refining CVD risk based upon quantitative sex-specific fat targets for older adults may be a strategy in the future.

Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Extract

Vegetables are known to be vital sources of nutritive foods. This study evaluates the nutritional composition of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract vis-a-vis proximate, minerals and vitamins analyses. Fresh leaves of O. gratissimum were purchased from a local market in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria and were washed, destalked, oven-dried at 40 0C, pulverized, and sieved through 2.0 mm mesh prior to analysis. Proximate, minerals, and vitamin analyses were carried out, using standard methods. Results indicated that O. gratissimum contained high levels of carbohydrate (51.78 ± 0.50 %), protein (10.50 ± 0.04 %), and fiber (9.38 ± 0.05 %), with minute quantity of crude fat (4.94 ± 0.03 %). Analysis of the mineral compositions showed that the vegetable contained considerable quantity of minerals that is sufficient to improve general well-being, while the vitamin analysis revealed that the leaves of O. gratissimum was sufficiently rich in Vitamin E and could, therefore, act as antioxidant and consequently help to improve health status of its consumers.

A Nondestructive Detection Method for the Muti-Quality Attributes of Oats Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

This study aimed to achieve a precise and non-destructive quantification of the amounts of total starch, protein, β-glucan, and fat in oats using near-infrared technology in conjunction with chemometrics methods. Eight preprocessing methods (SNV, MSC, Nor, DE, FD, SD, BC, SS) were employed to process the original spectra. Subsequently, the optimal PLS model was obtained by integrating feature wavelength selection algorithms (CARS, SPA, UVE, LAR). After SD-SPA, total starch reached its optimal state (Rp2 = 0.768, RMSEP = 2.057). Protein achieved the best result after MSC-CARS (Rp2 = 0.853, RMSEP = 1.142). β-glucan reached the optimal value after BC-SPA (Rp2 = 0.759, RMSEP = 0.315). Fat achieved the optimal state after SS-SPA (Rp2 = 0.903, RMSEP = 0.692). The research has shown the performance of the portable FT-NIR for a rapid and non-destructive quantification of nutritional components in oats, holding significant importance for quality control and quality assessment within the oat industry.

Oat polar lipids and sunflower lecithin similarly improve cardiometabolic risk markers and appetite controlling hormone responses after breakfast and a subsequent lunch. A randomized crossover study in healthy adults.

The alarming global increase in lifestyle-related disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased during the last several decades. Poor dietary choices significantly contribute to this increase and prevention measures are urgently needed. Dietary intake of bioactive compounds found in foods are linked to a decrease likelihood of these disorders. For this purpose, a randomized crossover meal study was performed to compare the postprandial metabolic effects of lecithin and oat polar lipids in healthy subjects. Eighteen young healthy subjects ingested test meals enriched with lecithin, oat polar lipids (PLs) or rapeseed oil. There were four test meals (i) 15 g oat polar lipids: OPL, (ii) 18 g sunflower lecithin (of which 15 g were polar lipids): LPL, (iii) 18 g rapeseed oil: RSO, and (iv) reference white wheat bread: WWB. Lipid-enriched test meals contained equivalent amounts of total fat (18 g), and all breakfast meals contained 50 g available carbohydrates. The meals were served as breakfast followed by a standardised lunch (white wheat bread and meat balls) after 3.5 h. Test variables were measured at fasting and repeatedly during 5.5 h after ingestion of the breakfast. Our study demonstrated that both LPL and OPL had beneficial effects on postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and appetite regulating gut hormones, as compared to RSO and WWB. Significant increase in GLP-1, GIP, and PYY concentrations were seen after consuming breakfast meals with LPL and OPL, and ghrelin concentration was reduced compared to meals with RSO and WWB (p < 0.05). Furthermore, triglycerides (TG) concentration was significantly reduced after OPL compared to RSO (p < 0.05). Our data show that there were no significant variations in glycaemic and insulin responses, TG, and gut hormone concentrations between LPL and OPL during breakfast (0-210 min) or over the whole study period (0-330 min). Our study revealed that the consumption of both lecithin and oat PLs included in breakfast meal may similarly enhance postprandial glucose tolerance, reduce TG, and enhance the secretion of incretins and appetite regulating hormones in healthy young adults. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05139355.

Marine Gastropod Planaxis sulcatus (Born, 1778) of Uvari Coastal Waters: A Comprehensive Study on Its Antibacterial Activity, Biochemical Composition and FTIR Spectroscopy

Diverse nutritional profiles and potent antimicrobial properties distinguish marine gastropods from other members of the phylum Mollusca. This study targets the investigation of the antibacterial activity, biochemical and FTIR analysis of ethanol extracts of marine gastropod mollusc Planaxis sulcatus. The well diffusion method was used to carry out the antibacterial assay. The extract showed the maximum inhibition (21±2 mm inhibitory zone) against the human bacterial pathogen S. aureus, whereas K. pneumonia showed the lowest susceptibility (12 mm). The extracts had MIC values between 0.21 and 1.04 mg/ml. The biochemical assay's findings revealed that the majority of the snail's flesh (51%) is made up of protein, with only 5% of the mass coming from carbohydrates and very trace amounts of fat (0.2%). The FTIR analysis represents the presence of alkyl halides, nitro compounds, aromatic compounds, alkynes, nitriles, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, alkanes and alcohol in the gastropod extracts. The aforementioned observational result demonstrates the abundance of antibacterial substances in the gastropod extracts. Further research is necessary to fully understand the structural composition of the antibacterial substances found in this marine snail.

Emulsifiers: Their Influence on the Rheological and Texture Properties in an Industrial Chocolate.

The complexity of the chocolate matrix leads to it having characteristic rheological properties that may pose difficulties for its industrial manufacture. Many factors influence the flow behaviour of chocolates, such as raw materials, the amount of fat, the moisture content, particle-size distribution, the concentration of emulsifiers, or manufacturing conditions, among others. This study focusses on the rheological properties of an industrially manufactured chocolate with a 48% cocoa content, and the effect caused by the addition of two emulsifiers (soya lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)) on the rheological properties. In the case of lecithin, a clear effect has been observed on the plastic viscosity and the yield stress. Plastic viscosity decreases until a concentration of 0.6% lecithin is reached, and thereafter remains relatively constant, while yield stress increases over the studied range. This effect is not observed when PGPR is used as the emulsifying agent. In this case, a small concentration of PGPR decreases the yield stress. Thixotropy was determined using the Casson model, and its behaviour was found to be similar to that of plastic viscosity with respect to changes in the PGPR and lecithin concentrations. Textural determinations were also carried out, relating the rheology characteristics to the texturometry.

Comparison of front-of-package nutrition labelling schemes in Costa Rica: a multi-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial assessing objective understanding and purchase intention

Different front-of-package labelling (FOPL) schemes have been developed worldwide to encourage informed and healthier food purchase decisions. However, few studies have formally compared different schemes, particularly in the Latin American context. This study aimed to assess the effects of four different FOPL schemes on the objective understanding of the nutritional content and intention to purchase products. This single-blinded multi-arm randomised controlled trial was conducted using a face-to-face survey with adult shoppers, recruited at supermarkets in Costa Rica (n=1350). Participants randomly assigned to intervention groups saw 12 mock-up products presented at random and balanced orders featuring one FOPL scheme or none: black octagonal warning labels (OWL), Nutri-Score (NUS), traffic-light labelling (TFL), guideline daily amounts (GDA), or no FOPL scheme (control group). Similar number of participants were analysed in each group: OWL (n=264), NUS (n=279), TFL (n=263), GDA (n=273), and control (n=271). Compared to the control group, the odds for correctly identifying the least harmful option more often were three times higher in the OWL group (OR 3.08; 95% CI, 2.26-4.20), and 89%, 57% and 19% higher in the TFL (1.89; 95% CI, 1.40-2.56), the GDA (1.57; 95% CI, 1.16-2.21) and the NUS (1.19; 95% CI 0.89-1.60), respectively. OWL also was more efficacious in helping participants to correctly identify a product with excessive amounts of sugars, sodium, and/or saturated fats, as well as in encouraging the intention to purchase the least harmful or the intention to choose none of the options in the choice task. OWL performed best in helping shoppers to correctly identify when a product contained excessive amounts of nutrients to limit, to correctly identify the least harmful option, and to intend to purchase the least harmful option, more often.

Microscopic water dispersion and hydrogen-bonding structures in margarine spreads with Raman hyperspectral imaging and machine learning

Margarine, a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, offers advantages such as lower costs in comparison to similar products, but large amounts of saturated fats pose health risks. Reduction of saturated fat content is difficult and often leads to “oil-off,” i.e., the seepage of liquid oil from the mixture, resulting in undesirable appearance and texture. Investigations into the phenomenon have often focused on morphology at the water-oil interfaces, and this work establishes Raman imaging as a powerful application for observing microscopic morphologies of W/O emulsions. We analyze morphologies of 5 distinct margarine spreads that differ in manufacturing date, formulation, and manufacturing process. More robust H-bonding in the oil phase of the emulsions co-occurred with smaller amounts of oil-off, suggesting that H-bonding interactions between emulsifier molecules, water, and crystallized fats in the lipid phase of the W/O emulsions results in an emulsion that is less susceptible to the production of oil-off.