Quantity Of Drainage Water Research Articles

Spatiotemporal patterns and main driving factors of drainage water quality of an arid irrigation district with shallow groundwater table.

Drainage water quality is a crucial factor reflecting the regime of agricultural non-point source pollution in irrigation districts and is closely related to land use, soil texture, cropping pattern, fertilization, and irrigation and drainage conditions. However, the response of drainage water quality to various natural and anthropogenic factors needs further exploration in irrigation districts affected by shallow groundwater table. Spatiotemporal patterns of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) were monitored and analyzed in ten agricultural drainage ditches in the arid region of China from 2011 to 2019. Spatially, water pollution in agricultural drainage ditches with small water quantity can be significantly exacerbated by urban sewage, whereas a large amount of agricultural drainage can effectively dilute the pollution of urban sewage. Severe soil salinization in the cropland increases the risk of water pollution due to easier losses of soil nutrient and organic matter. Soil salinization is a key factor in the crop distribution pattern based on the crop salt tolerance, and the maize/wheat field with a higher fertilizer application rate generally results in poorer drainage water quality. Temporally, for the agricultural drainage ditches, the monthly and annual COD, TP, TN, and NH4-N concentrations fluctuate inversely with drainage water quantity and are positively correlated with fertilizer application, among which the monthly COD concentration in drainage water has larger variation in severe salinized areas. There exist critical annual and monthly drainage amounts, above which the probabilities of higher concentrations of COD, TP, TN, and NH4-N reduce greatly.

Effects of controlled drainage on crop yield, drainage water quantity and quality: A meta-analysis

It is widely reported that controlled drainage (CD) has the potential to reduce outflow and increase crop yield. However, many researchers demonstrated that the percentage changes in crop yield, drainage water quantity and quality to CD use were variable. A total of sixty-one studies with 1050 data pairs were collected investigating ten main variables (yield, drainage volume, the concentrations and losses of NO3−-N, NH4+-N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)), and then a meta-analysis was conducted to: (1) estimate the effects of CD on crop yield, drainage water quantity and quality; (2) identify cropping system (paddy rice or dry land crops), drainage method (surface drainage or subsurface drainage) and climate type (based on the updated Köppen-Geiger climate classification) that benefit yield and drainage water quality under CD. Results showed that CD increased crop yield by 0.11%, decreased drainage volume by 19.23%, and reduced the concentrations and losses of all variables mentioned except for NH4+-N concentration and TP concentration. Dry land crop yield slightly increased while paddy rice yield significantly decreased, and the crop yield in the cold (D) climate increased but that in the temperate (C) climate decreased. The reduction of drainage volume was obvious except for dry land crop in surface drainage. NO3−-N concentration decreased to varying degrees and larger responses were found in dry land crop, subsurface drainage, and arid (B) or cold (D) climates. CD could greatly alleviate NO3−-N loss except dry land crop in surface drainage. Different extent increases in NH4+-N concentration were revealed except surface drainage while NH4+-N loss was on average 18.9% lower in CD than in the control. TP loss decreased with the exception of surface drainage. Our findings illustrated the advantages of the CD technique and provided suggestions for the rational application of CD.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION BY GATED PIPES AND TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH MIXED WATER ON SOIL, DRAINAGE WATER AND CROP

This study was carried out in Sahl El-Tena (North West of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt; Latitude 30o 59 7 and longitude 32o 26 55 \) during the growth seasons 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experimental area was 11.49 hectares,and the experimental site was characterized by a Mediterranean arid climate, with a mean annual rainfall of 33.3 mm and a mean daily temperature of 21.8°C. The main source of irrigation water is El-Slam Channel where water is a mixure of both waste water and Nile fresh water at a ratio of 1:1. Two crops: maize (Zea mays l.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) were chosen and grown because of their high economic and strategic values. Crop yield, water use efficiency and soil properties were concerned under two types of surface irrigation system which were traditional and modified surface irrigation by gated pipes. Statistical analysis was carried out by the SPSS program to drive the significant variance between means. The obtained results revealed that, values of yield and water use efficiency (WUE) with gated pipes were higher than the corresponding ones under the traditional system for the two crops under study. Also, using gated pipes increased both soil EC by small values during the growth seasons but it increased by about 3 (ds m-1­) at 14 August, 2013 and 6 April, 2015. Moreover, the quantity of drainage water under traditional system was higher than under the gated pipe system, therefore, the EC of drainage water under gated pipes system was higher than the corresponding one under the traditional method.

Degradation of agricultural drainage water quantity and quality due to farmland expansion and water-saving operations in arid basins

Understanding the impacts of agricultural activities on drainage is increasingly important element of water resources management in arid regions. This study analyzed the effects of recent changes in agricultural activities on drainage water quantity and quality from farmlands in Aksu River Basin in Northwest China. Based on drainage water analysis for 2003–2010, implementation water-saving measures resulted in the reduction of irrigation quota by up to 48%. This in turn resulted in a decline in drainage water by up to 44% in 2010, compared with that in 2004. Na-Cl was the main drainage water type, driven by the dissolution of soluble salts and cation exchange. Analysis further showed that while TDS (total dissolved solids) in drainage water increased to 4.7–10.8 g/L (an average of 7.6 g/L) in period 2005–2010, that in 2003–2004 was 28% lower. In contrast to irrigation water, TDS in drainage was 6–18 times higher than that in irrigation water. Yet further analysis showed that while the increase in TDS in drainage water was mainly driven by farmland expansion, drainage water was as well affected by groundwater exploitation. It was therefore recommended to restrict farmland expansion and to intensify water-saving operations in order to prevent destructive declines in water flow to downstream ecosystems.

Effects of Different N-Fertilizer Applications on Drainage Water Quantity and Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching

Effects of Different N-Fertilizer Applications on Drainage Water Quantity and Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MELIORATIONS IN THE NORTH BLACK SEA REGION: DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

The drainage of irrigated areas has led the improved condition of lands the Northern Black Sea. The stabilization of groundwater levels, their desalination, the reduction of areas of saline lands occurred. In this article the actual data on the number of vertical drainage wells, the squares of drained lands in the region, the quantity of drainage water and their mineralization are given. The analysis of the negative effects of constant use of drainage wells was made. The factual amount of drainage water discharge into the bays of the Black Sea shown. The need for integrated management of irrigation and drainage regimes proved. The author describes the current state of drainage systems and accentuates the need for technologies that spare the resources.

Analiza drenažnih kriterijuma kao uslov melioracija višeslojnih zemljišta aridnih regiona

This study gives a detailed analysis of parameters for determination of basic criteria for field-pipe drainage, since desalinisation (Land Reclamation) and amelioration of degraded saline soils and its control require the existence of adequate ground drainage. For the purposes of drainage, pedological study was conducted and hydraulic conductivity measured in the selected horizons. Field measurements used standard augerhole method in saturated soil extract, below ground water level, for various depths to 5 m. For layers above ground water level and below it (if it was below drill depth), K- values were calculated based on: soil texture, average conductivity, via infiltration test, average filtration coefficient (100 ccm Kopecki), inverse augerhole method, while K- values for horizons of 0-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 were calculated based on the concept of transmissibility. The map of hydraulic conductivity was produced as the final result of the study, based on measured and estimated-calculated values. K-values (m/day) were classified into percentage categories (from 0.5 to > 4.0 m/day). Since soil desalinisation has three phases (initial leaching, reclamation-transitional production of tolerant crops, and regular crop production), it is clear that the drainage systems are projected for the third phase, therefore drainage quantities are defined as those that need to go through the drainage system in a given time in a given period, in order to maintain the rhizosphere salinity at the desired level. Drainage water quantity is the same as added water quantity (leaching requirements) in order to maintain the desired salinity level (4 mmhos/cm), with 25-30% of the gross irrigation requirements. Based on the gross irrigation and drainage requirements, the drainage hydromodule was determined at q = 2 mm/day. Important factors for subsurface-pipe drainage are depth and oscillations of ground water level in the growing period, or the minimum depth, which determines the aeration value and development of plant rhizosphere. The analysis verified that the drainage system designed for permanent requirements in the regular production phase can satisfy temporary drainage requirements at the initial leaching phase. Finally, field drainage depth must be higher than minimum depth of ground water, so that hydraulic head is provided which causes movement of ground water towards the drain. Adopted field drain depth is 2.0-2.5 m. As the final result of the applied methods, and based on hydro-pedological soil properties and their analyses, the modified Hooghoudt-Ernst equation was used to calculate field drain spacing. By using the aforementioned calculation method, the drainage spacing is adopted as follows: 45 m, 60 m, 75 m, 90 m, 105 m, and 120 m, while average drainage depth is 2.3 m.

Simulation of Drainage Water Quantity and Quality Using System Dynamics

AbstractThe quantity and quality of drainage water in areas with shallow and saline groundwater changes over time until it reaches a balance. The balance time is fairly long and depends on the characteristics of the shallow aquifer. Therefore, it is very important to simulate such phenomena in order to manage drain effluent, especially when it is supposed to discharge into the environment. In this paper, the system dynamics technique was used to simulate the performance of a drainage system in the unsteady state condition. The study used the system dynamic programming tool Vensim. The model developed in this study is capable of predicting many hydrological variables such as water table fluctuation, drainage discharge, and the salinity of drain water and ground water. The model was validated using data collected at a tile-drained experimental site irrigated with shallow ground water located in the Khuzestan province of Iran. The results show that the standard error values in determining accuracy of simulat...

INFLUENCE OF WATER DISCHARGING ON WATER BALANCE AND QUALITY IN THE TOOLSE RIVER IN UBJA OIL SHALE MINING REGION

The extraction of mineral resources below the groundwater table is related to water removal from surface and underground mines. Water drainage is considered the main process for keeping mining sites dry or suitable for mining. Parameters of depression cone and its impact radius are factors influencing decision makers. Water collection system, pumping station and sedimentation ponds are the main tools for water drainage. The quantity of drainage water depends on the amount of precipitation, surface water, soil water and groundwater. Water table in wells, the amount of pumped-out water and the amount of water in the Toolse River have been measured from 2005 to 2009, and chemical components in river water have been analysed. Analyses have shown that water is often repumped from the mining sites. Operating surface mines in the Ubja region act as water reservoirs. Accumulated water is directed to the Toolse River increasing its flow. Quality indicators in the Toolse River of the Ubja region are in accordance with water normatives except total P content downstream the Toolse River.

Drainage Water Reuse: Biological, Physical, and Technological Considerations for System Management

Previous reviews of drainage water reuse have discussed principles of water reuse and disposal; provided examples of reuse practices; offered reuse criteria for salinity, for trace elements, and for bacteria; discussed mitigation of dissolved trace elements in reuse strategies; and summarized the California experience with a focus on discussion of salinity, sodicity, B, Mo, and Se issues. This review emphasizes recent literature contributing to understanding physical and biological constraints to drainage water reuse. The potential for drip irrigation and, particularly, low-flow/high-frequency systems to enhance the use of drainage water while minimizing the deleterious effects on yield and on water and soil resources is examined using the numeric HYRDUS-2d model. Additionally, an analytical model is used to illustrate physical and biological limitations to drainage water management that result from the self-regulating nature of the soil-plant-water system. The models suggest that crop, soil, irrigation frequency, and delivery systems might be manipulated to reduce the quantity of drainage water, but they also suggest that the nature of the system may seriously constrain the amount of reduction that might be achieved.

The impact of intensive dairy farming on the leaching losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from a mole and pipe drained soil

While it is widely believed that intensive dairy farming is a major contributor to the increased nutrient loads in surface waters, there is little current research quantifying the magnitude of nutrient loss from dairy farms to waterways, particularly from artificial drainage. An experimental site has been established on a Pallic soil (Tokomaru silt loam) to measure the impacts of intensive dairying on the quality and quantity of drainage water exiting from an artificial drainage system. A key component of this study is the development and evaluation of a land-based treatment system for farm dairy effluent (deferred irrigation). The research site has eight replicated plots, each with an isolated mole and pipe drain network. All the plots are subjected to the farm's standard grazing management. Four of the plots receive fer tiliser according to the farm's fertiliser programme, while the other four plots receive applications of farm dairy effluent. Measurements of drainage flows during year one of this study showed that the average concentrations of total nitrogen (12.9 mg N/L) and total phosphorus (0.15 mg P/L) in drainage water for the winter of 2002 under standard dairy farming practices were all well above the levels necessary to prevent aquatic weed growth in fresh water bodies. Adherence to the scheduling criteria prescribed by the 'deferred irrigation' system prevented the direct loss of nutrients during irrigation of farm dairy effluent in the summer of 2001/2002. Summer applications of farm dairy effluent did not increase N loss in subsequent winter drainage. Effluent irrigation increased P loss during the subsequent winter drainage period by 0.52 kg total-P/ha (0.38 kg P/ha as DIP). However, this increase in total loss corresponds to less than 4% of the P (16 kg/ha) applied as effluent. Deferred irrigation proved to be a very successful tool for minimising nutrient losses from effluent irrigated areas in direct drainage of effluent at the time of irrigation and subsequent winter drainage. Dairy cattle grazing events also increased nutrient concentrations in drainage waters following grazing by approximately 5 mg total-N/L (nearly all in the nitrate form) and 0.1 mg total-P/L (nearly all in the DIP form). The effect of an application of urea in spring on nitrate-N concentrations in drainage water was minimal. Keywords: dairying, effluent irrigation, mole and pipe drainage, nitrogen, nutrient leaching phosphorus, water quality

Characteristics of agricultural drainage water in Bahrain

The quality of agricultural drainage water throughout the State of Bahrain has been investigated with respect to pH, salinity, conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, fluoride, boron, nitrate, ammonia and phosphate. The quality of drainage water reflected the quality of groundwater due to the exclusive use of groundwater for irrigation purposes. Drainage water showed high salinity, sodium and chloride with ranges of 4.0–46.0 ppt, 645–14820 mg 1 −1 and 1400–26692 mg 1 −1, respectively. Elevated concentrations of bicarbonate, sulfate and calcium were also measured with ranges of 140–352, 1316–3617 and 512–990 mg 1 −1, respectively. Nutrient concentrations were generally low except in certain areas. The discharge of drainage water directly into the shallow intertidal zone may have an adverse impact on the marine environment. The average quantity discharged is approximately 2.0 × 10 7 m 3 year −1. The quality and quantity of drainage water was assessed for reuse for irrigation purposes.

Effects of excessive magnesium in irrigation waters on wheat and corn growth

Abstract The effect of Mg/Ca ratio in irrigation water on growth of plants has not been studied to any extent. The objective of the experiments reported herein was to study such an effect. Corn (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were grown in the greenhouse in a noncalcareous clay loam soil. They were irrigated with tap water (EC = 0.080 dS/m, SAR = 0.1, Mg/[Ca + Mg] = 20%) as the “check”; treatment and 18 synthetic waters prepared using three levels of salinity (2, 4, and 6 dS/m) and 6 ratios of Mg/[Ca + Mg] (30, 50, 70, 90, 95, and 100%) for corn and wheat grown in fall and winter, respectively, or 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% for corn grown in summer. Two‐thirds of anion equivalents in the waters was sulfate and the balance Cl. The soils were equilibrated with their respective irrigation waters before planting. A 50% leaching fraction (drainage water quantity: irrigation water quantity) was applied on the corn grown in the fall. A 25% leaching fraction was applied on the wheat grown in winter and ...

Effects of Irrigation Management on the Quality of Irrigation Return Flow in Ashley Valley, Utah

AbstractThe relationship between leaching fractions obtained under field conditions and soil water salinity profiles on nature alfalfa was studied by applying three qualities of water at three leaching fractions to areas of an alfalfa field (Medicago sativa L.) having three depths to water table. The electrical conductivity of the irrigation water and of the soil solution extract at various depths was measured for each irrigation. ET measurements from several lysimeters located in the field were used to determine depths of irrigation water to apply. A sprinkler irrigation system was used for application of the irrigation water to the plots, and the depth applied was determined by measuring the depth of water caught in cans placed in a sample plot during each irrigation.The electrical conductivity of the irrigation waters applied averaged 0.98 mmhos/cm, 2.22 mmhos/cm, and 2.80 mmhos/cm for the season. Leaching fractions for the low leaching treatment of each water quality averaged 0.003. The other leaching treatments ranged from 0.082 to 0.343. Assuming an inert soil with no precipitation or dissolving of salts, there should have been increases in average soil profile salinity ranging from 1.81 mmhos/cm to 5.45 mmhos/cm during the season depending on the treatment. The largest increase measured on any treatment was 0.32 mmhos/cm. Some treatments actually caused a decrease in salinity where an increase was expected. For the condition of this study it appears that soil profile salinity is relatively insensitive to leaching fraction for short periods of time (1 or 2 years). This is attributed to the high relative concentrations of calcium and sulfate in the irrigation water and soil solution. Bearing these factors in mind, it appears that the quantity of salt removed in the drainage water varies directly with the quantity of drainage water since the concentration is relatively constant.

Minimizing the Salt Burdens of Irrigation Drainage Waters

AbstractThe salt burdens of percolated drainage waters resulting from the use of waters, synthesized to represent eight important river waters of the western USA, for irrigation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in a controlled lysimeter experiment, are presented. These data show that minimizing the quantity of drainage water resulted in the smallest possible return of applied salts in the return flow because: i) it maximizes the precipitation of carbonate minerals and gypsum in the soil, ii) it minimizes soil mineral weathering and the dissolution of salts previously deposited in the soil, and iii) it maximizes the amount of soluble salt diverted in the water that is retained in storage in the soil profile and not returned in the drainage water.

Leaching of tile-drained saline soils

Leaching experiments were conducted on three tile-drained saline soils, each soil having a different average hydraulic conductivity. The experimental plots consisted of the area between two parallel lateral drains and the main disposal drain. Fresh irrigation water was alternately ponded to a depth of 15 cm and drained to slightly above tiledrain depth. Chloride removal was measured on soil samples taken after completion of each draining cycle and, independently, from frequent sampling of the tile effluent. The quantity of drainage water and chloride removed through the drains was smaller than the total drainage water, estimated from the water balance and total chloride loss from the soil profiles, indicating that all seepage water did not discharge through the tiles. Analysis of results shows that during the ponding stage desalinization proceeds more rapidly near the drains than midway between, while during the falling water-table stage desalinization is more even over the whole area. This is explained by the difference in surface inflow rates across the area between drains during the two stages. Comparison of continuous ponding with alternate ponding and draining shows that in the latter case complete desalinization is achieved with considerably less leaching water. The leaching efficiency is not very high under conditions of continuous ponding.

Salinity Caused by Irrigation

Transpiration of water by plants and evaporation from the soil surface dissipate a large part of the irrigation water that is applied to the soil. Seldom is the volume of drainage water returned to the stream more than half the volume of irrigation water that is diverted. This consumptive use of water and the necessity for maintaining a favorable salt balance in the soil causes the drainage water to become higher in salt concentration than the irrigation water. The return of this salty drainage water to the stream can cause pollution problems. The determining factor is the relationship between the quantity of water in the stream and the quantity of drainage water added. If the dilution is great, as in the Colorado River, little pollution will result. But if the drainage water is not diluted sufficiently, pollution will follow, as in the Rio Grande. The obvious effect of irrigation on stream pollution is an increase in the concentration of dissolved solids. In the Rio Grande the increase is related inversely to the discharge.